A Unified Representation of Gas-Phase Element Depletions in the Interstellar Medium

Abstract

A study of gas-phase element abundances reported in the literature for 17 different elements sampled over 243 sight lines in the local part of our Galaxy reveals that the depletions into solid form (dust grains) are extremely well characterized by trends that employ only three kinds of parameters. One is an index that describes the overall level of depletion applicable to the gas in any particular sight line, and the other two represent linear coefficients that describe how to derive each element's depletion from this sight-line parameter. The information from this study reveals the relative proportions of different elements that are incorporated into dust at different stages of grain growth. An extremely simple scheme is proposed for deriving the dust contents and metallicities of absorption-line systems that are seen in the spectra of distant quasars or the optical afterglows of gamma-ray bursts. Contrary to presently accepted thinking, the elements sulfur and krypton appear to show measurable changes in their depletions as the general levels of depletions of other elements increase, although more data are needed to ascertain whether or not these findings truly compelling. Nitrogen appears to show no such increase. The incorporation of oxygen into solid form in the densest gas regions far exceeds the amounts that can take the form of silicates or metallic oxides; this conclusion is based on differential measurements of depletion and thus is unaffected by uncertainties in the solar abundance reference scale.

166 pages, 21 figures, pages 116-166 contain detailed tabulations that may not be of interest to most readers. Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal

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• Investigating silicate, carbon, and water in the diffuse interstellar medium: the first shots from WISCI
• Cloudy-Maraston: Integrating nebular continuum and line emission with the Maraston stellar population synthesis models
• A Global Census of Metals in the Universe
• Associating LOFAR Galactic Faraday structures with the warm neutral medium
• Do cement nanoparticles exist in space ?
• On the Metallicities and Kinematics of the Circumgalactic Media of Damped Ly$\alpha$ Systems at $z\sim 2.5$
• Physical properties of circumnuclear ionising clusters. I. NGC 7742
• Gas-phase condensation of carbonated silicate grains
• Emission Line Diagnostics for IMBHs in Dwarf Galaxies: Accounting for BH Seeding and ULX Excitation
• SDSS J1059+4251, a highly magnified z ~ 2.8 star-forming galaxy: ESI observations of the rest-frame UV spectrum
• Vintage NPOI: New and Updated Angular Diameters for 145 Stars
• Observational studies on S-bearing molecules in massive star forming regions
• Carbonates and ices in the $z=0.89$ galaxy-absorber towards PKS 1830-211 and within star-forming regions of the Milky Way
• The MOSDEF Survey: Probing Resolved Stellar Populations at $z\sim 2$ Using a New Bayesian-defined Morphology Metric Called Patchiness
• In Search of an Interface between Warm and Hot Gas within the Local Bubble
• Silicon and iron dust in gamma-ray burst host galaxy absorbers
• MARTA: The connection between chemical enrichment, feedback, and dust in a Wolf-Rayet galaxy at z$\sim$2
• The Quest for the Missing Dust: I -- Restoring Large Scale Emission in Herschel Maps of Local Group Galaxies
• New constraints on the initial parameters of low-mass star formation from chemical modeling
• The EDIBLES survey VI. Searching for time variations of interstellar absorption features
• Investigating chemical variations between interstellar gas clouds in the Solar neighbourhood
• Chemical templates of the Central Molecular Zone. Shock and protostellar object signatures under Galactic Center conditions
• Ashes of FIRE: Modeling Dust Grain Size Evolution in the Local Group with FIRE
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) XII: Inferring the C/O and S/H ratios in Protoplanetary Disks with Sulfur Molecules
• Photometric Mapping of Carbonaceous/Siliceous Dust and Water Ice in the ISM with JWST: Applications to the Dense Sightlines
• Cosmic dust VIII
• Kinematic analysis of an Ultra-Strong MgII absorber at z~1.13 linking to Circumgalactic Gas Structures
• GRB 180325A: dust grain-size distribution and interstellar iron nanoparticles contribution
• The Binding Energies of Atoms on Amorphous Silicate Dust: A Computational Study
• The Warm-Hot Disk-Halo Interface Below the Perseus Spiral Arm
• A sensitivity analysis of interstellar ice chemistry in astrochemical models
• Transit distances and composition of low-velocity exocomets in the $\beta$ Pic system
• The optical constants and grain sizes of interstellar dust measured directly using the dust scattered x-ray halo of GRB 221009A
• Chemical abundances in Seyfert galaxies -- VII. Direct abundance determination of neon based on optical and infrared emission lines
• Common Excitation Patterns of Star Formation, Active Galactic Nuclei, and Shocks in Seyfert Galaxies
• From the Circumnuclear Disk in the Galactic Center to thick, obscuring tori of AGNs -- Modelling the molecular emission of a parsec-scale torus as found in NGC1068
• Ice coverage of dust grains in cold astrophysical environments
• Diverse stages of star formation in the IRAS 18162-2048 region. Emergence of UV Feedback
• An 18 - 25 GHz spectroscopic survey of southern hemisphere dense cores
• Connecting the dusty dots: dust depletion and extinction of local interstellar clouds
• Chemistry of Dark Molecular Clouds
• Observed cosmic evolution of galaxy dust properties with metallicity and tensions with models
• The Si+SO${}_2$ collision and an extended network of neutral-neutral reactions between silicon and sulphur bearing species
• A z$\sim$1 galactic-scale outflow transversally mapped to $\sim$50 kpc through gravitational-arc tomography
• Acceleration and clustering of cosmic dust in a gravoturbulent gas -- I. Numerical simulation of the nearly Jeans-unstable case
• The cosmic journey of dust grains -- from nucleation to planetary system
• Carbon chain diversity in L1544 and IRAS 16293-2422: an astrochemical pathfinder study for the SKAO