Introducing the Illustris Project: the evolution of galaxy populations across cosmic time

Abstract

We present an overview of galaxy evolution across cosmic time in the Illustris Simulation. Illustris is an N-body/hydrodynamical simulation that evolves 2*1820^3 resolution elements in a (106.5Mpc)^3 box from cosmological initial conditions down to z=0 using the AREPO moving-mesh code. The simulation uses a state-of-the-art set of physical models for galaxy formation that was tuned to reproduce the z=0 stellar mass function and the history of the cosmic star-formation rate density. We find that Illustris successfully reproduces a plethora of observations of galaxy populations at various redshifts, for which no tuning was performed, and provide predictions for future observations. In particular, we discuss (a) the buildup of galactic mass, showing stellar mass functions and the relations between stellar mass and halo mass from z=7 to z=0, (b) galaxy number density profiles around massive central galaxies out to z=4, (c) the gas and total baryon content of both galaxies and their halos for different redshifts, and as a function of mass and radius, and (d) the evolution of galaxy specific star-formation rates up to z=8. In addition, we (i) present a qualitative analysis of galaxy morphologies from z=5 to z=0, for the stellar as well as the gaseous components, and their appearance in HST mock observations, (ii) follow galaxies selected at z=2 to their z=0 descendants, and quantify their growth and merger histories, and (iii) track massive z=0 galaxies to high redshift and study their joint evolution in star-formation activity and compactness. We conclude with a discussion of several disagreements with observations, and lay out possible directions for future research.

Updated to match accepted MNRAS manuscript (minor revisions). 29 pages, 19 figures. The Illustris website can be found at http://www.illustris-project.org

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• Galactic satellite systems in CDM, WDM and SIDM
• Black hole fueling in galaxy mergers: A high-resolution analysis
• FORECAST: a flexible software to forward model cosmological hydrodynamical simulations mimicking real observations
• Compact Galaxies at Intermediate Redshifts Quench Faster than Normal-sized Galaxies
• Is the vast polar structure of dwarf galaxies a serious problem for lambda cold dark matter?
• IllustrisTNG Insights: Factors Affecting the Presence of Bars in Disk Galaxies
• The Column Densities of Molecular Gas across Cosmic Time: Bridging Observations and Simulations
• Saying Hallo to M94's Stellar Halo: Investigating the Accretion History of the Largest Pseudobulge Host in the Local Universe
• The CO universe: Modelling CO emission and H${}_2$ abundance in cosmological galaxy formation simulations
• Galaxy growth from redshift 5 to 0 at fixed comoving number density
• The hot gas mass fraction in halos. From Milky Way-like groups to massive clusters
• Imprint of baryons and massive neutrinos on velocity statistics
• High-fidelity reproduction of central galaxy joint distributions with Neural Networks
• Bringing faint active galactic nuclei (AGNs) to light: a view from large-scale cosmological simulations
• Concordance between observations and simulations in the evolution of the mass relation between supermassive black holes and their host galaxies
• Constraining the Fluctuating Gunn-Peterson Approximation Using Lyman-$\alpha$ Forest Tomography at $z=2$
• Modeling Nearly Spherical Pure-Bulge Galaxies with a Stellar Mass-to-Light Ratio Gradient under the $\Lambda$CDM and MOND Paradigms: II. The Orbital Anisotropy of Slow Rotators within the Effective Radius
• Cold Gas in Massive Galaxies as A Critical Test of Black Hole Feedback Models
• Lightning: An X-ray to Submillimeter Galaxy SED-Fitting Code With Physically-Motivated Stellar, Dust, and AGN Models
• AGN and Star Formation at Cosmic Noon: Comparison of Data to Theoretical Models
• Star Formation and Chemical Enrichment in Protoclusters
• Simultaneous Dependence of Matter Clustering on Scale and Environment
• The relationship between galaxy and halo sizes in the Illustris and IllustrisTNG simulations
• Can the Low Redshift Lyman Alpha Forest Constrain AGN Feedback Models?
• Multiple stellar populations in Schwarzschild modeling and the application to the Fornax dwarf
• Learning the Universe: Cosmological and Astrophysical Parameter Inference with Galaxy Luminosity Functions and Colours
• Dark against luminous matter around isolated central galaxies: a comparative study between modern surveys and Illustris-TNG
• Global analysis of luminosity- and colour-dependent galaxy clustering in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: The contribution of different kinematic classes to the stellar mass function of nearby galaxies
• Biasing relation, environmental dependencies and estimation of the growth rate from star forming galaxies
• Surveying the onset and evolution of supermassive black holes at high-z with AXIS
• Cosmological Simulation of Galaxy Groups and Clusters-I: Global Effect of Feedback from Active Galactic Nuclei
• iMaNGA: mock MaNGA galaxies based on IllustrisTNG and MaStar SSPs. -- III. Stellar metallicity drivers in MaNGA and TNG50
• Formation and fate of low metallicity stars in IllustrisTNG50
• The Stellar Mass - Halo Mass Relation for Low Mass X-ray Groups at 0.5<z<1 in the CDFS with CSI
• The Origin of Massive Compact Galaxies: Lessons from IllustrisTNG
• Resolved star formation in TNG100 central and satellite galaxies
• The Direct-Method Oxygen Abundance of Typical Dwarf Galaxies at Cosmic High-Noon
• HSC-CLAUDS survey: The star formation rate functions since z ~ 2 and comparison with hydrodynamical simulations
• The quasi-adiabatic relaxation of haloes in the IllustrisTNG and EAGLE cosmological simulations
• Measuring the thermal and ionization state of the low-$z$ IGM using likelihood free inference
• How do baryonic effects on the cosmic matter distribution vary with scale and local density environment?
• On the detectability of massive black hole merger eventsby LISA
• Galaxy Mergers in the Epoch of Reionization II: Major Merger-Triggered Star Formation and AGN Activities at $z=$ 4.5-8.5
• Star Formation in Massive Galaxies at Redshift $z\sim 0.5$
• What to expect when using globular clusters as tracers of the total mass distribution in Milky Way-mass galaxies
• SCONCE: A cosmic web finder for spherical and conic geometries
• A stochastic model to reproduce the star-formation history of individual galaxies in hydrodynamic simulations
• The feasibility of constraining DM interactions with high-redshift observations by JWST
• Host Galaxy Demographics Of Individually Detectable Supermassive Black-hole Binaries with Pulsar Timing Arrays
• Thermal Regulation and the Star-Forming Main Sequence
• Haloes at the ragged edge: The importance of the splashback radius
• Euclid preparation. LXVIII. Extracting physical parameters from galaxies with machine learning
• Scatter in the satellite galaxy SHMR: fitting functions, scaling relations & physical processes from the IllustrisTNG simulation
• Early-type galaxy density profiles from IllustrisTNG: III. Effects on outer kinematic structure
• Anisotropic correlation functions as tracers of central galaxy alignments in simulations
• Quenched, bulge-dominated, but dynamically cold galaxies in IllustrisTNG and their real-world counterparts
• Revisiting the Relationship between the Long GRB Rate and Cosmic Star Formation History Based on a Large Swift Sample
• Global Preventive Feedback of Powerful Radio Jets on Galaxy Formation
• A rising tide: Intrinsic alignments since the turn of the millennium
• The Fundamental Plane in the hierarchical context
• Measuring Galaxy Asymmetries in 3D
• Mass Reconstruction of Galaxy-scale Strong Gravitational Lenses Using a Broken Power-law Model
• Empirical Dust Attenuation Model Leads to More Realistic UVJ Diagram for TNG100 Galaxies
• The effects of the orbital configurations of mergers on reshaping galaxy structures
• Why do semi-analytic models predict higher scatter in the stellar mass-halo mass relation than cosmological hydrodynamic simulations?
• ALPINE: A Large Survey to Understand Teenage Galaxies
• Dynamical cluster masses from photometric surveys
• HELLO project: High-$z$ Evolution of Large and Luminous Objects
• The galaxy bias profile of cosmic voids
• Structure and large scale environment of galaxy pairs in the S-PLUS DR4
• Differentiable Cosmological Hydrodynamics for Field-Level Inference and High Dimensional Parameter Constraints
• The miniJPAS survey. Evolution of the luminosity and stellar mass functions of galaxies up to $z\sim 0.7$
• The scaling relations of galaxies back in time: the road toward virialization
• Premature supermassive black hole mergers in cosmological simulations of structure formation
• Testing galaxy formation models with the stellar mass-halo mass relations for star-forming and quiescent galaxies
• Estimation of the Galaxy Quenching Rate in the Illustris Simulation
• Central galaxy alignments. Dependence on the mass and the large-scale environment
• First Light and Reionisation Epoch Simulations (FLARES) X: Environmental Galaxy Bias and Survey Variance at High Redshift
• Anatomy of galactic star formation history: Roles of different modes of gas accretion, feedback, and recycling
• Detecting episodes of star formation using Bayesian model selection
• The internal metallicity distributions of simulated galaxies from EAGLE, Illustris, and IllustrisTNG at z=1.8-4 as probed by Gamma Ray Burst hosts
• Multi-Epoch Machine Learning 2: Identifying physical drivers of galaxy properties in simulations
• The fragility of thin discs in galaxies -- I. Building tailored N-body galaxy models
• IllustrisTNG and S2COSMOS: possible conflicts in the evolution of neutral gas and dust
• Tiny galaxies and dark substructures: exploring the "dark" subhaloes in TNG50
• The Milky Way in context: The formation of galactic discs and chemical sequences from a cosmological perspective
• Jellyfish galaxies with the IllustrisTNG simulations -- Supermassive black hole activity in dense environments with ram-pressure stripped satellites
• The multi-wavelength Tully-Fisher relation in the TNG50 cosmological simulation
• A statistical study of lopsided galaxies using random forest
• Introducing cosmosTNG: simulating galaxy formation with constrained realizations of the COSMOS field
• Physical Processes Behind the Co-Evolution of Halos, Galaxies and Supermassive Black Holes in the IllustrisTNG Simulation
• Differences in the Physical Properties of Satellite Galaxies within Relaxed and Disturbed Galaxy Groups and Clusters
• Tackling the Problem of Distributional Shifts: Correcting Misspecified, High-Dimensional Data-Driven Priors for Inverse Problems
• Improving SDSS cosmological constraints through $\beta$-skeleton weighted correlation functions
• Evolution of Star Cluster Within Galaxy using Self-consistent Hybrid Hydro/N-body Simulation
• A new framework for understanding the evolution of early-type galaxies
• Ultra-low-frequency gravitational waves from individual supermassive black hole binaries as standard sirens
• Galaxy assembly bias and large-scale distribution: a comparison between IllustrisTNG and a semi-analytic model
• An Improved and Physically-Motivated Scheme for Matching Galaxies with Dark Matter Halos
• Two merging galaxy clusters with very hot shock fronts observed shortly before pericentric passage
• Tracing the cosmological origin of gas that fuels in situ star formation in TNG50 galaxies
• GalaxyGenius: Mock galaxy image generator for various telescopes from hydrodynamical simulations
• The breakBRD Breakdown: Using IllustrisTNG to Track the Quenching of an Observationally-Motivated Sample of Centrally Star-Forming Galaxies
• Mock Observations: Morphological Analysis of Galaxies in TNG100 Simulations
• Elliptical (E) and ellicular (ES) galaxies in the M_bh-M_*,sph diagram, and a merger-driven explanation for the origin of ES galaxies, anti-truncated stellar discs in lenticular galaxies, and the Sersicification of E galaxy light profiles
• Reconstructing HI power spectrum with minimal parameters using the dark matter distribution beyond halos
• The evolution of the barred galaxy population in the TNG50 simulation
• Tracing the origins of galaxy lopsidedness across cosmic time
• Properties beyond mass for unresolved haloes across redshift and cosmology using correlations with local halo environment
• Weak lensing constraints on the stellar-to-halo mass relation of galaxy groups with simulation-informed scatter
• A Conditional Abundance Matching Method of Extending Simulated Halo Merger Trees to Resolve Low-Mass Progenitors and Sub-halos
• A Catalog of Stellar and Dust Properties for 500,000 Stars in the Southwest Bar of the Small Magellanic Cloud
• The Outskirt Stellar Mass of Low-Redshift Massive Galaxies is an Excellent Halo Mass Proxy in Illustris/IllustrisTNG Simulations
• Exploring the halo-galaxy connection with probabilistic approaches
• The Circumgalactic Medium from the CAMELS Simulations: Forecasting Constraints on Feedback Processes from Future Sunyaev-Zeldovich Observations
• Stirring the cosmic pot: how black hole feedback shapes the matter power spectrum in the Fable simulations
• Simultaneously Modelling Dusty Star Forming Galaxies and Massive Quiescents: A Calibration Framework for Galaxy Formation Models
• Spatial field reconstruction with INLA: Application to simulated galaxies
• You Are What You Eat: The Circumgalactic Medium Around BreakBRD Galaxies has Low Mass and Angular Momentum
• The signature of galaxy formation models in the power spectrum of the hydrogen 21cm line during reionization
• The large-scale distribution of ionized metals in IllustrisTNG
• The LEGA-C and SAMI Galaxy Surveys: Quiescent Stellar Populations and the Mass-Size Plane across 6 Gyr
• The Stellar Chemical Abundances of Simulated Massive Galaxies at $z=2$
• A novel analysis of contamination in Lyman-break galaxy samples at $\mathbf{z}\sim 6-8$: spatial correlation with intermediate-redshift galaxies at $\mathbf{z}\sim 1.3-2$
• Impact of Gravitational Slingshot of Dark Matter on Galactic Halo Profiles
• Exploring the evolution of red and blue galaxies in different cosmic web environments using IllustrisTNG simulation
• Tidal disruption event rates across cosmic time: forecasts for LSST, Roman, and JWST and their constraints on the supermassive black hole mass function
• Towards an Observational Detection of Halo Spin Bias using Spin-Orbit Coherence
• Reduced Gas Accretion onto Galaxies due to Effects of External Giant Radio Lobes
• On the quenching of star formation in observed and simulated central galaxies: Evidence for the role of integrated AGN feedback
• Debunking Generalization Error or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love My Training Set
• Mimicking the halo-galaxy connection using machine learning
• Evaluating quenching in cosmological simulations of galaxy formation with spectral covariance in the optical window
• Cavendish experiment with fast radio bursts on cosmological scales
• Boosting (In)direct Detection of Dark Matter
• The black hole population in low-mass galaxies in large-scale cosmological simulations
• High and low Sérsic index bulges in Milky Way- and M31-like galaxies: origin and connection to the bar with TNG50
• Gas flows in galaxy mergers: supersonic turbulence in bridges, accretion from the circumgalactic medium, and metallicity dilution
• Testing a New Star Formation History Model from Principal Component Analysis to Facilitate Spectral Synthesis Modeling
• Ultra-fast model emulation with PRISM; analyzing the Meraxes galaxy formation model
• IQ Collaboratory III: The Empirical Dust Attenuation Framework -- Taking Hydrodynamical Simulations with a Grain of Dust
• GalSBI-SPS: a stellar population synthesis-based galaxy population model for cosmology and galaxy evolution applications
• Cylindrical cosmological simulations with StePS
• The Nun Path: The Evolution and Quenching of Satellite Galaxies
• Compact Groups in GDM Cosmological Simulations
• Galaxies in the central regions of simulated galaxy clusters
• Unravelling the role of merger histories in the population of In situ stars: linking IllustrisTNG cosmological simulation to H3 survey
• Testing subhalo abundance matching with galaxy kinematics