Observations of Ly$\alpha$ Emitters at High Redshift

Abstract

In this series of lectures, I review our observational understanding of high-$z$ Ly$\alpha$ emitters (LAEs) and relevant scientific topics. Since the discovery of LAEs in the late 1990s, more than ten (one) thousand(s) of LAEs have been identified photometrically (spectroscopically) at $z\sim 0$ to $z\sim 10$. These large samples of LAEs are useful to address two major astrophysical issues, galaxy formation and cosmic reionization. Statistical studies have revealed the general picture of LAEs' physical properties: young stellar populations, remarkable luminosity function evolutions, compact morphologies, highly ionized inter-stellar media (ISM) with low metal/dust contents, low masses of dark-matter halos. Typical LAEs represent low-mass high-$z$ galaxies, high-$z$ analogs of dwarf galaxies, some of which are thought to be candidates of population III galaxies. These observational studies have also pinpointed rare bright Ly$\alpha$ sources extended over $\sim 10-100$ kpc, dubbed Ly$\alpha$ blobs, whose physical origins are under debate. LAEs are used as probes of cosmic reionization history through the Ly$\alpha$ damping wing absorption given by the neutral hydrogen of the inter-galactic medium (IGM), which complement the cosmic microwave background radiation and 21cm observations. The low-mass and highly-ionized population of LAEs can be major sources of cosmic reionization. The budget of ionizing photons for cosmic reionization has been constrained, although there remain large observational uncertainties in the parameters. Beyond galaxy formation and cosmic reionization, several new usages of LAEs for science frontiers have been suggested such as the distribution of {\sc Hi} gas in the circum-galactic medium and filaments of large-scale structures. On-going programs and future telescope projects, such as JWST, ELTs, and SKA, will push the horizons of the science frontiers.

arXiv commentLecture notes for `Lyman-alpha as an Astrophysical and Cosmological Tool', Saas-Fee Advanced Course 46. Verhamme, A., North, P., Cantalupo, S., & Atek, H. (eds.) --- 147 pages, 103 figures. Abstract abridged. Link to the lecture program including the video recording and ppt files : https://obswww.unige.ch/Courses/saas-fee-2016/program.cgi

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• Ionization State of Inter-Stellar Medium in Galaxies: Evolution, SFR-M_star-Z Dependence, and Ionizing Photon Escape
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• The Systematic Properties of the Warm Phase of Starburst-Driven Galactic Winds
• The Gaseous Environment of High-z Galaxies: Precision Measurements of Neutral Hydrogen in the Circumgalactic Medium of z ~ 2-3 Galaxies in the Keck Baryonic Structure Survey
• What Next-Generation 21 cm Power Spectrum Measurements Can Teach Us About the Epoch of Reionization
• Detection of high Lyman continuum leakage from four low-redshift compact star-forming galaxies
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• Implications for the Cosmic Reionization from the Optical Afterglow Spectrum of the Gamma-Ray Burst 050904 at z = 6.3
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• Ly Alpha-Emitting Galaxies at z=3.1: L* Progenitors Experiencing Rapid Star Formation
• The MOSDEF Survey: Electron Density and Ionization Parameter at $z\sim 2.3$
• The Impact of Star Formation on the Interstellar Medium in Dwarf Galaxies: II. The Formation of Galactic Winds
• A Subaru Search for Ly-alpha Blobs in and around the Proto-cluster Region at Redshift z=3.1
• The Direct Detection of Lyman-Continuum Emission from Star-forming Galaxies at z~3
• High-z Lyman-alpha Emitters. I. A Blank-Field Search for Objects Near Redshift z=3.4 in and around the Hubble Deep Field and the Hawaii Deep Field SSA22
• A massive proto-cluster of galaxies at a redshift of z {\approx} 5.3
• Ubiquitous giant Ly $\alpha$ nebulae around the brightest quasars at $z\sim 3.5$ revealed with MUSE
• A galaxy at a redshift z = 6.96
• The Density of Lyman-alpha Emitters at Very High Redshift
• Discovery of three z>6.5 quasars in the VISTA Kilo-degree Infrared Galaxy (VIKING) survey
• Large Equivalent width Lyman-alpha line emission at z=4.5: young galaxies in a young universe
• Spectroscopic confirmation of z~7 LBGs: probing the earliest galaxies and the epoch of reionization
• Extended Lyman alpha haloes around individual high-redshift galaxies revealed by MUSE
• Ly Alpha Emitters at z=5.7 in the Subaru Deep Field
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• A Redshift z = 6.56 Galaxy Behind the Cluster Abell 370
• Lyman continuum leaking from the compact star-forming dwarf galaxy J0925+1403
• Keck Spectroscopy of Faint 3<z<8 Lyman Break Galaxies:- Evidence for a Declining Fraction of Emission Line Sources In the Redshift Range 6<z<8
• Cooling Radiation and the Lyman-alpha Luminosity of Forming Galaxies
• New Limits on 21cm EoR From PAPER-32 Consistent with an X-Ray Heated IGM at z=7.7
• Line Emitting Galaxies Beyond a Redshift of 7: An Improved Method for Estimating the Evolving Neutrality of the Intergalactic Medium
• The impact of nebular emission on the ages of z~6 galaxies
• New observations of z~7 galaxies: evidence for a patchy reionization
• On the redshift-evolution of the Lyman-alpha escape fraction and the dust content of galaxies
• Keck Spectroscopy of Faint 3<z<7 Lyman Break Galaxies:- II. A High Fraction of Line Emitters at Redshift Six
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• On the Origin of the Global Schmidt Law of Star Formation
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• Lyman-alpha Emission from a Luminous z=8.68 Galaxy: Implications for Galaxies as Tracers of Cosmic Reionization
• Unleashing Positive Feedback: Linking the Rates of Star Formation, Supermassive Black Hole Accretion and Outflows in Distant Galaxies
• Subaru Deep Survey II. Luminosity Functions and Clustering Properties of Lya Emitters at z=4.86 in the Subaru Deep Field
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• Ultraviolet Emission Lines in Young Low Mass Galaxies at z~2: Physical Properties and Implications for Studies at z>7
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• High-Ionization Emission in Metal-Deficient Blue Compact Dwarf Galaxies
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• A Local Clue to the Reionization of the Universe
• Hubble imaging of the ionizing radiation from a star-forming galaxy at z=3.2 with fesc>50%
• An Intensely Star-Forming Galaxy at z~7 with Low Dust and Metal Content Revealed by Deep ALMA and HST Observations
• An extreme [OIII] emitter at $z=3.2$: a low metallicity Lyman continuum source
• The Discovery of Two Lyman$\alpha$ Emitters Beyond Redshift 6 in the Subaru Deep Field
• Overcoming real-world obstacles in 21 cm power spectrum estimation: A method demonstration and results from early Murchison Widefield Array data
• The changing Lya optical depth in the range 6<z<9 from MOSFIRE spectroscopy of Y-dropouts
• Lyman Alpha Blobs as an Observational Signature of Cold Accretion Streams into Galaxies
• Detections of Lyman Continuum from Star-forming Galaxies at z~3 Through Subaru/Suprime-Cam Narrow-band Imaging
• The GMRT-EoR Experiment: A new upper limit on the neutral hydrogen power spectrum at z~8.6
• Spectroscopic confirmation of two Lyman break galaxies at redshift beyond 7
• Stellar Populations of Lyman Alpha Emitters at z~6-7: Constraints on the Escape Fraction of Ionizing Photons from Galaxy Building Blocks
• The Ly-alpha Properties of Faint Galaxies at z2-3 with Systemic Redshifts and Velocity Dispersions from Keck-MOSFIRE
• Escape of Lyman continuum radiation from local galaxies - Detection of leakage from the young starburst Tol 1247-232
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• The Small Covering Factor of Cold Accretion Streams
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• The HETDEX Pilot Survey. II. The Evolution of the Ly-alpha Escape Fraction from the UV Slope and Luminosity Function of 1.9<z<3.8 LAEs
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• Accelerated Evolution of Ly$\alpha$ Luminosity Function at $\text{z}\gtrsim 7$ Revealed by the Subaru Ultra-Deep Survey for Ly$\alpha$ Emitters at $\text{z}=7.3$
• The Impact of The IGM on High-Redshift Lyman Alpha Emission Lines
• New redshift z ~ 9 galaxies in the Hubble Frontier Fields: Implications for early evolution of the UV luminosity density
• Gravity-driven Lyman-alpha blobs from cold streams into galaxies
• Detecting the Rise and Fall of 21 cm Fluctuations with the Murchison Widefield Array
• New Constraints on the Faint-end of the UV Luminosity Function at z~7-8 using the Gravitational Lensing of the Hubble Frontier Fields Cluster A2744
• A Refined Estimate of the Ionizing Emissivity from Galaxies at z~3: Spectroscopic Follow-up in the SSA22a Field
• A First Estimate of the Baryonic Mass Function of Galaxies
• Faint high-redshift AGN in the Chandra Deep Field South: the evolution of the AGN luminosity function and black hole demography
• Tracing the reionization epoch with ALMA: [CII] emission in z~7 galaxies
• Diffuse Lyman-alpha Halos around Galaxies at z=2.2-6.6: Implications for Galaxy Formation and Cosmic Reionization
• HETDEX pilot survey for emission-line galaxies - I. Survey design, performance, and catalog
• Initial deep LOFAR observations of Epoch of Reionization windows: I. The North Celestial Pole
• Discovery of a Giant Lya Emitter Near the Reionization Epoch
• What is the physical origin of strong Lya emission? II. Gas Kinematics and Distribution of Lya Emitters
• The First Systematic Survey for Lyman Alpha Emitters at z=7.3 with Red-sensitive Subaru/Suprime-Cam
• Prime Focus Spectrograph (PFS) for the Subaru Telescope: Overview, recent progress, and future perspectives
• Diffuse Lyman Alpha Haloes around Lyman Alpha Emitters at z=3: Do Dark Matter Distributions Determine the Lyman Alpha Spatial Extents?
• A Lyman-alpha blob in the GOODS South field: evidence for cold accretion onto a dark matter halo
• Detection of Lyman-alpha Emitting Galaxies at Redshift z=4.55
• The H II Region/PDR Connection: Self-Consistent Calculations of Physical Conditions in Star-Forming Regions
• The Lyman alpha Reference Sample: Extended Lyman alpha Halos Produced at Low Dust Content
• Spectroscopic Properties of the z=4.5 Lyman-alpha Emitters
• Lyman-alpha Emission From Cosmic Structure I: Fluorescence
• The production and escape of Lyman-Continuum radiation from star-forming galaxies at z~2 and their redshift evolution
• Definitive Identification of the Transition between Small- to Large-Scale Clustering for Lyman Break Galaxies
• Evolution of Stellar-to-Halo Mass Ratio at z=0-7 Identified by Clustering Analysis with the Hubble Legacy Imaging and Early Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam Survey Data
• The Chandra Deep Protocluster Survey: Ly-alpha Blobs are powered by heating, not cooling
• The Lyman-alpha Reference Sample: I. Survey outline and first results for Markarian 259
• [CII] emission in z ~ 6 strongly lensed, star-forming galaxies
• SILVERRUSH. V. Census of Lya, [OIII]5007, Ha, and [CII]158um Line Emission with ~1000 LAEs at z=4.9-7.0 Revealed with Subaru/HSC
• Average Metallicity and Star Formation Rate of Lya Emitters Probed by a Triple Narrow-Band Survey
• Formation of Dwarf Galaxies during the Cosmic Reionization
• Frontier Fields: High-Redshift Predictions and Early Results
• First Spectroscopic Evidence for High Ionization State and Low Oxygen Abundance in Lya Emitters
• Probing Reionization with the 21 cm-Galaxy Cross Power Spectrum
• A Luminosity Function of Lyman Alpha Emitting Galaxies at Redshift 4.5
• A spectroscopic search for AGN activity in the reionization era
• The Abundance of Low-luminosity Lyman alpha Emitters at High Redshift
• Gas Motion Study of Lya Emitters at z~2 Using UV and Optical Spectral Lines
• GRAPES, Grism Spectroscopy of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: Description and Data Reduction
• The VIMOS VLT Deep Survey: Star Formation Rate Density of Lya emitters from a sample of 217 galaxies with spectroscopic redshifts 2<z<6.6
• Bright and Faint Ends of Ly$\alpha$ Luminosity Functions at $\text{z}=2$ Determined by the Subaru Survey: Implications for AGN, Magnification Bias, and ISM HI Evolution
• Lyα emission line reconstruction for high-$z$ QSOs
• Extended Lyman Alpha Nebulae at z ~ 2.3: An Extremely Rare and Strongly Clustered Population?
• Early and Extended Helium Reionization Over More Than 600 Million Years of Cosmic Time
• The Evolution of Ly-alpha Emitting Galaxies Between z = 2.1 and z = 3.1
• The Ages and Masses of Lyman Alpha Galaxies at Redshift $z\sim 4.5$
• Low-Redshift Ly-alpha Selected Galaxies from GALEX Spectroscopy: A Comparison with Both UV-Continuum Selected Galaxies and High-Redshift Ly-alpha Emitters
• Stellar Populations of Lyman Alpha Emitters at z = 3 - 4 Based on Deep Large Area Surveys in the Subaru-SXDS/UKIDSS-UDS Field
• An Extremely Luminous Galaxy at z=5.74
• Effects of Dust Geometry in Lyman Alpha Galaxies at z = 4.4
• ALMA Observation of 158 micron [CII] Line and Dust Continuum of a z=7 Normally Star-forming Galaxy in the Epoch of Reionization
• The Subaru Ly-alpha blob survey: A sample of 100 kpc Ly-alpha blobs at z=3
• Ly-alpha Emitting Galaxies at z = 2.1: Stellar Masses, Dust and Star Formation Histories from Spectral Energy Distribution Fitting
• First spectroscopic measurements of [OIII] emission from Lyman-alpha selected field galaxies at z ~ 3.1
• A young star-forming galaxy at z = 3.5 with an extended Ly\,$\alpha$ halo seen with MUSE
• The MUSE-Wide Survey: A first catalogue of 831 emission line galaxies
• The HETDEX Pilot Survey III: The Low Metallicities of High-Redshift Lyman Alpha Galaxies
• Deficiency of large equivalent width Lyman-alpha emission in luminous Lyman break galaxies at z~5-6?
• A Close Comparison between Observed and Modeled Lyα Lines for z ~ 2.2 Lyman Alpha Emitters
• On the (non-)enhancement of the Lyman α equivalent width by a multiphase interstellar medium
• ALMA reveals metals yet no dust within multiple components in CR7
• Central Powering of the Largest Lyman-alpha Nebula is Revealed by Polarized Radiation
• GRB 130606A as a Probe of the Intergalactic Medium and the Interstellar Medium in a Star-forming Galaxy in the First Gyr After the Big Bang
• Lyman-alpha Forest Tomography from Background Galaxies: The First Megaparsec-Resolution Large-Scale Structure Map at z>2
• Reducing low signal-to-noise FUSE spectra: confirmation of Lyman continuum escape from Haro 11
• Spitzer Constraints on the Stellar Populations of Lyman-Alpha Emitting Galaxies at z = 3.1
• Lyman alpha emitting galaxies at 0.2 < z < 0.35 from GALEX spectroscopy
• The Role of the Dust in Primeval Galaxies: A Simple Physical Model for Lyman Break Galaxies and Lyman Alpha Emitters
• Reexamination of the Infrared Excess-Ultraviolet Slope Relation of Local Galaxies
• Lyman alpha emission in high-redshift galaxies
• Lyman-alpha line and continuum radiative transfer in a clumpy interstellar medium
• The Cosmogrid Simulation: Statistical Properties of Small Dark Matter Halos
• Resolving the unresolved cosmic X-ray background in the Chandra Deep Fields
• Linking Ly-alpha and Low-Ionization Transitions at Low Optical Depth
• Clustering of Lyman alpha emitters at z ~ 4.5
• The ionizing photon production efficiency of compact z~0.3 Lyman continuum leakers and comparison with high redshift galaxies
• The Serendipitous Discovery of a Group or Cluster of young Galaxies at z=2.40 in Deep Hubble Space Telescope WFPC2 Images
• Panoramic Survey of Lyman α Emitters at z=3.1
• Initial LOFAR observations of Epoch of Reionization windows: II. Diffuse polarized emission in the ELAIS-N1 field
• Neutral hydrogen optical depth near star-forming galaxies at z~2.4 in the Keck Baryonic Structure Survey
• Statistical Properties of Diffuse Lyman-alpha Halos around Star-forming Galaxies at z~2
• Escape fraction of ionizing photons from galaxies at z=0--6
• Sizing up Lyman-alpha and Lyman Break Galaxies
• Black hole growth in the early Universe is self-regulated and largely hidden from view
• Ly alpha emitting galaxies as early stages in galaxy formation
• The cosmic star formation rate evolution from z=5 to z=0 from the VIMOS VLT Deep Survey
• Nebular Attenuation in Hα-selected Star-forming Galaxies at z=0.8 from the NewHα Survey
• The Faintest X-ray Sources from z=0-8
• Probing the z>6 Universe with the first Hubble Frontier Fields cluster Abell 2744
• The contribution of faint AGNs to the ionizing background at z~4
• Lyman-alpha Emitters and Lyman-break Galaxies at z=3-6 in Cosmological SPH Simulations
• The Discovery of a Large Lyman-alpha+HeII Nebula at z~1.67: A Candidate Low Metallicity Region?
• Probing Galaxy Formation with He II Cooling Lines
• The Polarization of Scattered Lyman Alpha Radiation Around High-Redshift Galaxies
• Filamentary Infall of Cold Gas and Escape of Lyman Alpha and Hydrogen Ionizing Radiation from an Interacting High-Redshift Galaxy
• Reionization, SLOAN, and WMAP: is the Picture Consistent?
• The ${\nu }^2$GC Simulations : Quantifying the Dark Side of the Universe in the Planck Cosmology
• Evolution of N/O Abundance Ratios and Ionization Parameters from z~0 to 2 Investigated by the Direct Temperature Method
• Probing Intergalactic Neutral Hydrogen by the Lyman Alpha Red Damping Wing of Gamma-Ray Burst 130606A Afterglow Spectrum at z = 5.913
• HST Emission Line Galaxies at z ~ 2: Comparing Physical Properties of Lyman Alpha and Optical Emission Line Selected Galaxies
• On the UV compactness and morphologies of typical Lyman-a emitters from z~2 to z~6
• The baryonic mass function of galaxies
• A High Fraction of Ly-alpha-Emitters Among Galaxies with Extreme Emission Line Ratios at z ~ 2
• The luminosity function of Ly-alpha emitters at 2.3 < z < 4.6 from integral-field spectroscopy
• Large-scale clustering of Lyman-alpha emission intensity from SDSS/BOSS
• A Ly-alpha Emitter with an Extremely Large Rest-frame Equivalent Width of ~900A at z=6.5: A Candidate of Population III-dominated Galaxy?
• On the influence of physical galaxy properties on Lyman-alpha escape in star-forming galaxies
• CHORUS II. Subaru/HSC Determination of the Ly$\alpha$ Luminosity Function at $z=7.0$: Constraints on Cosmic Reionization Model Parameter
• On the nature and physical conditions of the luminous Lya emitter CR7 and its rest-frame UV components
• Intensity mapping with SDSS/BOSS Lyman-alpha emission, quasars and their Lyman-alpha forest
• Spectral Energy Distribution Fitting of HETDEX Pilot Survey Lyman-alpha Emitters in COSMOS and GOODS-N
• Searching for Neutral Hydrogen Halos around z ~ 2.1 and z ~ 3.1 Ly-alpha Emitting Galaxies
• On the Diffuse Lyman-alpha Halo Around Lyman-alpha Emitting Galaxies
• X-Ray Detection of an Obscured Active Galactic Nucleus in a z=3.09 Radio-quiet Ly-alpha Nebula
• Singly-Peaked P-Cygni type Ly$\alpha$ from starburst galaxies
• Spatially Resolved Gas Kinematics within a Ly$\alpha$ Nebula: Evidence for Large-scale Rotation
• The Diversity of Diffuse Ly$\alpha$ Nebulae around Star-Forming Galaxies at High Redshift
• Modelling high redshift Lyman-alpha Emitters
• Dwarf Galaxy Formation Was Suppressed By Cosmic Reionization
• Lyman Alpha Signatures from Direct Collapse Black Holes
• A Lyman alpha emitter at z = 6.5 found with slitless spectroscopy
• No evidence of obscured, accreting black holes in most z=6 star-forming galaxies
• Lyman-alpha blobs: polarization arising from cold accretion
• Exploring 21cm - Lyman Alpha emitter synergies for SKA
• Constraining the Quasar Contribution to the Reionisation of Cosmic Hydrogen
• Evidence for Spatially Compact Lyman Alpha Emission in z=3.1 Lyman-Alpha-Emitting Galaxies
• Constraints on the faint end of the quasar luminosity function at z~5 in the COSMOS field
• Cross-correlation of the cosmic 21-cm signal and Lyman Alpha Emitters during reionization
• HeII emission in Lyman-alpha nebulae: AGN or cooling radiation?
• The reanalysis of spectra of GRB 080913 to estimate the neutral fraction of the IGM at a redshift of 6.7
• Hubble Space Telescope Imaging of Lyman Alpha Emission at z=4.4
• The Damping Wing of the Gunn-Peterson Absorption and Lyman-Alpha Emitters in the Pre-Reionization Era
• High Precision Analyses of Lyman alpha Damping Wing of Gamma-Ray Bursts in the Reionization Era: On the Controversial Results from GRB 130606A at z = 5.91
• Detectability of 21cm-signal during the Epoch of Reionization with 21cm-Lyman-$\alpha$ emitter cross-correlation. I
• A Flux-Limited Sample of z~1 Ly-alpha Emitting Galaxies in the CDFS
• Constraining the Lyman Alpha Escape Fraction with Far-Infrared Observations of Lyman Alpha Emitters
• Magellan/MMIRS near-infrared multi-object spectroscopy of nebular emission from star forming galaxies at 2<z<3
• Fast Identification of Bound Structures in Large N-body Simulations
• The Line Polarization Within a Giant Lyman-alpha Nebula
• Expanding shells of shocked neutral hydrogen around compact HII regions
• First Infrared-based implications for the dust attenuation and star formation of typical Ly$\alpha$ emitters
• Understanding the redshift evolution of the luminosity functions of Lyman-alpha emitters
• Cosmic Galaxy-IGM HI Relation at $z\sim 2-3$ Probed in the COSMOS/UltraVISTA $1.6$ deg${}^2$ Field
• Galaxy evolution across the optical emission-line diagnostic diagrams?

Cited by in corpus (6)

• Observations of the Lyman-$\alpha$ Universe
• The physics of Lyman-alpha escape from disc-like galaxies
• Revisiting the Emission Line Source Detection Problem in Integral Field Spectroscopic Data
• A Multi-messenger view of Cosmic Dawn: Conquering the Final Frontier
• Forecasts for Broadband Intensity Mapping of the Ultraviolet-Optical Background with CASTOR and SPHEREx
• Near-IR narrow-band imaging with CIRCE at the Gran Telescopio Canarias: Searching for Ly$\alpha$-emitters at $z\sim 9.3$