First Light And Reionisation Epoch Simulations (FLARES) II: The Photometric Properties of High-Redshift Galaxies

Abstract

We present the photometric properties of galaxies in the First Light and Reionisation Epoch Simulations (FLARES). The simulations trace the evolution of galaxies in a range of overdensities through the Epoch of Reionistion (EoR). With a novel weighting scheme we combine these overdensities, extending significantly the dynamic range of observed composite distribution functions compared to periodic simulation boxes. FLARES predicts a significantly larger number of intrinsically bright galaxies, which can be explained through a simple model linking dust-attenuation to the metal content of the interstellar medium, using a line-of-sight (LOS) extinction model. With this model we present the photometric properties of the FLARES galaxies for $z\in [5,10]$. We show that the ultraviolet (UV) luminosity function (LF) matches the observations at all redshifts. The function is fit by Schechter and double power-law forms, with the latter being favoured at these redshifts by the FLARES composite UV LF. We also present predictions for the UV continuum slope as well as the attenuation in the UV. The impact of environment on the UV LF is also explored, with the brightest galaxies forming in the densest environments. We then present the line luminosity and equivalent widths of some prominent nebular emission lines arising from the galaxies, finding rough agreement with available observations. We also look at the relative contribution of obscured and unobscured star formation, finding comparable contributions at these redshifts.

arXiv comment21 pages, 22 figures. Data available at https://flaresimulations.github.io/data.html

References in corpus (139)

• SciPy 1.0--Fundamental Algorithms for Scientific Computing in Python
• Astropy: A Community Python Package for Astronomy
• Galactic Stellar and Substellar Initial Mass Function
• The Dust Content and Opacity of Actively Star-Forming Galaxies
• Simulating the joint evolution of quasars, galaxies and their large-scale distribution
• The EAGLE project: Simulating the evolution and assembly of galaxies and their environments
• Star Formation in the Milky Way and Nearby Galaxies
• Populating a cluster of galaxies - I. Results at z=0
• Introducing the Illustris Project: Simulating the coevolution of dark and visible matter in the Universe
• First results from the IllustrisTNG simulations: matter and galaxy clustering
• Planck 2013 results. I. Overview of products and scientific results
• A Simple Model for the Absorption of Starlight by Dust in Galaxies
• First results from the IllustrisTNG simulations: the stellar mass content of groups and clusters of galaxies
• First results from the IllustrisTNG simulations: the galaxy color bimodality
• The EAGLE simulations of galaxy formation: calibration of subgrid physics and model variations
• Metallicity Calibrations and the Mass-Metallicity Relation for Star-Forming Galaxies
• Properties of galaxies reproduced by a hydrodynamic simulation
• First results from the IllustrisTNG simulations: A tale of two elements -- chemical evolution of magnesium and europium
• UV Luminosity Functions at redshifts z~4 to z~10: 10000 Galaxies from HST Legacy Fields
• FIRE-2 Simulations: Physics versus Numerics in Galaxy Formation
• Dust Absorption And The Ultraviolet Luminosity Density At z \approx 3 As Calibrated By Local Starburst Galaxies
• Simba: Cosmological Simulations with Black Hole Growth and Feedback
• First results from the IllustrisTNG simulations: radio haloes and magnetic fields
• Introducing the Illustris Project: the evolution of galaxy populations across cosmic time
• Substructures in hydrodynamical cluster simulations
• Information criteria for astrophysical model selection
• The effect of photo-ionization on the cooling rates of enriched, astrophysical plasmas
• Cosmic Reionization and Early Star-Forming Galaxies: A Joint Analysis of New Constraints from Planck and Hubble Space Telescope
• The Hubble Ultra Deep Field
• Cosmological simulations of the growth of supermassive black holes and feedback from active galactic nuclei: method and tests
• The Evolution of the Galaxy Rest-Frame Ultraviolet Luminosity Function Over the First Two Billion Years
• Chemical enrichment in cosmological, smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations
• Galaxy formation in the Planck Cosmology - I. Matching the observed evolution of star formation rates, colours and stellar masses
• On the relation between the Schmidt and Kennicutt-Schmidt star formation laws and its implications for numerical simulations
• The Illustris simulation: the evolving population of black holes across cosmic time
• Reevaluating Old Stellar Populations
• New Constraints on Cosmic Reionization from the 2012 Hubble Ultra Deep Field Campaign
• Simulating galactic outflows with thermal supernova feedback
• A Remarkably Luminous Galaxy at z=11.1 Measured with Hubble Space Telescope Grism Spectroscopy
• UV-continuum slopes at z~4-7 from the HUDF09+ERS+CANDELS observations: Discovery of a well-defined UV-color magnitude relationship for z>=4 star-forming galaxies
• A General Class of Lagrangian Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Methods and Implications for Fluid Mixing Problems
• A unified multi-wavelength model of galaxy formation
• Evolution of galaxy stellar masses and star formation rates in the EAGLE simulations
• Modelling discontinuities and Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities in SPH
• Directly Observing the Galaxies Likely Responsible for Reionization
• Lyman-alpha and CIII] Emission in z=7-9 Galaxies: Accelerated Reionization Around Luminous Star Forming Systems?
• Ancient Light from Young Cosmic Cities: Physical and Observational Signatures of Galaxy Proto-Clusters
• Early star-forming galaxies and the reionization of the Universe
• Galaxies at z~6: The UV Luminosity Function and Luminosity Density from 506 UDF, UDF-Ps, and GOODS i-dropouts
• The MassiveBlack-II Simulation: The Evolution of Halos and Galaxies to z~0
• Modelling the nebular emission from primeval to present-day star-forming galaxies
• MUFASA: Galaxy Formation Simulations With Meshless Hydrodynamics
• Faint AGNs at z>4 in the CANDELS GOODS-S field: looking for contributors to the reionization of the Universe
• Inviscid SPH
• CANDELS: The Evolution of Galaxy Rest-Frame Ultraviolet Colors from z = 8 to 4
• z~7-10 Galaxies in the HUDF and GOODS fields, and their UV Luminosity Functions
• The impact of angular momentum on black hole accretion rates in simulations of galaxy formation
• The Star Formation Rate of the Universe at z~6 from the Hubble Ultra Deep Field
• The Galaxy UV Luminosity Function Before the Epoch of Reionization
• The SPHINX Cosmological Simulations of the First Billion Years: the Impact of Binary Stars on Reionization
• Metallicity evolution, metallicity gradients and gas fractions at z~3.4
• Galaxies-Intergalactic Medium Interaction Calculation --I. Galaxy formation as a function of large-scale environment
• Colours and luminosities of z=0.1 simulated galaxies in the EAGLE simulations
• The Cluster-EAGLE project: global properties of simulated clusters with resolved galaxies
• The Extreme Faint End of the UV Luminosity Function at $z\sim 6$ Through Gravitational Telescopes: a comprehensive assessment of strong lensing uncertainties
• The Hydrangea simulations: galaxy formation in and around massive clusters
• The EAGLE simulations of galaxy formation: the importance of the hydrodynamics scheme
• Cosmic Dawn (CoDa): the First Radiation-Hydrodynamics Simulation of Reionization and Galaxy Formation in the Local Universe
• A lack of evolution in the very bright-end of the galaxy luminosity function from z = 8-10
• Rotation in [CII]-emitting gas in two galaxies at a redshift of 6.8
• Great Optically Luminous Dropout Research Using Subaru HSC (GOLDRUSH). I. UV Luminosity Functions at $z\sim 4-7$ Derived with the Half-Million Dropouts on the 100 deg${}^2$ Sky
• Star Formation in Semi-Analytic Galaxy Formation Models with Multiphase Gas
• The bright end of the galaxy luminosity function at z ~ 7: before the onset of mass quenching?
• The BlueTides Simulation: First Galaxies and Reionization
• Spectroscopic detections of CIII]1909 at z~6-7: A new probe of early star forming galaxies and cosmic reionisation
• Optical colours and spectral indices of $z=0.1$ EAGLE galaxies with 3D dust radiative transfer code SKIRT
• The galaxy luminosity function at z ~ 6 and evidence for rapid evolution in the bright end from z ~ 7 to 5
• Simulating galaxies in the reionization era with FIRE-2: galaxy scaling relations, stellar mass functions, and luminosity functions
• Large Population of ALMA Galaxies at z>6 with Very High [OIII]88um to [CII]158um Flux Ratios: Evidence of Extremely High Ionization Parameter or PDR Deficit?
• Semi-analytic forecasts for JWST - I. UV luminosity functions at z = 4 - 10
• The Dust-to-Gas and Dust-to-Metals Ratio in Galaxies from z=0-6
• Size--luminosity relations and UV luminosity functions at $z=6-9$ simultaneously derived from the complete Hubble Frontier Fields data
• New redshift z ~ 9 galaxies in the Hubble Frontier Fields: Implications for early evolution of the UV luminosity density
• Unveiling the nature of bright z ~ 7 galaxies with the Hubble Space Telescope
• A critical analysis of the UV-continuum slopes of high-redshift galaxies; no evidence (yet) for extreme stellar populations at z > 6
• Kiloparsec-scale gaseous clumps and star formation at $z=5-7$
• The [OIII]$+$H$\beta$ Equivalent Width Distribution at z$\simeq$7: Implications for the Contribution of Galaxies to Reionization
• High redshift JWST predictions from IllustrisTNG: Dust modelling and galaxy luminosity functions
• On the role of AGN feedback on the thermal and chemodynamical properties of the hot intra-cluster medium
• Simulating the dust content of galaxies: successes and failures
• Ultradeep Infrared Array Camera Observations of sub-L* z~7 and z~8 Galaxies in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: the Contribution of Low-Luminosity Galaxies to the Stellar Mass Density and Reionization
• The First Detections of the Extragalactic Background Light at 3000, 5500, and 8000A (I): Results
• Deep into the structure of the first galaxies: SERRA views
• The Bright End of the z~9 and z~10 UV Luminosity Functions using all five CANDELS Fields
• The UV Properties of Star Forming Galaxies I: HST WFC3 Observations of Very-high Redshift Galaxies
• The Faint End of the Quasar Luminosity Function at z~4: Implications for Ionization of the Intergalactic Medium and Cosmic Downsizing
• First Light And Reionisation Epoch Simulations (FLARES) I: Environmental Dependence of High-Redshift Galaxy Evolution
• No missing photons for reionization: moderate ionizing photon escape fractions from the FIRE-2 simulations
• A non-ideal MHD Gadget: Simulating massive galaxy clusters
• Galaxy Simulation with Dust Formation and Destruction
• Dust attenuation, dust emission, and dust temperature in galaxies at z>=5: a view from the FIRE-2 simulations
• The GREATS H$\beta$+[OIII] Luminosity Function and Galaxy Properties at $\mathbf{z}\sim 8$: Walking the Way of JWST
• Near-Infrared Properties of I-Drop Galaxies in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field
• Astraeus I: The interplay between galaxy formation and reionization
• L-GALAXIES 2020: Spatially resolved cold gas phases, star formation and chemical enrichment in galactic discs
• The redshift evolution of massive galaxy clusters in the MACSIS simulations
• Reionization with galaxies and active galactic nuclei
• AREPO-RT: Radiation hydrodynamics on a moving mesh
• The Brightest $z\gtrsim 8$ Galaxies over the COSMOS UltraVISTA Field
• Simulating galactic dust grain evolution on a moving mesh
• Semi-analytic forecasts for JWST -- II. physical properties and scaling relations for galaxies at z = 4-10
• The assembly of dusty galaxies at $z\ge 4$: statistical properties
• Detailed dust modelling in the L-Galaxies semi-analytic model of galaxy formation
• Introducing the FirstLight project: UV luminosity function and scaling relations of primeval galaxies
• Obscured star-formation in bright z ~ 7 Lyman-break galaxies
• The properties of the first galaxies in the BLUETIDES simulation
• The evolution of the star formation rate function in the EAGLE simulations: A comparison with UV, IR and H$\alpha$ observations from z ~ 8 to z ~ 0
• Reionization in Technicolor
• Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of Galaxies During Reionization: Measuring CIII] in a Galaxy at $\mathbf{z}=7.5$
• Interpreting the observed UV continuum slopes of high-redshift galaxies
• Probing $\sim L_{\ast }$ Lyman-break Galaxies at $z\approx 7$ in GOODS-South with WFC3 on HST
• Characterising and Identifying Galaxy Protoclusters
• UV Spectral-Slopes at $z=6-9$ in the Hubble Frontier Fields: Lack of Evidence for Unusual or Pop III Stellar Populations
• New Star Forming Galaxies at z\approx 7 from WFC3 Imaging
• Cosmological simulations of galaxy clusters with feedback from active galactic nuclei: profiles and scaling relations
• Dust Evolution in Galaxy Cluster Simulations
• High redshift JWST predictions from IllustrisTNG: II. Galaxy line and continuum spectral indices and dust attenuation curves
• Evolution of dust extinction curves in galaxy simulation
• Dark-ages Reionization & Galaxy Formation Simulation I: The dynamical lives of high redshift galaxies
• Photometric properties of reionization-epoch galaxies in the Simba simulations
• Self-consistent modelling of aromatic dust species and extinction curves in galaxy evolution
• Estimating Luminosity Function Constraints from High-Redshift Galaxy Surveys
• Nebular Line Emission During the Epoch of Reionization
• Constraints on galaxy formation models from the galaxy stellar mass function and its evolution
• Predictions for the intrinsic UV continuum properties of star forming galaxies and the implications for inferring dust extinction
• The Photometric Properties of Galaxies in the Early Universe
• Dust Obscured Star Forming Galaxies in the Early Universe
• Galaxy formation in the PLANCK cosmology - III. The high-redshift universe
• A Census of the LyC Photons that Form the UV Background During Reionization

Cited by in corpus (44)

• A Comprehensive Study on Galaxies at z~9-16 Found in the Early JWST Data: UV Luminosity Functions and Cosmic Star-Formation History at the Pre-Reionization Epoch
• A Long Time Ago in a Galaxy Far, Far Away: A Candidate z ~ 12 Galaxy in Early JWST CEERS Imaging
• Discovery and properties of ultra-high redshift galaxies ($9<z<12$) in the JWST ERO SMACS 0723 Field
• On the Stellar Populations of Galaxies at z=9-11: The Growth of Metals and Stellar Mass at Early Times
• An Atlas of Color-selected Quiescent Galaxies at $z>3$ in Public $JWST$ Fields
• Life beyond 30: probing the -20<M_UV<-17 luminosity function at 8<z<13 with the NIRCam parallel field of the MIRI Deep Survey
• Extreme Value Statistics of the Halo and Stellar Mass Distributions at High Redshift: are JWST Results in Tension with ΛCDM?
• The ASTRID Simulation: Galaxy Formation and Reionization
• A Census of the Bright z=8.5-11 Universe with the Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes in the CANDELS Fields
• The ultraviolet continuum slopes ($\beta$) of galaxies at $\mathbf{z}\simeq 8-16$ from JWST and ground-based near-infrared imaging
• z~2-9 Galaxies Magnified by the Hubble Frontier Field Clusters II: Luminosity Functions and Constraints on a Faint-End Turnover
• JWST UNCOVER: Discovery of $z>9$ Galaxy Candidates Behind the Lensing Cluster Abell 2744
• The THESAN project: predictions for multi-tracer line intensity mapping in the epoch of reionization
• Mini-quenching of $z=4-8$ galaxies by bursty star formation
• First Light And Reionisation Epoch Simulations (FLARES) V: The redshift frontier
• A Large Population of Faint 8<z<16 Galaxies Found in the First JWST NIRCam Observations of the NGDEEP Survey
• FOREVER22: galaxy formation in protocluster regions
• First Light And Reionisation Epoch Simulations (FLARES) IV: The size evolution of galaxies at $z\ge 5$
• A machine learning approach to mapping baryons onto dark matter haloes using the EAGLE and C-EAGLE simulations
• Constraints on warm dark matter from UV luminosity functions of high-z galaxies with Bayesian model comparison
• Seeing sharper and deeper: JWST's first glimpse of the photometric and spectroscopic properties of galaxies in the epoch of reionisation
• First Light And Reionisation Epoch Simulations (FLARES) VII: The Star Formation and Metal Enrichment Histories of Galaxies in the early Universe
• Binary evolution pathways of Blue Large-Amplitude Pulsators
• First Light And Reionisation Epoch Simulations (FLARES) VI: The colour evolution of galaxies $z=5-15$
• On the Significance of Rare Objects at High Redshift: The Impact of Cosmic Variance
• On the impact of spectral template uncertainties in synthetic stellar populations
• First Light And Reionisation Epoch Simulations (FLARES) XIII: The Lyman-continuum emission of high-redshift galaxies
• First Light And Reionisation Epoch Simulations (FLARES) XI: [OIII] emitting galaxies at $5<z<10$
• The bright end of the galaxy luminosity function at $z\simeq 7$ from the VISTA VIDEO survey
• The THESAN-ZOOM project: Population III star formation continues until the end of reionization
• Unveiling the main sequence of galaxies at $z\ge 5$ with the James Webb Space Telescope: predictions from simulations
• First Light And Reionisation Epoch Simulations (FLARES) XII: The consequences of star-dust geometry on galaxies in the EoR
• Cosmic Sands: The Origin of Dusty, Star-forming Galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization
• Behind the Spotlight: A systematic assessment of outshining using NIRCam medium-bands in the JADES Origins Field
• The BlueTides Mock Image Catalogue: Simulated observations of high-redshift galaxies and predictions for JWST imaging surveys
• Learning the Universe: Cosmological and Astrophysical Parameter Inference with Galaxy Luminosity Functions and Colours
• On the Origin of the High Star-Formation Efficiency in Massive Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn
• First Light and Reionisation Epoch Simulations (FLARES) X: Environmental Galaxy Bias and Survey Variance at High Redshift
• Beyond the stars: Linking H$\alpha$ sizes, kinematics, and star formation in galaxies at $z\approx 4-6$ with JWST grism surveys and $\text{geko}$
• Cloudy-Maraston: Integrating nebular continuum and line emission with the Maraston stellar population synthesis models
• The JWST Emission Line Survey (JELS): The sizes and merger fraction of star-forming galaxies during the Epoch of Reionization
• First Light And Reionisation Epoch Simulations (FLARES) III: The properties of massive dusty galaxies at cosmic dawn
• First Light And Reionization Epoch Simulations (FLARES) -- XIX: Supermassive black hole mergers in the early Universe and their environmental dependence
• The Nature of High-Redshift Massive Quiescent Galaxies -- Searching for RUBIES-UDS-QG-z7 in FLARES