The Column Density, Kinematics, and Thermal State of Metal-Bearing Gas within the Virial Radius of z~2 Star-Forming Galaxies in the Keck Baryonic Structure Survey

Abstract

We present results from the Keck Baryonic Structure Survey (KBSS) including the first detailed measurements of the column densities, kinematics, and internal energy of metal-bearing gas within the virial radius (35-100 physical kpc) of eight ~$L^{\ast }$ galaxies at $z\sim 2$. From our full sample of 130 metal-bearing absorbers, we infer that halo gas is kinematically complex when viewed in singly, doubly, and triply ionized species. Broad OVI and CIV absorbers are detected at similar velocities to the lower-ionization gas but with very different kinematic structure indicating that the circumgalactic medium (CGM) is multi-phase. There is a high covering fraction of metal-bearing gas within 100 kpc including highly ionized gas such as OVI; however, observations of a single galaxy probed by a lensed background QSO suggest the size of metal-bearing clouds is small (<400 pc for all but the OVI-bearing gas). The mass in metals found within the halo is substantial, equivalent to $\gtrsim$ 25% of the metal mass within the interstellar medium. The gas kinematics unambiguously show that 70% of galaxies with detected metal absorption have some unbound metal-enriched gas, suggesting galactic winds may commonly eject gas from halos at $z\sim 2$. Significant thermal broadening is detected in CGM absorbers which dominates the internal energy of the gas. 40% of the detected gas has temperatures in the range $10^{4.5-5.5}$ K where cooling times are short, suggesting the CGM is dynamic, with constant heating and/or cooling to produce this short-lived thermal phase.

arXiv commentsubmitted to ApJ

References in corpus (129)

• Stellar population synthesis at the resolution of 2003
• A Universal Density Profile from Hierarchical Clustering
• The chemical composition of the Sun
• Galactic Stellar and Substellar Initial Mass Function
• How Do Galaxies Get Their Gas?
• The Average Star Formation Histories of Galaxies in Dark Matter Halos from z=0-8
• High Redshift Galaxies in the Hubble Deep Field. Color Selection and Star Formation History to z=4
• Rest-Frame Ultraviolet Spectra of z~3 Lyman Break Galaxies
• Virial shocks in galactic haloes?
• The Structure and Kinematics of the Circum-Galactic Medium from Far-UV Spectra of z~2-3 Galaxies
• High molecular gas fractions in normal massive star forming galaxies in the young Universe
• Dark matter halo concentrations in the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe year 5 cosmology
• The SDSS Quasar Survey: Quasar Luminosity Function from Data Release Three
• The Rest Frame Optical Spectra of Lyman Break Galaxies: Star Formation, Extinction, Abundances, and Kinematics
• Equation of State of the Photoionized Intergalactic Medium
• Nucleosynthesis Yields of Core-Collapse Supernovae and Hypernovae, and Galactic Chemical Evolution
• Nucleosynthesis and Remnants in Massive Stars of Solar Metallicity
• Lyman Break Galaxies at Redshift z~3: Survey Description and Full Data Set
• Strong Nebular Line Ratios in the Spectra of z~2-3 Star-forming Galaxies: First Results from KBSS-MOSFIRE
• A Survey of Star-Forming Galaxies in the z=1.4-2.5 `Redshift Desert': Overview
• The COS-Halos Survey: Physical Conditions and Baryonic Mass in the Low-Redshift Circumgalactic Medium
• The Large, Oxygen-Rich Halos of Star-Forming Galaxies Are A Major Reservoir of Galactic Metals
• The Stellar, Gas and Dynamical Masses of Star-Forming Galaxies at z~2
• Galaxies and Intergalactic Matter at Redshift z~3: Overview
• Feedback and Recycled Wind Accretion: Assembling the z=0 Galaxy Mass Function
• Multi-Phase Galaxy Formation: High Velocity Clouds and the Missing Baryon Problem
• The Cosmic Baryon Cycle and Galaxy Mass Assembly in the FIRE Simulations
• Reconciling the Stellar and Nebular Spectra of High Redshift Galaxies
• The COS-Halos Survey: Rationale, Design, and A Census of Circumgalactic Neutral Hydrogen
• The COS-Halos Survey: An Empirical Description of the Metal-Line Absorption in the Low-Redshift Circumgalactic Medium
• The Quasar Accretion Disk Size -- Black Hole Mass Relation
• The Quasar Accretion Disk Size - Black Hole Mass Relation
• Time-Dependent Ionization in Radiatively Cooling Gas
• Thermal Instability in Gravitationally-Stratified Plasmas: Implications for Multi-Phase Structure in Clusters and Galaxy Halos
• The Role of Cold Flows in the Assembly of Galaxy Disks
• The Gaseous Environment of High-z Galaxies: Precision Measurements of Neutral Hydrogen in the Circumgalactic Medium of z ~ 2-3 Galaxies in the Keck Baryonic Structure Survey
• Bimodal gas accretion in the Horizon-MareNostrum galaxy formation simulation
• Grackle: a Chemistry and Cooling Library for Astrophysics
• A Budget and Accounting of Metals at z~0: Results from the COS-Halos Survey
• The rates and modes of gas accretion on to galaxies and their gaseous haloes
• The Characteristic Star Formation Histories of Galaxies at Redshifts z~2-7
• The Baryonic Assembly of Dark Matter Halos
• The growth and entrainment of cold gas in a hot wind
• The Connection Between Galaxies and Intergalactic Absorption Lines at Redshift 2<z<3
• A High-Resolution Survey of Low-Redshift QSO Absorption Lines: Statistics and Physical Conditions of O VI Absorbers
• Characterizing the Circumgalactic Medium of Nearby Galaxies with HST/COS and HST/STIS Absorption-Line Spectroscopy
• Nebular Emission Line Ratios in z~2-3 Star-Forming Galaxies with KBSS-MOSFIRE: Exploring the Impact of Ionization, Excitation, and Nitrogen-to-Oxygen Ratio
• A Characteristic Scale for Cold Gas
• The COS-Dwarfs Survey: The Carbon Reservoir Around sub-L* Galaxies
• Figuring Out Gas & Galaxies in Enzo (FOGGIE). I. Resolving Simulated Circumgalactic Absorption at 2 < z < 2.5
• The Keck Cosmic Web Imager Integral Field Spectrograph
• The Sizes of the X-ray and Optical Emission Regions of RXJ1131-1231
• GOODS-Herschel Measurements of the Dust Attenuation of Typical Star-Forming Galaxies at High Redshift: Observations of UV-Selected Galaxies at z~2
• Optical Selection of Galaxies at Redshifts 1<z<3
• Cosmological simulations of the circumgalactic medium with 1 kpc resolution: enhanced HI column densities
• An Origin for Multi-Phase Gas in Galactic Winds and Halos
• A Global Model For Circumgalactic and Cluster-Core Precipitation
• The circumgalactic medium of massive galaxies at z~3: a test for stellar feedback, galactic outflows, and cold streams
• Tracing Outflows and Accretion: A Bimodal Azimuthal Dependence of MgII Absorption
• The Impact of Enhanced Halo Resolution on the Simulated Circumgalactic Medium
• The COS-Halos Survey: Origins of the Highly Ionized Circumgalactic Medium of Star-Forming Galaxies
• Simulations of disk galaxies with cosmic ray driven galactic winds
• The Origins of the Circumgalactic Medium in the FIRE Simulations
• The Impact of Star Formation Feedback on the Circumgalactic Medium
• Metal-line absorption around $z\approx$2.4 star-forming galaxies in the Keck Baryonic Structure Survey
• Tracing Inflows and Outflows with Absorption Lines in Circumgalactic Gas
• Metal flows of the circumgalactic medium, and the metal budget in galactic halos
• Quasars Probing Quasars I: Optically Thick Absorbers Near Luminous Quasars
• Characterizing Circumgalactic Gas around Massive Ellipticals at z~0.4 - II. Physical Properties and Elemental Abundances
• On the possible environmental effect in distributing heavy elements beyond individual gaseous halos
• The Hidden Mass and Large Spatial Extent of a Poststarburst Galaxy Outflow
• Cooler and smoother -- the impact of cosmic rays on the phase structure of galactic outflows
• Not Dead Yet: Cool Circumgalactic Gas in the Halos of Early Type Galaxies
• Massive Warm/Hot Galaxy Coronae as Probed by UV/X-ray Oxygen Absorption and Emission: I - Basic Model
• Non-Equilibirum ionisation and cooling of metal-enriched gas in the presence of a photo-ionisation background
• Observations of Chemically Enriched QSO Absorbers near z ~ 2.3 Galaxies: Galaxy-Formation Feedback Signatures in the IGM
• Mining Circumgalactic Baryons in the Low-Redshift Universe
• Measuring the equation of state of the intergalactic medium
• Measuring the Physical Conditions in High-Redshift Star-Forming Galaxies: Insights from KBSS-MOSFIRE
• Modern yields per stellar generation: the effect of the IMF
• The Role of Cosmic Ray Transport in Shaping the Simulated Circumgalactic Medium
• On the Physical Origin of OVI Absorption-Line Systems
• The halo masses and galaxy environments of hyperluminous QSOs at z~2.7 in the Keck Baryonic Structure Survey
• Zooming in on accretion - II. Cold Circumgalactic Gas Simulated with a super-Lagrangian Refinement Scheme
• The Properties of Low Redshift Intergalactic O VI Absorbers Determined from High S/N Observations of 14 QSOs with the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph
• What Determines the Incidence and Extent of MgII Absorbing Gas Around Galaxies?
• Probing the IGM-Galaxy Connection at z < 0.5 I: A Galaxy Survey in QSO Fields and a Galaxy-Absorber Cross-Correlation Study
• A Universal Density Structure for Circum-Galactic Gas
• The drop in the cosmic star formation rate below redshift 2 is caused by a change in the mode of gas accretion and by AGN feedback
• A Review of Recent Observations of Galactic Winds Driven by Star Formation
• Small Scale Structure at High Redshift: II. Physical Properties of the CIV Absorbing Clouds
• A Deep Search For Faint Galaxies Associated With Very Low-redshift C IV Absorbers: III. The Mass- and Environment-dependent Circumgalactic Medium
• Characterizing the Warm-Hot IGM at High Redshift: A High Resolution Survey for O VI at z = 2.5
• The Temperature-Density Relation in the Intergalactic Medium at Redshift <z>=2.4
• Flickering AGN can explain the strong circumgalactic O VI observed by COS-Halos
• Role of Cosmic Rays in the Circumgalactic Medium
• The Large-scale Distribution of Cool Gas around Luminous Red Galaxies
• Quasar Accretion Disk Sizes From Continuum Reverberation Mapping From the Dark Energy Survey
• The Impact of Starbursts on the Circumgalactic Medium
• The extent of chemically enriched gas around star-forming dwarf galaxies
• Dust Attenuation, Star Formation, and Metallicity in z ~ 2-3 Galaxies from KBSS-MOSFIRE
• Hot Halos around High Redshift Protogalaxies: Observations of O VI and N V Absorption in Damped Lyman Alpha systems
• Neutral hydrogen optical depth near star-forming galaxies at z~2.4 in the Keck Baryonic Structure Survey
• The Average Size and Temperature Profile of Quasar Accretion Disks
• C IV absorption in damped and sub-damped Lyman-alpha systems: correlations with metallicity and implications for galactic winds at z~2-3
• Implications of the large OVI columns around low-redshift $L_{\ast }$ galaxies
• Column Density Profiles of Multi-Phase Gaseous Halos
• Temperature and Kinematics of CIV Absorption Systems
• A comparison of observed and simulated absorption from HI, CIV, and SiIV around $z\approx 2$ star-forming galaxies suggests redshift-space distortions are due to inflows
• The Properties of the Circumgalactic Medium in Red and Blue Galaxies: Results from the COS-GASS+COS-Halos Surveys
• Spatially Resolved Velocity Maps of Halo Gas Around Two Intermediate-redshift Galaxies
• A STIS Survey for OVI Absorption Systems at 0.12 < z < 0.5 II.: Physical Conditions of the Ionised Gas
• Probing the Cool Interstellar and Circumgalactic Gas of Three Massive Lensing Galaxies at z=0.4-0.7
• The low-redshift intergalactic medium as seen in archival legacy Hubble/STIS and FUSE data
• Dissecting the Gaseous Halos of z~2 Damped Ly$\alpha$ Systems with Close Quasar Pairs
• Ambient Column Densities of Highly Ionized Oxygen in Precipitation-Limited Circumgalactic Media
• MAGIICAT VI. The MgII Intragroup Medium is Kinematically Complex
• VLT LBG Redshift Survey II: Interactions between galaxies and the IGM at z ~3
• Galaxies Probing Galaxies in PRIMUS - I. Sample, Spectroscopy, and Characteristics of the z~0.5 MgII-Absorbing Circumgalactic Medium
• Does circumgalactic OVI trace low-pressure gas beyond the accretion shock? Clues from HI and low-ion absorption, line kinematics, and dust extinction
• A newly discovered DLA and associated Ly-alpha emission in the spectra of the gravitationally lensed quasar UM 673A,B
• Detection of hot, metal-enriched outflowing gas around $z\approx$2.3 star-forming galaxies in the Keck Baryonic Structure Survey
• The Production of Cold Gas Within Galaxy Outflows
• The Mass and Absorption Columns of Galactic Gaseous Halos
• A high resolution study of intergalactic O VI absorbers at z~2.3
• A measurement of galaxy halo mass from the surrounding HI Lyα absorption
• Time-Dependent Cooling in Photoionized Plasma
• The formation and physical origin of highly ionized cooling gas
• Evidence of bimodal physical properties of intervening, optically-thin CIII absorbers at z ~ 2.5

Cited by in corpus (70)

• Cool Outflows in Galaxies and their Implications
• The MOSDEF Survey: The Evolution of the Mass-Metallicity Relation from $z=0$ to $z\sim 3.3$
• Multiphase Gas and the Fractal Nature of Radiative Turbulent Mixing Layers
• How cold gas continuously entrains mass and momentum from a hot wind
• The Structure of Multiphase Galactic Winds
• Baryon Cycles in the Biggest Galaxies
• Predictions for the Angular Dependence of Gas Mass Flow Rate and Metallicity in the Circumgalactic Medium
• Survival and mass growth of cold gas in a turbulent, multiphase medium
• The Impact of Cosmic Rays on Thermal Instability in the Circumgalactic Medium
• The Cosmic Ultraviolet Baryon Survey (CUBS) I. Overview and the diverse environments of Lyman limit systems at z<1
• The Keck Baryonic Structure Survey: Using foreground/background galaxy pairs to trace the structure and kinematics of circumgalactic neutral hydrogen at $z\sim 2$
• First results from SMAUG: Uncovering the Origin of the Multiphase Circumgalactic Medium with a Comparative Analysis of Idealized and Cosmological Simulations
• CGM${}^2$ I: The Extent of the Circumgalactic Medium Traced by Neutral Hydrogen
• Chemical abundance scaling relations for multiple elements in z~2-3 star-forming galaxies
• Metal-enriched halo gas across galaxy overdensities over the last 10 billion years
• The Cosmic Ultraviolet Baryon Survey (CUBS) -- III. Physical properties and elemental abundances of Lyman limit systems at $z<1$
• How Do Supernovae Impact the Circumgalactic Medium? I. Large-Scale Fountains Around a Milky Way-Like Galaxy
• The COS Absorption Survey of Baryon Harbors: Unveiling the Physical Conditions of Circumgalactic Gas through Multiphase Bayesian Ionization Modeling
• MUSEQuBES: Characterizing the circumgalactic medium of redshift $\approx 3.3$ Ly$\alpha$ emitters
• The Cosmic Ultraviolet Baryon Survey (CUBS) V: On the Thermodynamic Properties of the Cool Circumgalactic Medium at $z<1$
• Properties of the ionized CGM and IGM: a comparison of galaxy formation models via the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect
• The evolution of the Si IV content in the Universe from the epoch of reionization to cosmic noon
• Stellar prospects for FRB gravitational lensing
• Direct Constraints on the Extremely Metal-Poor Massive Stars Underlying Nebular C IV Emission from Ultra-Deep HST/COS Ultraviolet Spectroscopy
• Shatter or not: role of temperature and metallicity in the evolution of thermal instability
• CO Emission, Molecular Gas, and Metallicity in Main-Sequence Star-Forming Galaxies at $z\sim 2.3$
• The Cosmic Ultraviolet Baryon Survey (CUBS) IV: The Complex Multiphase Circumgalactic Medium as Revealed by Partial Lyman Limit Systems
• Figuring Out Gas & Galaxies In Enzo (FOGGIE) VI: The Circumgalactic Medium of $L^{\ast }$ Galaxies is Supported in an Emergent, Non-Hydrostatic Equilibrium
• The Circumgalactic Medium of Extreme Emission Line Galaxies at z ~ 2: Resolved Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer Modeling of Spatially Extended Lyman-alpha Emission in the KBSS-KCWI Survey
• MUSE Analysis of Gas around Galaxies (MAGG) -- V: Linking ionized gas traced by CIV and SiIV absorbers to Ly$\alpha$ emitting galaxies at $z\approx 3.0-4.5$
• The Cosmic Ultraviolet Baryon Survey (CUBS) VI: Connecting Physical Properties of the Cool Circumgalactic Medium to Galaxies at $z\approx 1$
• The CGM at Cosmic Noon with KCWI: Outflows from a Star-forming Galaxy at z=2.071
• Better Together: The Complex Interplay Between Radiative Cooling and Magnetic Draping
• Empirical constraints on the turbulence in QSO host nebulae from velocity structure function measurements
• Figuring Out Gas & Galaxies In Enzo (FOGGIE) V: The Virial Temperature Does Not Describe Gas in a Virialized Galaxy Halo
• A Complex Multiphase DLA Associated with a Compact Group at z=2.431 Traces Accretion, Outflows, and Tidal Streams
• MUSE-ALMA Haloes VII: Survey Science Goals & Design, Data Processing and Final Catalogues
• MgII Absorbers in High Resolution Quasar Spectra. I. Voigt Profile Models
• The AGORA High-resolution Galaxy Simulations Comparison Project. VI. Similarities and Differences in the Circumgalactic Medium
• The Anatomy of a Turbulent Radiative Mixing Layer: Insights from an Analytic Model with Turbulent Conduction and Viscosity
• The changing circumgalactic medium over the last 10 Gyr I: physical and dynamical properties
• Probing the CGM of Low-redshift Dwarf Galaxies Using FIRE Simulations
• MUSEQuBES: The relation between Ly$\alpha$ emitters and C IV absorbers at $z\approx 3.3$
• The Effect of Cosmic Rays on the Observational Properties of the CGM
• Modeling Photoionized Turbulent Material in the Circumgalactic Medium II: Effect of Turbulence within a Stratified Medium
• Physical Conditions of Five O VI Absorption Systems Towards PG $1522+101$
• Hubble Space Telescope [O III] Emission-Line Kinematics in Two Nearby QSO2s: A Case for X-ray Feedback
• Metal content of the circumgalactic medium around star-forming galaxies at z $\sim$ 2.6 as revealed by the VIMOS Ultra-Deep Survey
• Evolution of CIV Absorbers. II. Where does CIV live?
• CGM${}^2$ $+$ CASBaH: The Mass Dependence of H~I Ly$\alpha$-Galaxy Clustering and the Extent of the CGM
• QSO MUSEUM II: Search for extended Ly$\alpha$ emission around eight $z\sim 3$ quasar pairs
• Transverse clues on the kpc-scale structure of the circumgalactic medium as traced by C IV absorption
• Resolved galactic superwinds reconstructed around their host galaxies at z>3
• Simulated [CII] in high-z galaxies
• Reconciling the Results of the z~2 MOSDEF and KBSS-MOSFIRE Surveys
• MUSE Analysis of Gas around Galaxies (MAGG) -- VI. The cool and enriched gas environment of z$\gtrsim$3 Ly$\alpha$ emitters
• Pair Lines of Sight Observations of Multiphase Gas Bearing O VI in a Galaxy Environment
• Microphysics of Circumgalactic Turbulence Probed by Fast Radio Bursts and Quasars
• CGM cloud sizes from refractive FRB scattering
• The CGM-GRB Study II: Outflow-Galaxy Connection at z ~ 2-6
• KBSS-InCLOSE I: Design and First Results from the Inner CGM of QSO Line Of Sight Emitting Galaxies at z~2-3
• On the Metallicities and Kinematics of the Circumgalactic Media of Damped Ly$\alpha$ Systems at $z\sim 2.5$
• Harvesting the Lyα forest with convolutional neural networks
• Multi-phase investigation of outflows in the circumgalactic and interstellar media of luminous quasars at z~5
• Identifying Circumgalactic Medium Absorption in QSO Spectra: A Bayesian Approach
• The multiple coherence scales of C IV at cosmic noon
• Baryonic Ecosystem IN Galaxies (BEINGMgII) -- III. Cool gas reservoirs at $0.3\le z\le 1.6$ in the Dark Energy Survey
• Tilsotua: Reproducing Slitmask Sky Positions for use with the LRIS Multislit Archive
• Constraining the Size of the Circumgalactic Medium Using the Transverse Autocorrelation Function of C IV Absorbers in Paired Quasar Spectra
• Intergalactic Medium Tomography with the Sunburst Arc