Reconciling the Stellar and Nebular Spectra of High Redshift Galaxies

Abstract

We present a combined analysis of rest-frame far-UV (1000-2000 A) and rest-frame optical (3600-7000 A) composite spectra formed from very deep observations of a sample of 30 star-forming galaxies with z=2.4+/-0.1, selected to be representative of the full KBSS-MOSFIRE spectroscopic survey. Since the same massive stars are responsible for the observed FUV continuum and the excitation of the observed nebular emission, a self-consistent stellar population synthesis model must simultaneously match the details of the far-UV stellar+nebular continuum and-- when inserted as the excitation source in photoionization models-- account for all observed nebular emission line ratios. We find that only models including massive star binaries, having low stellar metallicity (Z_*/Z_{sun} ~ 0.1) but relatively high ionized gas-phase oxygen abundances (Z_{neb}/Z_{sun} ~ 0.5), can successfully match all of the observational constraints. We argue that this apparent discrepancy is naturally explained by highly super-solar O/Fe [4-5 times (O/Fe)_{sun}], expected for gas whose enrichment is dominated by the products of core-collapse supernovae. Once the correct ionizing spectrum is identified, photoionization models reproduce all of the observed strong emission line ratios, the direct T_e measurement of O/H, and allow accurate measurement of the gas-phase abundance ratios of N/O and C/O -- both of which are significantly sub-solar but, as for O/Fe, are in remarkable agreement with abundance patterns observed in Galactic thick disk, bulge, and halo stars with similar O/H. High nebular excitation is the rule at high-z (and rare at low-z) because of systematically shorter enrichment timescales (<<1 Gyr): low Fe/O environments produce harder (and longer-lived) stellar EUV spectra at a given O/H, enhanced by dramatic effects on the evolution of massive star binaries.

29 pages, 17 figures. Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal

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• Gas Accretion and Star Formation Rates
• Effects of NII and H$\alpha$ Line Blending on the WFIRST Galaxy Redshift Survey
• Deciphering stellar metallicities in the early Universe: Case study of a young galaxy at z = 4.77 in the MUSE eXtremely Deep Field
• Impact of stellar population synthesis choices on forward modelling-based redshift distribution estimates
• The Strong Gravitationally Lensed Herschel Galaxy HLock01: Optical Spectroscopy Reveals a Close Galaxy Merger with Evidence of Inflowing Gas
• Metallicity calibrations of low star-forming galaxies: the influence of a stochastic IMF
• New calibrations for estimating the N/O ratio in HII regions
• The prospects for observing [OIII] 52 micron emission from galaxies during the Epoch of Reionization
• Feedback and dynamical masses in high-$z$ galaxies: the advent of high-resolution NIRSpec spectroscopy
• Why Are Some Gamma-Ray Bursts Hosted by Oxygen-rich Galaxies?
• pySTARBURST99: The Next Generation of STARBURST99
• Bringing Stellar Evolution & Feedback Together: Summary of proposals from the Lorentz Center Workshop, 2022
• The MOSDEF Survey: Calibrating the relationship between H$\alpha$ star-formation rate and radio continuum luminosity at $1.4<z<2.6$
• Exploring the Correlation between $\mathrm{H}\alpha$-to-UV Ratio and Burstiness for Typical Star-forming Galaxies at $z\sim 2$
• Star Formation and Chemical Enrichment in Protoclusters
• A Tale of Two Clusters: An Analysis of Gas-Phase Metallicity and Nebular Gas Conditions in Proto-cluster Galaxies at z~2
• The Star-Forming Interstellar Medium of Lyman Break Galaxy Analogs
• Linking UV spectral properties of MUSE Ly-alpha emitters at z>3 to Lyman continuum escape
• The Direct-Method Oxygen Abundance of Typical Dwarf Galaxies at Cosmic High-Noon
• A puzzling non-detection of [O III] and [C II] from a $z\approx 7.7$ galaxy observed with ALMA
• The Sunburst Arc with JWST: II. Observations of an Eta Carinae Analog at $z=2.37$
• Applications of Stellar Population Synthesis in the Distant Universe
• Accelerating Galaxy Winds During the Big Bang of Starbursts
• He II Emission from Wolf-Rayet Stars as a Tool for Measuring Dust Reddening
• Mid-IR cosmological spectrophotometric surveys from space: Measuring AGN and star formation at the Cosmic Noon with a SPICA-like mission
• A Search for Massive Galaxy Population in a Protocluster of LAEs at $z=2.39$ near the Radio Galaxy 53W002
• Spatially resolved CIII]$\lambda$1909 emission in Haro 11
• Effects of binary stellar populations on direct collapse black hole formation
• Reconciling the Results of the z~2 MOSDEF and KBSS-MOSFIRE Surveys
• The JWST EXCELS Survey: gas-phase metallicity evolution at 2 < z < 8
• Emission line properties of the most luminous AGN in massive galaxies at intermediate redshifts
• The JWST/AURORA Survey: Multiple Balmer and Paschen Emission Lines for Individual Star-forming Galaxies at z=1.5-4.4. I. A Diversity of Nebular Attenuation Curves and Evidence for Non-Unity Dust Covering Fractions
• What can distant galaxies teach us about massive stars?
• The MOSDEF Survey: Towards a Complete Census of the z ~ 2.3 Star-forming Galaxy Population
• MARTA: Temperature-temperature relationships and strong-line metallicity calibrations from multiple auroral-line detections at cosmic noon
• Disentangling the physical origin of emission line ratio offsets at high redshift with spatially resolved spectroscopy
• pop-cosmos: Insights from generative modeling of a deep, infrared-selected galaxy population
• KBSS-InCLOSE I: Design and First Results from the Inner CGM of QSO Line Of Sight Emitting Galaxies at z~2-3
• The nebular properties of star-forming galaxies at intermediate redshift from the Large Early Galaxy Astrophysics Census
• HeII emitters at cosmic noon and beyond. Characterising the HeII λ1640 emission with MUSE and JWST/NIRSpec
• SDSS J1059+4251, a highly magnified z ~ 2.8 star-forming galaxy: ESI observations of the rest-frame UV spectrum
• Through the fog: a complementary optical galaxy classification scheme for 'intermediate' redshifts
• CECILIA: Ultra-Deep Rest-Optical Spectra of Faint Galaxies at Cosmic Noon
• MARTA: The connection between chemical enrichment, feedback, and dust in a Wolf-Rayet galaxy at z$\sim$2
• Prospects for extending the Mass-Metallicity Relation to low mass at high redshift: a case study at z~1
• Catastrophic Cooling in Superwinds. II. Exploring the Parameter Space
• Challenges in modelling the rest-frame ultraviolet/optical spectra of galaxies at the high-redshift frontier
• Interpreting Galaxy Properties with Improved Modelling
• A Low Metallicity Massive Contact Binary Star System Candidate in WLM identified by Hubble and James Webb Space Telescope imaging
• Galaxy evolution through infrared and submillimeter spectroscopy: Measuring star formation and black hole accretion with JWST and ALMA
• Lyman-alpha at Cosmic Noon II: The relationship between kinematics and Lyman-alpha in z~2-3 Lyman Break Galaxies
• Nitrogen abundances in star-forming galaxies 2.2 Gyr after the Big Bang are not elevated
• Near-IR Spectroscopic Studies of Galaxies at z~1-3