Modelling the nebular emission from primeval to present-day star-forming galaxies

Abstract

We present a new model of the nebular emission from star-forming galaxies in a wide range of chemical compositions, appropriate to interpret observations of galaxies at all cosmic epochs. The model relies on the combination of state-of-the-art stellar population synthesis and photoionization codes to describe the ensemble of HII regions and the diffuse gas ionized by young stars in a galaxy. A main feature of this model is the self-consistent yet versatile treatment of element abundances and depletion onto dust grains, which allows one to relate the observed nebular emission from a galaxy to both gas-phase and dust-phase metal enrichment. We show that this model can account for the rest-frame ultraviolet and optical emission-line properties of galaxies at different redshifts and find that ultraviolet emission lines are more sensitive than optical ones to parameters such as C/O abundance ratio, hydrogen gas density, dust-to-metal mass ratio and upper cutoff of the stellar initial mass function. We also find that, for gas-phase metallicities around solar to slightly sub-solar, widely used formulae to constrain oxygen ionic fractions and the C/O ratio from ultraviolet and optical emission-line luminosities are reasonable faithful. However, the recipes break down at non-solar metallicities, making them inappropriate to study chemically young galaxies. In such cases, a fully self-consistent model of the kind presented in this paper is required to interpret the observed nebular emission.

arXiv comment20 pages, 15 figures, Accepted for publication in MNRAS

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• Reionization in Protocluster Environments at $z>7$ with JWST/NIRSpec
• LEGA-C stellar populations scaling relations. I: Chemo-archaeological downsizing trends at z~0.7
• Extended coronal line emission and new clues to a possible dual AGN in the merger J1356+1026
• ReveaLLAGN 1: JWST Emission-Line Spectra Reveal Low-Luminosity AGN with UV-Deficient SEDs and Warm Molecular Gas
• The implications of overmassive black holes at $z>5$ for quasar and black hole growth
• Compact [OIII] emission-line regions ("Green Seeds") in $\mathrm{H}\alpha$ emitters at Cosmic Noon from JWST Observations
• Deep JWST spectroscopy of galaxies in a candidate ionized bubble at $z=8.7$: probing reionization at pMpc scales with Ly$\alpha$ emission
• Challenges and Techniques for Simulating Line Emission
• Massive Star Formation in the Ultraviolet Observed with the Hubble Space Telescope
• Shocks and complex chemodynamics in the metal-poor starburst galaxy CGCG 007-025 revealed through high-resolution echelle spectroscopy
• The BUFFALO HST Survey
• M^3D: Mosaicking M33 with MUSE datacubes I. Unveiling the diversity of HII regions in M33 with MUSE
• GalSBI-SPS: a stellar population synthesis-based galaxy population model for cosmology and galaxy evolution applications