Diffuse Lyman Alpha Emitting Halos: A Generic Property of High Redshift Star Forming Galaxies

Abstract

Using a sample of 92 UV continuum-selected, spectroscopically identified galaxies with <z> = 2.65, all of which have been imaged in the Ly-a line with extremely deep narrow-band imaging, we examine galaxy Ly-a emission profiles to very faint surface brightness limits. The galaxies are representative of spectroscopic samples of LBGs at similar redshifts in terms of apparent magnitude, UV luminosity, inferred extinction, and star formation rate, and were selected without regard to Ly-a emission properties. We use extremely deep stacks of UV continuum and Ly-a emission line images to show that all sub-samples exhibit diffuse Ly-a emission to radii of at least 10" (80 physical kpc), including galaxies whose spectra exhibit Ly-a in net absorption. The intensity scaling, but not the surface brightness distribution, is strongly correlated with the emission observed in the central ~1". The characteristic scale length for Ly-a line emission exceeds that of the UV continuum light for the same galaxies by factors of at least 5-10, regardless of the spectral morphology of Ly-a. Including the extended Ly-a halos increases the total Ly-a flux [and rest equivalent width W_0(Lya)] by an average factor of 5. We argue that most, if not all, of the observed Ly-a emission in the diffuse halos originates in the galaxy H II regions and is scattered in our direction by H I gas in the galaxy's circum-galactic medium (CGM). We show that whether or not a galaxy is classified as a giant "Lyman-a Blob" (LAB) depends sensitively on the Ly-a surface brightness threshold reached by an observation. Accounting for diffuse Ly-a halos, all LBGs would be LABs if surveys were routinely sensitive to 10 times lower surface brightness thresholds; also, essentially all LBGs would qualify as LAEs (W_0(Lya) > 20 A).

Updated to match final version to appear in ApJ; 20 pages, 14 figures

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• Tomography of the environment of the COSMOS/AzTEC-3 submillimeter galaxy at z=5.3 revealed by Lyalpha and MUSE observations
• A UV Ultra-luminous Lyman Break Galaxy at Z=2.78 in NDWFS Bootes Field
• UV & Ly$\alpha$ halos of Ly$\alpha$ emitters across environments at z=2.84
• Determining the systemic redshift of Lyman-alpha emitters with neural networks and improving the measured large-scale clustering
• A galactic outflow traced by its extended Mg II emission out to a $\sim 30$ kpc radius in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field with MUSE
• Spatially-resolved Spectroscopic Analysis of Ly$\alpha$ Haloes: Radial Evolution of the Ly$\alpha$ Line Profile out to 60 kpc
• Enhancement of HI absorption associated with the $z=3.1$ large-scale proto-cluster and characteristic structures with AGNs sculptured over Gpc scale in the SSA22 field
• The Lyman $\alpha$ Reference Sample XIV: Lyman $\alpha$ imaging of 45 low redshift star-forming galaxies and inferences on global emission
• Strength in numbers: A multiphase wind model with multiple cloud populations
• Possible evolution of the circum-galactic medium around QSOs with QSO age and cosmic time revealed by Ly$\alpha$ halos
• Connecting the growth of galaxies to the large-scale environment in a massive node of the Cosmic Web at z~3
• A new fitting concept for the robust determination of Sérsic model parameters
• Resolved galactic superwinds reconstructed around their host galaxies at z>3
• Observational Diagnostics of Gas Flows: Insights from Cosmological Simulations
• Lyman alpha Properties of Simulated Galaxies in Overdense Regions: Effects of Galactic Winds at z > 6
• Observations of Ly$\alpha$ Emitters at High Redshift
• Detection of large scale Ly$\alpha$ absorbers at large angles to the radio axis of high-redshift radio galaxies using SOAR
• A public grid of radiative transfer simulations for Lyman-alpha and metal lines in idealised galactic outflows
• The Lyman-alpha and Continuum Origins Survey II: the connection between the escape of ionizing radiation and Lyman-alpha halos in star-forming galaxies
• Revisiting the Emission Line Source Detection Problem in Integral Field Spectroscopic Data
• The miniJPAS Survey: Detection of double-core Lyα morphology of two high-redshift (z>3) QSOs
• A weak Ly$\alpha$ halo for an extremely bright Little Red Dot: Indications of enshrouded SMBH growth
• The galaxy counterpart and environment of the dusty Damped Lyman-alpha Absorber at z=2.226 towards Q1218+0832
• The Role of Dust, UV Luminosity and Large-scale Environment on the Escape of Lya Photons: A Case Study of a Protocluster field at z = 3.1
• Circumgalactic Ly$\alpha$ Nebulae in Overdense Quasar Pair Regions Observed with the Palomar Cosmic Web Imager
• Revealing the Warm and Hot Halo Baryons via Thomson Scattering of Quasar Light
• The contribution of faint Lyman-$\alpha$ emitters to extended Lyman-$\alpha$ halos constrained by MUSE clustering measurements
• QSO MUSEUM III: the circumgalactic medium in Ly$\alpha$ emission around 120 $z\sim 3$ quasars covering the SDSS parameter space. Witnessing the instantaneous AGN feedback on halo scales
• Modelling the Evolution of Ly$\alpha$ Blobs and Ly$\alpha$ Emitters
• Lyα Intensity Mapping in HETDEX: Galaxy-Lyα Intensity Cross-Power Spectrum
• A Search for Lensed Lyman-Alpha Emitters within the Early HETDEX Data Set
• Identifying Circumgalactic Medium Absorption in QSO Spectra: A Bayesian Approach
• Deep JWST spectroscopy of galaxies in a candidate ionized bubble at $z=8.7$: probing reionization at pMpc scales with Ly$\alpha$ emission
• Lyman-alpha at Cosmic Noon II: The relationship between kinematics and Lyman-alpha in z~2-3 Lyman Break Galaxies
• Tilsotua: Reproducing Slitmask Sky Positions for use with the LRIS Multislit Archive