The transition from Population III to normal galaxies: Ly-a and HeII 1640 emission and the ionising properties of high redshift starburst galaxies

Abstract

We examine spectral properties of the ionising continua, the Lyman-break, and the Ly-a and HeII 1640 recombination lines in starbursts. The transition from primordial galaxies to currently observed metallicities, is examined. For the average properties of starbursts, the main findings are: 1) The Lyman continuum flux increases with decreasing metallicity. For a universal Salpeter IMF from 1-100 Msun the enhancement reaches typically a factor of ~3 between solar metallicity and Pop III objects. 2) While for metallicities Z >~ 1/50 Zsun the amplitude of the Lyman-break depends little on Z, a reduction by a factor ~2 is found at lower Z, due to the strong increase of the average stellar temperature. 3) Using theoretical models and empirical constraints we discuss the expected evolution of the hardness of He+ to H ionising photons with metallicity and possible uncertainties. We also provide a simple estimate of the possible impact of hot WR like stars on Q(He+)/Q(H) at very low metallicities. 4) Calibrations for star formation rate determinations from various recombination lines at all metallicities and for various IMFs are derived. For young bursts the maximum Ly-a equivalent width is shown to increase strongly with decreasing metallicity for the same IMF. However, for well known reasons, the Ly-a emission predicted likely represents an upper limit. Non-negligible HeII 1640 emission due to stellar photoionisation appears to be limited to very low metallicities and Population III objects.(abridged abstract)

Accepted for publication in A&A. LaTeX, 14 pages including figures. Model predictions available at http://webast.ast.obs-mip.fr/sfr

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• Impact of gas spin and Lyman-Werner flux on black hole seed formation in cosmological simulations: implications for direct collapse
• Effects of Star Formation Stochasticity on the Ly-alpha & Lyman Continuum Emission from Dwarf Galaxies during Reionization
• The Impact of Neutral Intergalactic Gas on Lyman-$\alpha$ Intensity Mapping During Reionization
• The seeds of supermassive black holes and the role of local radiation and metal spreading
• Dust in the first galaxies
• Radiative Feedback in Relic HII Regions at High-Redshift
• Luminous Lyman-alpha Emitters with Very Blue UV-continuum Slopes at Redshift 5.7 <= z <= 6.6
• The Ionised- and Cool-Gas Content of The BR1202-0725 System as seen by MUSE and ALMA
• SILVERRUSH. IX. Lya Intensity Mapping with Star-Forming Galaxies at z=5.7 and 6.6: A Possible Detection of Extended Lya Emission at $\gtrsim$100 comoving kpc around and beyond the Virial-Radius Scale of Galaxy Dark Matter Halos
• Probing Population III Initial Mass Functions with He II/H$\alpha$ Intensity Mapping
• Ly-alpha emission in low-redshift most metal-deficient compact star-forming galaxies
• Spectroscopic evolution of massive stars near the main sequence at low metallicity
• The clustering properties of the first galaxies
• Metal-Enriched Neutral Gas Reservoir around a Strongly-lensed, Low-mass Galaxy at $z=4$ Identified by JWST/NIRISS and VLT/MUSE
• Astraeus VI: Hierarchical assembly of AGN and their large-scale effect during the Epoch of Reionization
• Clustering of Ly-alpha emitters around luminous quasars at z = 2-3: an alternative probe of reionization on galaxy formation
• Anatomy of an ionized bubble: NIRCam grism spectroscopy of the $z=6.6$ double-peaked Lyman-$\alpha$ emitter COLA1 and its environment
• Seeking dark matter with $\gamma$-ray attenuation
• Similarities and uniqueness of Ly$\alpha$ emitters among star-forming galaxies at z=2.5
• Ionizing photon production of Population III stars: effects of rotation, convection, and initial mass function
• Have we detected one of the sources responsible for an early reionisation of the Universe?
• Extremely-Metal Poor Stars in the Milky Way: A Second Generation Formed after Reionization
• CHORUS. I. Cosmic HydrOgen Reionization Unveiled with Subaru: Overview
• Globular Clusters and Streaming Velocities: Testing the new formation channel in high-resolution cosmological simulations
• The HST colours of high-redshift population III galaxies with strong Lyman alpha emission
• Inception of a first quasar at cosmic dawn
• Direct-collapse black hole formation induced by internal radiation of host halos
• First Light And Reionisation Epoch Simulations (FLARES) XIII: The Lyman-continuum emission of high-redshift galaxies
• Impact of Population III homogeneous stellar evolution on early cosmic reionisation
• Reionization with Simba: How much does astrophysics matter in modeling cosmic reionization?
• Photon leaking or very hard ionizing radiation? Unveiling the nature of heII-emitters using the softness diagram
• Low-Metallicity Star Formation in High-Redshift Galaxies at z~8
• A hide-and-seek game: Looking for Population III stars during the Epoch of Reionization through the HeII$\lambda$1640 line
• Modeling Reionization in a Bursty Universe
• A Metal-Free Galaxy at $z=3.19$? Evidence of Late Population III Star Formation at Cosmic Noon
• Constraining Very High Mass Population III Stars through He II Emission in Galaxy BDF-521 at z = 7.01
• Lyman-alpha radiation pressure: an analytical exploration
• Discovery of Massive, Mostly Star-formation Quenched Galaxies with Extremely Large Lyman-alpha Equivalent Widths at z ~ 3
• SHARDS Frontier Fields: Physical properties of a low mass Lyman-alpha emitter at z=5.75
• Metal Enrichment in the Reionization Epoch
• The evolution of the UV luminosity and stellar mass functions of Lyman-alpha emitters from z~2 to z~6
• Towards ultra metal-poor DLAs: linking the chemistry of the most metal-poor DLA to the first stars
• Little Red Dots as Direct-collapse Black Hole Nurseries
• Uncovering the physical origin of the prominent Lyman-$\alpha$ emission and absorption in GS9422 at $z=5.943$
• EMPRESS. XI. SDSS and JWST Search for Local and z~4-5 Extremely Metal-Poor Galaxies (EMPGs): Clustering and Chemical Properties of Local EMPGs
• HI Lyman-alpha equivalent widths of stellar populations
• A Pilot Search for Population III Supernova Candidates in the Spitzer/IRAC Dark Field
• Lyman continuum leaker candidates among highly ionised, low-redshift dwarf galaxies selected from HeII
• Low-redshift Lyman Continuum Survey: Radio continuum properties of low-$z$ Lyman continuum emitters
• Discovery of a faint R-band drop-out: a strongly reddened lensed star forming galaxy at z=1.68
• Formation of Pop II star clusters in the aftermath of a pair instability supernova
• Detecting Population III Stars through Tidal Disruption Events in the Era of JWST and Roman
• Extending Semi-numeric Reionisation Models to the First Stars and Galaxies
• Constraint on dark matter annihilation with dark star formation using Fermi extragalactic diffuse gamma-ray background data
• UV & Ly$\alpha$ halos of Ly$\alpha$ emitters across environments at z=2.84
• Upper Bound on the First Star Formation History
• Strong nebular HeII emission induced by He${}^{+}$ ionizing photons escaping through the clumpy winds of massive stars
• The duration of reionization constrains the ionizing sources
• Detectability of Local Group Dwarf Galaxy Analogues at High Redshifts
• Searching for the earliest galaxies in the 21 cm forest
• Probing patchy reionisation with JWST: IGM opacity constraints from the Lyman-$\alpha$ forest of galaxies in legacy extragalactic fields
• Requirements for Cosmological 21-cm Masers
• A puzzling non-detection of [O III] and [C II] from a $z\approx 7.7$ galaxy observed with ALMA
• A search for Population III galaxies in CLASH. I. Singly-imaged candidates at high redshift
• Probing the Long Gamma-Ray Burst Progenitor by Lyman-alpha Emission of Host Galaxies
• Lyman edges in supermassive black hole binaries
• Lyman alpha Properties of Simulated Galaxies in Overdense Regions: Effects of Galactic Winds at z > 6
• Semi-Numerical Simulation of Reionization with Semi-Analytical Modeling of Galaxy Formation
• Radio recombination lines from obscured quasars with the SKA
• Reionization in the Light of Dark Stars
• Population and spectral synthesis: it doesn't work without binaries
• Observations of Ly$\alpha$ Emitters at High Redshift
• A Peculiar Type~II QSO Identified via Broad-band Detection of Extreme Nebular Line Emission
• Formation of the First Galaxies: Theory and Simulations
• The Lyman-alpha and Continuum Origins Survey II: the connection between the escape of ionizing radiation and Lyman-alpha halos in star-forming galaxies
• Is the Bremer Deep Field ionised, at z~7?
• Star-forming Galactic Contrails at z=3.2 as a Source of Metal Enrichment and Ionizing Radiation
• EROs found behind lensing clusters. II. Stellar populations and dust properties of optical dropout EROs and comparison with related objects
• Effects of photon trapping on the Lyman-alpha properties of star-forming galaxies
• Spherically symmetric NLTE model atmospheres of hot hydrogen-helium first stars
• Kickstarting Reionization with the First Black Holes: the effects of second-order perturbation theory in pre-reionization volumes
• High-n Hydrogen Recombination Lines from the First Galaxies
• Negative feedback effects on star formation history and cosmic reionization
• EROs found behind lensing clusters: II.Empirical properties, classification, and SED modelling based on multi-wavelength observations
• Cloudy with a chance of starshine: Possible photometric signatures of nebular-dominated emission in $1.5<z<8.5$ JADES galaxies
• Cospatial 21 cm and metal-line absorbers in the epoch of reionization -- I : Incidence and observability
• Lyman-$\alpha$ Emitting Galaxies (LAEs) at Cosmic Dawn: Implications and Predictions
• Gravitational wave backgrounds from coalescing black hole binaries at cosmic dawn: an upper bound
• Evolutionary synthesis models as a tool and guide towards the first galaxies
• Spectral Energy Distribution of the First Galaxies: Contribution from Pre-Main-Sequence Stars
• Ultraviolet photon production rates of the first stars: Impact on the He II $\lambda$ 1640 Å emission line from primordial star clusters and the 21-cm signal from cosmic dawn
• Radiative Transfer Simulations of Ly$\alpha$ Intensity Mapping During Cosmic Reionization Including Sources from Galaxies and the Intergalactic Medium
• Revealing the formation histories of the first stars with the cosmic near-infrared background
• GLIMPSE-D: Metallicity Decline in Faint Galaxies: Implications for [O III]+Hb Luminosity Function and Reionisation Budget
• Searches for high redshift galaxies using gravitational lensing
• Lyman-$\alpha$ radiation pressure regulates star formation efficiency
• The Most Distant Galaxies
• Resolving dust and Lyα emission in a lensed galaxy at the epoch of reionization with JWST/CANUCS
• SDSS-V LVM: Detectability of Wolf-Rayet stars and their He II ionizing flux in low-metallicity environments I. The weak-lined, early-type WN3 stars in the SMC
• Out of oxygen: Extremely metal-poor galaxy candidates identified at $2.5<z<6.5$ with deep JADES medium-band imaging
• Challenges in Stellar Population Studies
• The ultraviolet extragalactic background light: dust extinction and the evolution of the cosmic star formation rate from z=0 to 0.6
• Simulations of Early Galaxy Formation