The Stellar, Gas and Dynamical Masses of Star-Forming Galaxies at z~2

Abstract

We present analysis of the near-infrared spectra of 114 rest-frame UV-selected star-forming galaxies at z~2. By combining the H-alpha spectra with photometric measurements from observed 0.3--8 micron, we assess the relationships between kinematics, dynamical masses, inferred gas fractions, and stellar masses and ages. The H-alpha line widths give a mean dynamical mass M_dyn=6.9 +/- 0.6 x 10^10 Msun within a typical radius of ~6 kpc, after excluding AGN. The average dynamical mass is ~2 times larger than the average stellar mass, and the two agree to within a factor of several for most objects. However, ~15% of the sample has M_dyn >> M_star. These objects are best fit by young stellar populations and tend to have high H-alpha equivalent widths, suggesting that they are young starbursts with large gas masses. Rest-frame optical luminosity and velocity dispersion are correlated with 4 sigma significance. Using the local empirical correlation between star formation rate per unit area and gas surface density, we estimate the mass of the gas associated with star formation, and find a mean gas fraction of ~50% and a strong decrease in gas fraction with increasing stellar mass. The masses of gas and stars combined are considerably better correlated with the dynamical masses than are the stellar masses alone, and agree to within a factor of three for 85% of the sample. The combination of kinematic measurements, estimates of gas masses, and stellar population properties suggest that the factor of ~500 range in stellar mass across the sample cannot be fully explained by intrinsic differences in the total masses of the galaxies, which vary by a factor of ~40; the remaining variation is due to the evolution of the stellar population and the conversion of gas into stars. [Abridged]

arXiv comment29 pages, 17 figures, 4 tables. Accepted for publication in ApJ

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• The Effect of Star Formation on the Redshift Evolution of Interstellar Metals, Atomic and Molecular Gas in Galaxies
• The mass-metallicity relations for gas and stars in star-forming galaxies: strong outflow vs variable IMF
• MASSIV: Mass Assembly Survey with SINFONI in VVDS. IV. Fundamental relations of star-forming galaxies at 1<z< 1.6
• Independent cosmological constraints from high-z HII galaxies: new results from VLT-KMOS data
• Independent Cosmological Constraints from high-z HII Galaxies
• CGM${}^2$ I: The Extent of the Circumgalactic Medium Traced by Neutral Hydrogen
• Discovery of Multi-Phase Cold Accretion in a Massive Galaxy at z=0.7
• The clustering of galaxies as a function of their photometrically-estimated atomic gas content
• Filamentary Large Scale Structure Traced by Six Ly-alpha Blobs at z=2.3
• Cosmological constraints from HII starburst galaxy apparent magnitude and other cosmological measurements
• The Magellan Evolution of Galaxies Spectroscopic and Ultraviolet Reference Atlas (MEGaSaURA) I: The Sample and the Spectra
• Star formation rates and stellar masses in z ~ 1 gamma ray burst hosts
• Confirmation of Small Dynamical and Stellar Masses for Extreme Emission Line Galaxies at z~2
• Obscured AGN at 1.5 < z < 3.0 from the zCOSMOS-deep Survey I. Properties of the emitting gas in the Narrow Line Region
• Calibrating Galaxy Redshifts Using Absorption by the Surrounding Intergalactic Medium
• Discovery of A Very Bright, Strongly-Lensed z=2 Galaxy in the SDSS DR5
• A Strategy to Measure the Dark Energy Equation of State using the HII galaxy Hubble Relation & X-ray AGN Clustering: Preliminary Results
• High Resolution Imaging of PHIBSS z~2 Main Sequence Galaxies in CO J=1-0
• In-spiraling Clumps in Blue Compact Dwarf Galaxies
• Luminous Starbursts in the Redshift Desert at z~1-2: Star Formation Rates, Masses & Evidence for Outflows
• Chemical abundance scaling relations for multiple elements in z~2-3 star-forming galaxies
• A Dual Narrowband Survey for Hα Emitters at z=2.2: Demonstration of the Technique and Constraints on the Hα Luminosity Function
• The Presence of Weak Active Galactic Nuclei in High Redshift Star Forming Galaxies
• Resolving the Galaxies within a Giant Lya Nebula: Witnessing the Formation of a Galaxy Group?
• Turning Back the Clock: Inferring the History of the Eight O'clock Arc
• Stellar Populations of Highly Magnified Lensed Galaxies: Young Starbursts at z~2
• The inferred evolution of the cold gas properties of CANDELS galaxies at 0.5 < z < 3.0
• A study of the circum-galactic medium at z ~ 0.6 using DLA-galaxies
• Massive Galaxies are Larger in Dense Environments: Environmental Dependence of Mass-Size Relation of Early-Type Galaxies
• The Spectrally Resolved Lyman-alpha Emission of Three Lyman-alpha Selected Field Galaxies at z~2.4 from the HETDEX Pilot Survey
• Constraints on dark energy from H II starburst galaxy apparent magnitude versus redshift data
• Dust Extinction and Metallicities of Star-Forming Lyman Alpha Emitting Galaxies at Low Redshift
• Extinction Corrected Star Formation Rates Empirically Derived from Ultraviolet-Optical Colors
• NIR spectroscopic observation of massive galaxies in the protocluster at z = 3.09
• The evolutionary sequence of sub-mm galaxies: from diffuse discs to massive compact ellipticals?
• The HII Galaxy Hubble Diagram Strongly Favors $R_{\mathrm{h}}=ct$ over $\Lambda$CDM
• High Redshift Galaxy Populations and their Descendants
• The difference in metallicity distribution functions of halo stars and globular clusters as a function of galaxy type: A tracer of globular cluster formation and evolution
• The mass-metallicity relation of Lyman-break analogues and its dependence on galaxy properties
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] survey: Small Lya-[CII] velocity offsets in main-sequence galaxies at 4.4 < z < 6
• Detection of hot, metal-enriched outflowing gas around $z\approx$2.3 star-forming galaxies in the Keck Baryonic Structure Survey
• Stars, Dust, and the Growth of UV-Selected Sub-L* Galaxies at Redshift z~2
• Dynamical properties of a large young disk galaxy at z=2.03
• Evolution of Galactic Outflows at $z\sim 0$-$2$ Revealed with SDSS, DEEP2, and Keck spectra
• Spatially Resolved Emission of a High Redshift DLA Galaxy with the Keck/OSIRIS IFU
• The KMOS${}^{3D}$ Survey: rotating compact star forming galaxies and the decomposition of integrated line widths
• Study of star-forming galaxies in SDSS up to redshift 0.4 II. Evolution from the fundamental parameters: mass, metallicity & SFR
• Molecular hydrogen regulated star formation in cosmological SPH simulations
• Quenched Cold Accretion of a Large Scale Metal-Poor Filament due to Virial Shocking in the Halo of a Massive z=0.7 Galaxy
• Assessing the sources of reionisation: a spectroscopic case study of a 30$\times$ lensed galaxy at $z\sim 5$ with Lyα, CIV, MgII, and [NeIII]
• Kinematics of Gas in Lyman Alpha Nebulae
• An indirect measurement of gas evolution in galaxies at $0.5\le z\le 2.0$
• The A2667 Giant Arc at z=1.03: Evidence for Large-scale Shocks at High Redshift
• Two sub-millimetre bright protoclusters bounding the epoch of peak star-formation activity
• Morphologies of Galaxies in and around a Protocluster at z=2.300
• The Color Magnitude Distribution of Field Galaxies to z~3: the evolution and modeling of the blue sequence
• Hidden Starbursts and Active Galactic Nuclei at 0<z<4 from the Herschel-VVDS-CFHTLS-D1 Field: Inferences on Coevolution and Feedback
• The physical scale of the far-infrared emission in the most luminous submillimetre galaxies II: evidence for merger-driven star formation
• Galactic Wind Signatures around High Redshift Galaxies
• 2D Kinematics and Physical Properties of z~3 Star-Forming Galaxies
• Stacked Rest-Frame UV Spectra of Ly$\alpha$-Emitting and Continuum-Selected Galaxies at 2<z<3.5
• Are Diffuse High Energy Neutrinos and Gamma-Rays from Starburst Galaxies Observable?
• The ionisation parameter of star-forming galaxies evolves with the specific star formation rate
• First Results from the KMOS Lens-Amplified Spectroscopic Survey (KLASS): Kinematics of Lensed Galaxies at Cosmic Noon
• Cosmic Star Formation Activity at z=2.2 Probed by H-alpha Emission Line Galaxies
• A gravitationally-boosted MUSE survey for emission-line galaxies at z>~5 behind the massive cluster RCS 0224
• Effects of metal enrichment and metal cooling in galaxy growth and cosmic star formation history
• Detections of CO Molecular Gas in 24um-Bright ULIRGs at z~2 in the Spitzer First Look Survey
• Stellar Populations of UV-Selected Active Galactic Nuclei Host Galaxies at z ~ 2 - 3
• Kinematic Modelling of Disc Galaxies using Graphics Processing Units
• Loops formed by tidal tails as fossil records of a major merger
• An extremely dense group of massive galaxies at the centre of the protocluster at z = 3.09 in the SSA22 field
• Observational constraints and predictions of the interacting dark sector with field-fluid mapping
• Atomic carbon as a powerful tracer of molecular gas in the high-redshift Universe: perspectives for ALMA
• Lyman break galaxy close and interacting pairs at z ~ 3
• A SINFONI Integral Field Spectroscopy Survey for Galaxy Counterparts to Damped Lyman-alpha Systems - II. Dynamical Properties of the Galaxies towards Q0302-223 and Q1009-0026
• Semi-empirical metallicity calibrations based on ultraviolet emission lines of type-2 AGNs
• The Density and Spectral Energy Distributions of Red Galaxies at z~3.7
• Characterising the Circum-Galactic Medium of Damped Lyman-$\alpha$ Absorbing Galaxies
• Spectroscopy of z~5 Lyman Break Galaxies in the ESO Remote Galaxy Survey
• Detection of emission lines from z ~ 3 DLAs towards the QSO J2358+0149
• CO Emission, Molecular Gas, and Metallicity in Main-Sequence Star-Forming Galaxies at $z\sim 2.3$
• Ly$\alpha$ Emitters with Very Large Ly$\alpha$ Equivalent Widths, EW${}_0$(Ly$\alpha$) $\simeq 200-400$ Å, at $z\sim 2$
• IROCKS: Spatially resolved kinematics of z~1 star forming galaxies
• Evidence for inhomogeneous reionization in the local Universe from metal-poor globular cluster systems
• On the relation between sSFR and metallicity
• Unveiling the Nature of Submillimeter Galaxy SXDF850.6
• Optical and near-infrared observations of the SPT2349-56 proto-cluster core at z = 4.3
• Adaptive Optics Rest-Frame V-band Imaging of Lyman Break Galaxies at z~3: High-surface Density Disk-like Galaxies ?
• The host galaxies of strong CaII QSO absorption systems at z<0.5
• Magellan/MMIRS near-infrared multi-object spectroscopy of nebular emission from star forming galaxies at 2<z<3
• A Wide Area Survey for High-redshift Massive Galaxies. II. Near-infrared Spectroscopy of BzK-selected Massive Star-forming Galaxies
• A dynamical mass estimator for high z galaxies based on spectroastrometry
• A decrease of the gas exchanges between galaxies and the IGM, from 12 to 6 billion years ago
• A Mature Dusty Star-forming Galaxy Hosting GRB080607 at z=3.036
• The physical nature of the 8 o'clock arc based on near-IR IFU spectroscopy with SINFONI
• Using spatial curvature with HII galaxies and cosmic chronometers to explore the tension in $H_0$
• Radial velocities and stellar population properties of 56 MATLAS dwarf galaxies observed with MUSE
• Integral Field Spectroscopy based Hα sizes of local Luminous and Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies. A Direct Comparison with high-z Massive Star Forming Galaxies
• CASSOWARY 20: a Wide Separation Einstein Cross Identified with the X-shooter Spectrograph
• A forming disk at z~0.6: Collapse of a gaseous disk or major merger remnant?
• Investigating the accelerated expansion of the Universe through updated constraints on viable $f(R)$ models within the metric formalism
• A SINFONI Integral Field Spectroscopy Survey for Galaxy Counterparts to Damped Lyman-alpha Systems - V. Neutral and Ionised Phase Metallicities
• The Properties of Hα Emission-Line Galaxies at z = 2.24
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: Environmental dependence of gas metallicity gradients in local star-forming galaxies
• The properties of the brightest Lyman alpha emitters at z~5.7
• GA-NIFS: JWST/NIRSpec IFS view of the z~3.5 galaxy GS5001 and its close environment at the core of a large-scale overdensity
• Exploring the chemical link between local ellipticals and their high-redshift progenitors
• Exploring the "$L$--$\sigma$" relation of HII galaxies and giant extragalactic HII regions acting as standard candles
• Chemical abundances in the nuclear region of nearby galaxies from the Palomar Survey
• Empirical Constraints on the Evolution of the Relationship between Black Hole and Galaxy Mass: Scatter Matters
• Evidence for Impact of Galaxy Mergers on Stellar Kinematics of Early-type Galaxies
• Uncovering strong MgII absorbing galaxies: Imaging below the Lyman limit
• Stellar populations and star formation histories of the most extreme [OIII] emitters at $z=1.3-3.7$
• Line Emission from Radiation-Pressurized HII Regions I: Internal Structure and Line Ratios
• New Analytic Solutions for Galaxy Evolution II: Wind Recycling, Galactic Fountains and Late-Type Galaxies
• Nebular and global properties of the gravitationally lensed galaxy "the 8 o'clock arc"
• The Mass-Dependent Clustering History of K-selected Galaxies at z < 4 in the SXDS/UDS Field
• Evaluating Galaxy Dynamical Masses From Kinematics and Jeans Equilibrium in Simulations
• Loss of star forming gas in SDSS galaxies
• A simple and general method for solving detailed chemical evolution with delayed production of iron and other chemical elements
• Neutral carbon and highly excited CO in a massive star-forming main sequence galaxy at z=2.2
• Resolving Star Formation on Sub-Kiloparsec Scales in the High-Redshift Galaxy SDP.11 Using Gravitational Lensing
• [Ultra] Luminous Infrared Galaxies selected at 90 $\mu$m in the AKARI deep field: a study of AGN types contributing to their infrared emission
• Dust attenuation of the nebular regions and optical emission lines of $z\sim 2$ star-forming galaxies
• Probing Outflows in z= 1~2 Galaxies through FeII/FeII* Multiplets
• The diversity of assembly histories leading to disc galaxy formation in a LambdaCDM model
• Milky Way type galaxies in a LCDM cosmology
• Catalogue of model star clusters in the Milky Way and M31 galaxies
• Measuring the average molecular gas content of star-forming galaxies at $z=3-4$
• Molecular gas properties of Planck-selected protocluster candidates at z~1.3-3
• X-shooter Observations of the Gravitational Lens System CASSOWARY 5
• ISM conditions in z~0.2 Lyman-Break Analogs
• Molecular gas properties of UV-luminous star-forming galaxies at low redshift
• Star Formation Enhancement in Barred Disk Galaxies in Interacting Galaxy Clusters
• Kinematics and Mass Distributions for Non-Spherical Deprojected Sérsic Density Profiles and Applications to Multi-Component Galactic Systems
• The first gigayear of bulge star formation in Virgo ellipticals: constraints from their globular cluster systems
• The Mass-Radius Relation for Star-Forming Galaxies at z ~ 1.5-3.0
• A Two-point Diagnostic for the HII Galaxy Hubble Diagram
• The CGM-GRB Study. I. Uncovering The CircumGalactic Medium around GRB hosts at redshifts 2-6
• ALMA CO Observations of the Host Galaxies of Long-duration Gamma-ray Bursts. I: Molecular Gas Scaling Relations
• The Stellar Masses of ~40,000 UV Selected Galaxies from the WiggleZ Survey at 0.3<z<1.0: Analogues of Lyman Break Galaxies?
• When Should We Treat Galaxies as Isolated?
• Molecular Gas Kinematics and Star Formation Properties of the Strongly-Lensed Quasar Host Galaxy RXS J1131-1231
• Rest-frame ultra-violet spectra of massive galaxies at z=3: evidence of high-velocity outflows
• The Physics and Mass Assembly of distant galaxies with the E-ELT
• The two regimes of the cosmic sSFR evolution are due to spheroids and discs
• Feedback and dynamical masses in high-$z$ galaxies: the advent of high-resolution NIRSpec spectroscopy
• Studying Large and Small Scale Environments of Ultraviolet Luminous Galaxies
• Testing the $R_{\mathrm{h}}=ct$ Universe Jointly with the Redshift-dependent Expansion rate and Angular-diameter and Luminosity Distances
• Metal content of the circumgalactic medium around star-forming galaxies at z $\sim$ 2.6 as revealed by the VIMOS Ultra-Deep Survey
• Impact of Galaxy Mergers on Stellar Population Profiles of Early-type Galaxies
• A Spatially-Resolved Survey of Distant Quasar Host Galaxies: II. Photoionization and Kinematics of the ISM
• Upper Limits to Fluxes of Neutrinos and Gamma-Rays from Starburst Galaxies
• The metallicity evolution of blue compact dwarf galaxies from the intermediate redshift to the local Universe
• LUCIFER@LBT view of star-forming galaxies in the cluster 7C 1756+6520 at z~1.4
• MusE GAs FLOw and Wind (MEGAFLOW) VII. A NOEMA pilot program to probe molecular gas in galaxies with measured circumgalactic gas flows
• Resolved galactic superwinds reconstructed around their host galaxies at z>3
• Extragalactic Fields Optimized for Adaptive Optics
• Forming disc galaxies in major mergers II. The central mass concentration problem and a comparison of GADGET3 with GIZMO
• CO and Fine-Structure Lines Reveal Low Metallicity in a Stellar-Mass-Rich Galaxy at z ~ 1?
• A break in the high-redshift stellar mass Tully-Fisher relation
• Dynamics of Lyman Break Galaxies and Their Host Halos
• The Halo Masses of Galaxies to $z\sim 3$: A Hybrid Observational and Theoretical Approach
• Can galaxy growth be sustained through HI-rich minor mergers?
• Keck/OSIRIS IFU Detection of a z $\sim$ 3 Damped Lyman Alpha Host Galaxy
• The JWST EXCELS Survey: gas-phase metallicity evolution at 2 < z < 8
• Kinematics and dynamics of the luminous infrared galaxy pair NGC 5257/58 (Arp 240)
• Spitzer's View of the Candidate Cluster and Protocluster Catalog (CCPC)
• Anatomy of galactic star formation history: Roles of different modes of gas accretion, feedback, and recycling
• KBSS-InCLOSE I: Design and First Results from the Inner CGM of QSO Line Of Sight Emitting Galaxies at z~2-3
• Rest-Frame Ultraviolet to Near Infrared Observations of an Interacting Lyman Break Galaxy at z = 4.42
• Lyman-alpha at Cosmic Noon I: Ly-alpha Spectral Type Selection of z ~ 2-3 Lyman Break Galaxies with Broadband Imaging
• Deep kiloparsec view of the molecular gas in a massive star-forming galaxy at cosmic noon
• The MOSDEF Survey: Probing Resolved Stellar Populations at $z\sim 2$ Using a New Bayesian-defined Morphology Metric Called Patchiness
• Dark from light (DfL): Inferring halo properties from luminous tracers with machine learning trained on cosmological simulations. I. Method, proof of concept & preliminary testing
• SDSS J1059+4251, a highly magnified z ~ 2.8 star-forming galaxy: ESI observations of the rest-frame UV spectrum
• The dust properties of z ~ 3 MIPS-LBGs from photo-chemical models
• LEGA-C stellar populations scaling relations. I: Chemo-archaeological downsizing trends at z~0.7
• Mergers and Disk Survival in LCDM
• Low-redshift analogues of cosmic noon galaxies as laboratories for clumpy star formation
• Is the Optically Unidentified Radio Source, FIRST J121839.7+295325, a Dark Lens?
• Prospects for extending the Mass-Metallicity Relation to low mass at high redshift: a case study at z~1
• Chemical Abundances in Star-Forming Galaxies at High Redshift
• Lyman-alpha at Cosmic Noon II: The relationship between kinematics and Lyman-alpha in z~2-3 Lyman Break Galaxies
• Rotation Curves in z~1-2 Star-Forming Disks: Comparison of Dark Matter Fractions and Disk Properties for Different Fitting Methods
• The 21-cm signal from the Cosmic Dawn: metallicity dependence of high mass X-ray binaries
• Simulating High-Redshift Disk Galaxies: Applications to Long Duration Gamma-Ray Burst Hosts
• Physical Characterization of Serendipitously Uncovered Millimeter-wave Line-emitting Galaxies at z~2.5 behind the Local Luminous Infrared Galaxy VV114
• KURVS: chemical properties from multiple strong line calibrations for star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 1.5$
• Lyman Break Analogs: Constraints on the Formation of Extreme Starbursts at Low and High Redshift
• How do galaxies get their baryons?
• Are globular clusters the natural outcome of regular high-redshift star formation?