Spectroscopic Identification of a Proto-Cluster at z=2.300: Environmental Dependence of Galaxy Properties at High Redshift

Abstract

We have discovered a highly significant over-density of galaxies at z=2.300+/-0.015 in the course of a redshift survey designed to select star-forming galaxies in the redshift range z=2.3+/-0.4 in the field of the bright z=2.72 QSO HS1700+643. The structure has a redshift-space galaxy over-density of delta_g,z ~= 7 and an estimated matter over-density in real space of delta_m ~= 1.8, indicating that it will virialize by z~0 with a mass scale of ~= 1.4x10^15 M_sun, that of a rich galaxy cluster. Detailed modeling of the spectral energy distribution -- from the rest-far-UV to the rest-near-IR -- of the 72 spectroscopically confirmed galaxies in this field for which we have obtained K_s and Spitzer/IRAC photometry, allows for a first direct comparison of galaxy properties as a function of large-scale environment at high redshift. We find that galaxies in the proto-cluster environment have mean stellar masses and inferred ages that are ~2 times larger (at z=2.30) than identically UV-selected galaxies outside of the structure, and show that this is consistent with simple theoretical expectations for the acceleration of structure formation in a region that is over-dense on large scales by the observed amount. The proto-cluster environment contains a significant number of galaxies that already appear old, with large stellar masses (>10^11 M_sun), by z=2.3.

arXiv comment7 pages including 3 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ. Typo corrected

References in corpus (34)

• The Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) for the Spitzer Space Telescope
• The epochs of early-type galaxy formation as a function of environment
• An analytic model for the spatial clustering of dark matter haloes
• Lyman Break Galaxies at Redshift z~3: Survey Description and Full Data Set
• Lyman Alpha Imaging of a Proto-Cluster Region at <z>=3.09
• A Large Structure of Galaxies At Redshift z~3 and its Cosmological Implications
• A Survey of Star-Forming Galaxies in the z=1.4-2.5 `Redshift Desert': Overview
• The Evolution of Early-Type Galaxies in Distant Clusters
• A Significant Population of Red, Near-IR Selected High Redshift Galaxies
• The dependence on environment of the color-magnitude relation of galaxies
• Old Galaxies in the Young Universe
• The Epoch of Galaxy Formation
• The Homogeneity of Spheroidal Populations in Distant Clusters
• The Spatial Clustering of Star-forming Galaxies at Redshifts 1.4<z<3.5
• The overdensities of galaxy environments as a function of luminosity and color
• Clustering of Submillimeter-Selected Galaxies
• HST Photometry and Keck Spectroscopy of the Rich Cluster MS1054-03: Morphologies, Butcher-Oemler Effect and the Color-Magnitude Relation at z=0.83
• The Gemini Deep Deep Survey: I. Introduction to the Survey, Catalogs and Composite Spectra
• Optical Selection of Galaxies at Redshifts 1<z<3
• Evolved Galaxies at z > 1.5 from the Gemini Deep Deep Survey: The Formation Epoch of Massive Stellar Systems
• The most distant structure of galaxies known: a protocluster at z=4.1
• The Fundamental Plane of Gravitational Lens Galaxies and The Evolution of Early-Type Galaxies in Low Density Environments
• The DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey: Clustering of Galaxies in Early Data
• Near-IR bright galaxies at z~2. Entering the spheroid formation epoch ?
• Evidence for Solar Metallicities in Massive Star-forming Galaxies at z>~2
• Angular Clustering with Photometric Redshifts in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: Bimodality in the Clustering Properties of Galaxies
• Spectroscopic Confirmation of a Substantial Population of Luminous Red Galaxies at Redshifts z>2
• The Properties of Field Elliptical Galaxies at Intermediate Redshift. I: Empirical Scaling Laws
• A search for clusters at high redshift - III. Candidate H-alpha emitters and EROs in the PKS 1138-262 proto-cluster at z=2.16
• Detection of strong clustering of red K-selected galaxies at 2<z_phot<4 in the Hubble Deep Field South
• Luminosity Evolution of Field Early-Type Galaxies to z=0.55
• A search for clusters at high redshift - IV. Spectroscopy of H-alpha emitters in a proto-cluster at z=2.16
• Evolution in the Color-Magnitude Relation of Early-Type Galaxies in Clusters of Galaxies at z~=1
• Strong Spatial Clustering of UV-selected Galaxies with Magnitude Ks<20.5 and Redshift Z~2

Cited by in corpus (160)

• The Stellar, Gas and Dynamical Masses of Star-Forming Galaxies at z~2
• SINFONI Integral Field Spectroscopy of z~2 UV-selected Galaxies: Rotation Curves and Dynamical Evolution
• Multi-Wavelength Constraints on the Cosmic Star Formation History from Spectroscopy: the Rest-Frame UV, H-alpha, and Infrared Luminosity Functions at Redshifts 1.9<z<3.4
• Distant Radio Galaxies and their Environments
• H-alpha Observations of a Large Sample of Galaxies at z~2: Implications for Star Formation in High Redshift Galaxies
• Diffuse Lyman Alpha Emitting Halos: A Generic Property of High Redshift Star Forming Galaxies
• Dust Obscuration and Metallicity at High Redshift: New Inferences from UV, H-alpha, and 8 Micron Observations of z~2 Star-Forming Galaxies
• Ancient Light from Young Cosmic Cities: Physical and Observational Signatures of Galaxy Proto-Clusters
• The realm of the galaxy protoclusters
• The evolution of the star formation activity in galaxies and its dependence on environment
• A Spitzer-Selected Galaxy Cluster at z=1.62
• Clusters of Galaxies in the First Half of the Universe from the IRAC Shallow Survey
• Evidence of Cosmic Evolution of the Stellar Initial Mass Function
• Galaxy Protoclusters as Drivers of Cosmic Star-Formation History in the First 2 Gyr
• Tracing the first stars with cosmic infrared background fluctuations
• A mature cluster with X-ray emission at z=2.07
• What are Protoclusters? -- Defining High Redshift Galaxy Clusters and Protoclusters
• Evolution of the Color-Magnitude Relation in Galaxy Clusters at z ~1 from the ACS Intermediate Redshift Cluster Survey
• The First Appearance of the Red Sequence of Galaxies in Proto-Clusters at 2<~z<~3
• On the evolution and environmental dependence of the star formation rate versus stellar mass relation since z~2
• The Ly-alpha Properties of Faint Galaxies at z2-3 with Systemic Redshifts and Velocity Dispersions from Keck-MOSFIRE
• Physical Properties of Galaxies from z=2-4
• First Results from Z-FOURGE: Discovery of a Candidate Cluster at z = 2.2 in COSMOS
• Observations of Chemically Enriched QSO Absorbers near z ~ 2.3 Galaxies: Galaxy-Formation Feedback Signatures in the IGM
• Diffuse Lyman Alpha Haloes around Lyman Alpha Emitters at z=3: Do Dark Matter Distributions Determine the Lyman Alpha Spatial Extents?
• Galaxy evolution in overdense environments at high redshift: passive early-type galaxies in a cluster at redshift 2
• The Star Formation Epoch of the Most Massive Early-Type Galaxies
• The Ubiquity of Coeval Starbursts in Massive Galaxy Cluster Progenitors
• Do submillimeter galaxies really trace the most massive dark matter halos? Discovery of a high-z cluster in a highly active phase of evolution
• Formation epochs, star formation histories and sizes of massive early-type galaxies in cluster and field environments at z=1.2: insights from the rest-frame UV
• The progeny of a Cosmic Titan: a massive multi-component proto-supercluster in formation at z=2.45 in VUDS
• Lyman break galaxies, Lya emitters and a radio galaxy in a protocluster at z=4.1
• Massive starburst galaxies in a z=2.16 proto-cluster unveiled by panoramic H-alpha mapping
• MApping the Most Massive Overdensities (MAMMOTH) II -- Discovery of an Extremely Massive Overdensity BOSS1441 at $z=2.32$
• Early and Extended Helium Reionization Over More Than 600 Million Years of Cosmic Time
• The rest-frame optical luminosity functions of galaxies at 2<z<3.5
• The Chandra Deep Protocluster Survey: Evidence for an Enhancement in the AGN Activity in the SSA22 Protocluster at z = 3.09
• SILVERRUSH. VIII. Spectroscopic Identifications of Early Large Scale Structures with Protoclusters Over 200 Mpc at z~6-7: Strong Associations of Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies
• The Angular Clustering of Distant Galaxy Clusters
• LCDM predictions for galaxy protoclusters I: the relation between galaxies, protoclusters and quasars at z~6
• Discovery of a rich proto-cluster at z=2.9 and associated diffuse cold gas in the VIMOS Ultra-Deep Survey (VUDS)
• Probing star formation across cosmic time with absorption line systems
• WFC3 grism confirmation of the distant cluster Cl J1449+0856 at z=2.00: Quiescent and star-forming galaxy populations
• Clustering of K-selected Galaxies at 2<z<3.5: Evidence for a Color-Density Relation
• A High-Resolution Hubble Space Telescope Study of Apparent Lyman Continuum Leakers at $z\sim 3$
• Clustering of Lyman Break Galaxies at z=4 and 5 in The Subaru Deep Field: Luminosity Dependence of The Correlation Function Slope
• Spectroscopic Confirmation of a Protocluster at $z=3.37$ with a High Fraction of Quiescent Galaxies
• A Systematic Survey of Protoclusters at $z\sim 3-6$ in the CFHTLS Deep Fields
• Discovery of a protocluster at z~6
• The Habitat Segregation between Lyman Break Galaxies and Lyman alpha Emitters around a QSO at z~5
• Surveying Galaxy Proto-clusters in Emission: A Large-scale Structure at z=2.44 and the Outlook for HETDEX
• Intergalactic CIV absorption at redshifts 5.4 to 6
• Discovery of a large number of candidate proto-clusters traced by ~15 Mpc-scale galaxy overdensities in COSMOS
• Clustering of Star-forming Galaxies Near a Radio Galaxy at z=5.2
• MAHALO Deep Cluster Survey I. Accelerated and enhanced galaxy formation in the densest regions of a protocluster at z=2.5
• Panoramic Survey of Lyman α Emitters at z=3.1
• Shadow of a Colossus: A z=2.45 Galaxy Protocluster Detected in 3D Ly-a Forest Tomographic Mapping of the COSMOS Field
• MApping the Most Massive Overdensities Through Hydrogen (MAMMOTH) I: Methodology
• KECK/MOSFIRE spectroscopic confirmation of a Virgo-like cluster ancestor at z=2.095
• Excess AGN Activity in the z=2.30 Protocluster in HS 1700+64
• VIMOS Ultra-Deep Survey (VUDS): Witnessing the Assembly of a Massive Cluster at z~3.3
• MAHALO Deep Cluster Survey II. Characterizing massive forming galaxies in the Spiderweb protocluster at z=2.2
• A z=2.5 protocluster associated with the radio galaxy MRC 2104-242: star formation and differing mass functions in dense environments
• The Nascent Red Sequence at z~2
• Galaxy protocluster candidates around z ~ 2.4 radio galaxies
• Observational Requirements for Lyman-alpha Forest Tomographic Mapping of Large-Scale Structure at z ~ 2
• Metal deficiency in cluster star-forming galaxies at z=2
• Discovery of an Excess of Halpha Emitters around 4C 23.56 at z=2.48
• A proto-cluster at z=2.45
• Luminous Quasars Do Not Live in the Most Overdense Regions of Galaxies at z~4
• The DIANOGA simulations of galaxy clusters: characterizing star formation in proto-clusters
• The Mass-Metallicity Relation Of A Z~2 Protocluster With MOSFIRE
• Characterising and Identifying Galaxy Protoclusters
• A First Site of Galaxy Cluster Formation: Complete Spectroscopy of a Protocluster at $z=6.01$
• Filamentary Large Scale Structure Traced by Six Ly-alpha Blobs at z=2.3
• Discovery of a Very Large Structure at Z=3.78
• Emergence of an Ultra-Red Ultra-Massive Galaxy Cluster Core at $z=4$
• LATIS: The Ly$\alpha$ Tomography IMACS Survey
• Proto-groups at 1.8<z<3 in the zCOSMOS-deep sample
• Spectroscopic Confirmation of a Protocluster at z=3.786
• Large scale structure around a z=2.1 cluster
• On the Gas Content, Star Formation Efficiency, and Environmental Quenching of Massive Galaxies in Proto-Clusters at z~2.0-2.5
• Concurrent Supermassive Black Hole and Galaxy Growth: Linking Environment and Nuclear Activity in z = 2.23 H-alpha Emitters
• An enhanced merger fraction within the galaxy population of the SSA22 protocluster at z ~ 3.1
• Large Scale Environment of a $z=6.61$ Luminous Quasar Probed by Ly$\alpha$ Emitters and Lyman Break Galaxies
• A new comprehensive set of elemental abundances in DLAs III. Star formation histories
• The Formation of the massive galaxies in the SSA22 z=3.1 protocluster
• Herschel protocluster survey: A search for dusty star-forming galaxies in protoclusters at z=2-3
• The environments of high redshift radio galaxies and quasars: probes of protoclusters
• The Environmental Dependence of Galaxy Properties at z=2
• The environmental impacts on the star formation main sequence: an H-alpha study of the newly discovered rich cluster at z=1.52
• Early-Type galaxies at z ~ 1.3. III. On the dependence of Formation Epochs and Star Formation Histories on Stellar Mass and Environment
• Spectroscopic observations of PHz G237.01+42.50: A galaxy protocluster at z=2.16 in the Cosmos field
• Galaxy evolution in protoclusters
• A large-scale galaxy structure at z = 2.02 associated with the radio galaxy MRC0156-252
• Identification of High-Redshift Galaxy Overdensities in GOODS-N and GOODS-S
• Signs of environmental effects on star-forming galaxies in the Spiderweb protocluster at z=2.16
• An H-alpha search for over-dense regions at z=2.23
• How Do Galaxies trace a large scale structure?: A case study around a massive protocluster at $z=3.13$
• Strong Clustering of Lyman Break Galaxies around Luminous Quasars at z~4
• Morphologies of Galaxies in and around a Protocluster at z=2.300
• Two sub-millimetre bright protoclusters bounding the epoch of peak star-formation activity
• Stellar Masses of Lyman Break Galaxies, Lyman Alpha Emitters and Radio Galaxies in Overdense Regions at z=4-6
• Spectroscopic Confirmation of a Coma Cluster Progenitor at z ~ 2.2
• Ly$\alpha$ view around a z=2.84 hyperluminous QSO at a node of the cosmic web
• Assembly of Massive Galaxies in a High-z Protocluster
• Structure of Protocluster Galaxies: Accelerated Structural Evolution in Overdense Environments?
• ALMA Deep Field in SSA22: Survey Design and Source Catalog of a 20 arcmin^2 Survey at 1.1mm
• A new search for distant radio galaxies in the Southern hemisphere -- III. Optical spectroscopy and analysis of the MRCR--SUMSS sample
• Accelerated galaxy growth and environmental quenching in a protocluster at z=3.24
• Semi-empirical analysis of Sloan Digital Sky Survey galaxies: IV. A nature via nurture scenario for galaxy evolution
• No Evidence for Millimeter Continuum Source Overdensities in the Environments of $z\gtrsim 6$ Quasars
• Lyman-Alpha Emitter Galaxies at z ~ 2.8 in the Extended Chandra Deep Field-South: I. Tracing the Large-Scale Structure via Lyman-Alpha Imaging
• Probing the existence of a rich galaxy overdensity at z=5.2
• Predicted future fate of COSMOS galaxy protoclusters over 11 Gyr with constrained simulations
• The PEP survey: clustering of infrared-selected galaxies and structure formation at z~2 in the GOODS South
• The He II Post-Reionization Epoch: HST/COS Observations of the Quasar HS1700+6416
• Optical and near-infrared observations of the SPT2349-56 proto-cluster core at z = 4.3
• The UV Luminosity Function of Protocluster Galaxies at $z\sim 4$: the Bright-end Excess and the Enhanced Star Formation Rate Density
• The candidate cluster and protocluster catalog (CCPC) II: Spectroscopically identified structures spanning 2 < z < 6.6
• Rapid build-up of the stellar content in the protocluster core SPT2349$-$56 at $z=4.3$
• A detailed study of massive galaxies in a protocluster at z=3.13
• A census of galaxy constituents in a Coma Progenitor observed at z>3
• Spectroscopic Confirmation of two Extremely Massive Protoclusters BOSS1244 and BOSS1542 at $z=2.24$
• Chandra reveals a luminous Compton-thick QSO powering a $Ly\alpha$ blob in a $z=4$ starbursting protocluster
• Probing High-Redshift Galaxy Formation at the Highest Luminosities: New Insights from DEIMOS Spectroscopy
• A blind CO detection of a Distant Red Galaxy in the HS1700+64 proto-cluster
• The VANDELS survey: Discovery of massive overdensities of galaxies at z>2
• The structure and evolution of a forming galaxy cluster at z = 1.62
• Enhanced star formation in $z\sim 6$ quasar companions
• On the Nature of AGN and Star Formation Enhancement in the $z=3.1$ SSA22 Protocluster: The HST WFC3 IR View
• Understanding large-scale structure in the SSA22 protocluster region using cosmological simulations
• A z~3 radio galaxy and its protocluster: evidence for a superstructure?
• Noema formIng Cluster survEy (NICE): Discovery of a starbursting galaxy group with a radio-luminous core at z=3.95
• The environments of Ly$\alpha$ blobs I: Wide-field Ly$\alpha$ imaging of TN J1338-1942, a powerful radio galaxy at $z\simeq 4.1$ associated with a giant Ly$\alpha$ nebula
• Imaging Spectroscopy of Ionized Gaseous Nebulae around Optically Faint AGN at Redshift z ~ 2
• A millimeter-wave redshift search for the unlensed HyLIRG, HS1700.850.1
• Reconstructing the intergalactic UV background with QSO absorption lines
• Searching for the shadows of giants: characterising protoclusters with line of sight Lyman-α absorption
• Deciphering the activity and quiescence of high-redshift cluster environments: ALMA observations of ClJ1449+0856 at z=2
• Early Quenching of Massive Protocluster Galaxies Around z=2.2 Radio Galaxies
• On Iron Enrichment, Star Formation, and Type Ia Supernovae in Galaxy Clusters
• The Environments of Luminous Radio - WISE Selected Infrared Galaxies
• The environmental dependence of the red galaxy sequence
• Connecting the growth of galaxies to the large-scale environment in a massive node of the Cosmic Web at z~3
• Searching for the shadows of giants II: the effect of local ionisation on the Lyman-$\alpha$ absorption signatures of protoclusters at redshift $z\sim 2.4$
• Probing the Mpc-scale environment of hyperluminous infrared galaxies at 2<z<4
• A galaxy populations study of a radio-selected protocluster at z~3.1
• A Search for Massive Galaxy Population in a Protocluster of LAEs at $z=2.39$ near the Radio Galaxy 53W002
• Finding proto-clusters to trace galaxy evolution: I. The finder and its performance
• $Spitzer$-selected $z>1.3$ protocluster candidates in the LSST Deep Drilling Fields
• Are there more galaxies than we see around high-$z$ quasars?
• Is the Bremer Deep Field ionised, at z~7?
• Evidence for environmental effects in the $z=4.3$ protocluster core SPT2349$-$56
• Resolving a merger in a hyper-luminous submillimeter galaxy at z=2.82
• Quantifying the Impact of Incompleteness on Identifying and Interpreting Galaxy Protocluster Populations with the TNG-Cluster Simulation
• Modelling the Evolution of Ly$\alpha$ Blobs and Ly$\alpha$ Emitters
• Brighter and More Massive Galaxies in the Vicinity of Lyman-alpha Nebulae
• Three candidate clusters around high redshift radio-loud sources: MG1 J04426+0202, 3C 068.2, MS 1426.9+1052
• Fueling and feedback mechanisms at the nodes of the cosmic web