Galaxy Stellar Mass Functions from ZFOURGE/CANDELS: An Excess of Low-Mass Galaxies Since z=2 and the Rapid Buildup of Quiescent Galaxies

Abstract

Using observations from the FourStar Galaxy Evolution Survey (ZFOURGE), we obtain the deepest measurements to date of the galaxy stellar mass function at 0.5 < z < 2.5. ZFOURGE provides well-constrained photometric redshifts made possible through deep medium-bandwidth imaging at 1-2um . We combine this with HST imaging from the Cosmic Assembly Near-IR Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey (CANDELS), allowing for the efficient selection of both blue and red galaxies down to stellar masses ~10^9.5 Msol at z ~ 2.5. The total surveyed area is 316 arcmin^2 distributed over three independent fields. We supplement these data with the wider and shallower NEWFIRM Medium-Band Survey (NMBS) to provide stronger constraints at high masses. Several studies at z<=1 have revealed a steepening of the slope at the low-mass end of the stellar mass function (SMF), leading to an upturn at masses <10^10 Msol that is not well-described by a standard single-Schechter function. We find evidence that this feature extends to at least z ~ 2, and that it can be found in both the star-forming and quiescent populations individually. The characteristic mass (M*) and slope at the lowest masses (alpha) of a double-Schechter function fit to the SMF stay roughly constant at Log(M/Msol) ~ 10.65 and ~-1.5 respectively. The SMF of star-forming galaxies has evolved primarily in normalization, while the change in shape is relatively minor. This is not the case for quiescent galaxies: the depth of our imaging allows us to show for the first time significantly more evolution at Log(M/Msol) < 10.5 than at higher masses. We find that the total mass density (down to 10^9 Msol) in star-forming galaxies has increased by a factor of ~2.2 since z ~ 2.5, whereas in quiescent galaxies it has increased by a factor of ~12 .

17 pages, 13 figures. Accepted for publication in the ApJ

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• Characteristic mass in galaxy quenching: environmental versus internal effects
• Correlations between H$\alpha$ Equivalent Width and Galaxy Properties at $z=0.47$: Physical or Selection-driven?
• GalICS 2.1: a new semianalytic model for cold accretion, cooling, feedback and their roles in galaxy formation
• HST F160W Imaging of Very Massive Galaxies at $1.5<z<3.0$: Diversity of Structures and the Effect of Close Pairs on Number Density Estimates
• Reconstructing the galaxy density field with photometric redshifts: II. Environment-dependent galaxy evolution since $z\simeq 3$
• The impact of cosmic variance on simulating weak lensing surveys
• The distribution and properties of DLAs at z $\le$ 2 in the EAGLE simulations
• A ~6 Mpc overdensity at z = 2.7 detected along a pair of quasar sight lines: filament or protocluster?
• Satellite content and quenching of star formation in galaxy groups at z~1.8
• Testing Galaxy Formation Simulations with Damped Lyman-$\alpha$ Abundance and Metallicity Evolution
• The Rest-frame $H$-band Luminosity Function of Red Sequence Galaxies in Clusters at $1.0<z<1.3$
• CLEAR: The Morphological Evolution of Galaxies in the Green Valley
• Maximising the power of deep extragalactic imaging surveys with the James Webb Space Telescope
• The Gas Mass Reservoir of Quiescent Galaxies at Cosmic Noon
• The quenched mass portion of star-forming galaxies and the origin of the star formation sequence slope
• Impact of stellar population synthesis choices on forward modelling-based redshift distribution estimates
• The MOSDEF Survey: Stellar Continuum Spectra and Star Formation Histories of Active, Transitional, and Quiescent Galaxies at 1.4$<$\lowercase{z}$<$2.6
• FORECAST: a flexible software to forward model cosmological hydrodynamical simulations mimicking real observations
• Resolving the nano-Hz gravitational wave sky: the detectability of eccentric binaries with PTA experiments
• The Nature and Evolution of Early Massive Quenched Galaxies in the Simba-C Simulation
• Linking galaxies to dark matter haloes at $z\sim 1$ : dependence of galaxy clustering on stellar mass and specific star formation rate
• The Impact of Wind Scalings on Stellar Growth and the Baryon Cycle in Cosmological Simulations
• A consistent model for both the HI and stellar mass functions of galaxies
• Revealing the Galaxy-Halo Connection Through Machine Learning
• Relating galaxies across different redshift to study galaxy evolution
• Great Balls of FIRE III: Modeling Black Hole Mergers from Massive Star Clusters in Simulations of Galaxies
• Reconciling Mass Functions with the Star-Forming Main Sequence Via Mergers
• The HI Mass Function of the Local Universe: Combining Measurements from HIPASS, ALFALFA and FASHI
• A selection of Hα emitters at z = 2.1-2.5 using the Ks-band photometry of ZFOURGE
• MAGAZ3NE: Massive, Extremely Dusty Galaxies at $z\sim 2$ Lead to Photometric Overestimation of Number Densities of the Most Massive Galaxies at $3<z<4$
• The star-forming main sequence and the contribution of dust-obscured star formation since $z\sim 4$ from the FUV+IR luminosity functions
• Probing galaxy evolution from $z=0$ to $z\simeq 10$ through galaxy scaling relations in three L-Galaxies flavours
• Universe opacity and EBL
• BreakBRD Galaxies I: Global Properties of Spiral Galaxies with Central Star Formation in Red Disks
• LARgE Survey. I. Dead Monsters: the Massive End of the Passive Galaxy Stellar Mass Function at Cosmic Noon
• Bursting and quenching in satellite galaxies
• Probing the link between quenching and morphological evolution
• NGDEEP: The Star Formation and Ionization Properties of Galaxies at $1.7<z<3.4$
• Explaining JWST star formation history at $z\sim 17$ by modifying $\Lambda$CDM
• A comparison of ${\text{H}}_2$ formation models at high redshift
• Measuring Stellar Masses of Emission Line Galaxies at 1.2<z<1.9
• Evolution of Cosmic Molecular Gas Mass Density From z ~ 0 to z = 1 -1.5
• The evolution of baryonic mass function of galaxies to z=3
• Individual element sensitivity for stellar evolutionary isochrones
• Constraints on the Evolution of the Galaxy Stellar Mass Function II: Quenching Timescale of Galaxies and its Implication for their Star Formation Rate
• A study on the multicolour evolution of Red Sequence galaxy populations: insights from hydrodynamical simulations and semi-analytical models
• Observing EAGLE galaxies with JWST: predictions for Milky Way progenitors and their building blocks
• The luminosity of cluster galaxies in the Cluster-EAGLE simulations
• Extremely Low Molecular Gas Content in the Vicinity of a Red Nugget Galaxy at $z=1.91$
• Measuring Structural Parameters Through Stacking Galaxy Images
• Gamma-Ray Burst Host Galaxies: Specific Star Formation Rate vs. Metallicity
• Great Balls of FIRE IV. The contribution of massive star clusters to the astrophysical population of merging binary black holes
• Inferring Mbh-Mbulge Evolution from the Gravitational Wave Background
• Active Galactic Nuclei in the Green Valley at z$\sim$0.7
• A Large Massive Quiescent Galaxy Sample at z~1.2
• Dissecting the nanohertz gravitational wave sky: Frequency-correlated anisotropy induced by eccentric supermassive black hole binaries
• Estimating lifetimes of uv-selected massive galaxies at $0.5\le z\le 2.5$ in the cosmos/ultravista field through clustering analyses
• The stellar mass function of quiescent and star-forming galaxies and its dependence on morphology in COSMOS-Web
• The effect of environment on the properties of the most massive galaxies at $0.5<z<2.5$ in the cosmos-dash field
• The link between galaxy structure properties and star formation in local galaxies
• ${\mathbf{\Omega }}_1{\mathbf{\Omega }}_2$-$\mathbf{\Lambda }$CDM: A promising phenomenological extension of the standard model of cosmology
• Compact object populations over cosmic time I. BOSSA: a Binary Object environment-Sensitive Sampling Algorithm
• Simultaneously Modelling Dusty Star Forming Galaxies and Massive Quiescents: A Calibration Framework for Galaxy Formation Models
• Euclid preparation: TBD. Cosmic Dawn Survey: evolution of the galaxy stellar mass function across 0.2<z<6.5 measured over 10 square degrees
• Evolved galaxies in high-density environments across $2.0\le z<4.2$ using the ZFOURGE survey
• LEGA-C stellar populations scaling relations. II: Dissecting mass-complete archaeological trends and their evolution since z~0.7 with LEGA-C and SDSS
• Gamma Analytical Modeling Evolution (GAME) I: The physical implications of deriving the stellar mass functions from z=0 to z=8
• A Fast-Evolving, Luminous Transient Discovered by K2/Kepler
• Dark-matter-induced transients over cosmic time: The role of star formation history profiles
• The evolution of Balmer jump selected galaxies in the ALHAMBRA survey
• The metallicity dependence of long-duration gamma-ray bursts
• Decoupled Sectors and Wolf-Rayet Galaxies
• MIDIS: Unveiling the Star Formation History in massive galaxies at $1<z<4.5$ with spectro-photometric analysis
• The S-PLUS Fornax Project (S+FP): An extragalactic catalog covering $\sim$ 5 virial radii around NGC 1399 with galaxy properties
• Characterizing CO Emitters in the SSA22-AzTEC26 Field
• Uncovering the MIR emission of quiescent galaxies with $JWST$
• High-Redshift Merger Model for Low-Frequency Gravitational Wave Background
• Covariances of Galaxy Stellar Mass Functions and Correlation Functions
• AGN Feedback: The impact of galactic-scale radio jets on the interstellar medium in starbursting obscured AGN
• Exploring supermassive black hole physics and galaxy quenching across halo mass in FIRE cosmological zoom simulations
• Size-Mass Relation Shows Its Colours: Contrasting Physical Imprints of Galaxy Evolution in Rest-Frame UV and Optical
• Now you see it, now you don't: Star formation truncation precedes the loss of molecular gas by ~100 Myr in massive post-starburst galaxies at z~0.6
• Testing the key role of the stellar mass-halo mass relation in galaxy merger rates and morphologies via DECODE, a novel Discrete statistical sEmi-empiriCal mODEl
• GalSBI-SPS: a stellar population synthesis-based galaxy population model for cosmology and galaxy evolution applications
• An empirical model of the extragalactic radio background
• pop-cosmos: Star formation over 12 Gyr from generative modelling of a deep infrared-selected galaxy catalogue
• Morphological Transformation and Star Formation Quenching of Massive Galaxies at 0.5 < z < 2.5 in 3D-HST/CANDELS