A Unified Representation of Gas-Phase Element Depletions in the Interstellar Medium

Abstract

A study of gas-phase element abundances reported in the literature for 17 different elements sampled over 243 sight lines in the local part of our Galaxy reveals that the depletions into solid form (dust grains) are extremely well characterized by trends that employ only three kinds of parameters. One is an index that describes the overall level of depletion applicable to the gas in any particular sight line, and the other two represent linear coefficients that describe how to derive each element's depletion from this sight-line parameter. The information from this study reveals the relative proportions of different elements that are incorporated into dust at different stages of grain growth. An extremely simple scheme is proposed for deriving the dust contents and metallicities of absorption-line systems that are seen in the spectra of distant quasars or the optical afterglows of gamma-ray bursts. Contrary to presently accepted thinking, the elements sulfur and krypton appear to show measurable changes in their depletions as the general levels of depletions of other elements increase, although more data are needed to ascertain whether or not these findings truly compelling. Nitrogen appears to show no such increase. The incorporation of oxygen into solid form in the densest gas regions far exceeds the amounts that can take the form of silicates or metallic oxides; this conclusion is based on differential measurements of depletion and thus is unaffected by uncertainties in the solar abundance reference scale.

arXiv comment166 pages, 21 figures, pages 116-166 contain detailed tabulations that may not be of interest to most readers. Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal

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• Isocyanogen formation in the cold interstellar medium
• The COS Absorption Survey of Baryon Harbors: Unveiling the Physical Conditions of Circumgalactic Gas through Multiphase Bayesian Ionization Modeling
• Galactic Winds with MUSE: A Direct Detection of FeII* Emission from a z = 1.29 Galaxy
• The Spatially Resolved Dust-to-Metals Ratio in M101
• H-alpha and Free-Free Emission from the WIM
• The Resolved Distributions of Dust Mass and Temperature in Local Group Galaxies
• Photoionization modeling of oxygen K absorption in the interstellar medium:the Chandra grating spectra of XTE J1817-330
• The COS CGM Compendium (CCC). I: Survey Design and Initial Results
• Atomic Data Revisions for Transitions Relevant to Observations of Interstellar, Circumgalactic, and Intergalactic Matter
• Modeling dust emission in the Magellanic Clouds with Spitzer and Herschel
• Galaxies Probing Galaxies at High Resolution: Co-Rotating Gas Associated with a Milky Way Analog at z=0.4
• On Internal and External Alignment of Dust Grains in Protostellar Environments
• METAL: The Metal Evolution, Transport, and Abundance in the Large Magellanic Cloud Hubble program. II. Variations of interstellar depletions and dust-to-gas ratio within the LMC
• Tracing Interstellar Heating: An ALCHEMI Measurement of the HCN Isomers in NGC 253
• RAMSES-RTZ: Non-Equilibrium Metal Chemistry and Cooling Coupled to On-The-Fly Radiation Hydrodynamics
• Neutral Gas Properties and Ly$\alpha$ Escape in Extreme Green Pea Galaxies
• Dust absorption and scattering in the silicon K-edge
• THEMIS 2.0: A self-consistent model for dust extinction, emission, and polarisation
• Maximally dusty star-forming galaxies: Supernova dust production and recycling in Local Group and high-redshift galaxies
• METAL: The Metal Evolution, Transport, and Abundance in the Large Magellanic Cloud Hubble program. I. Overview and Initial Results
• Absorption and scattering by interstellar dust in the silicon K-edge of GX 5-1
• The role of C/O in nitrile astrochemistry in PDRs and planet-forming disks
• Far-infrared study of tracers of oxygen chemistry in diffuse clouds
• Radial and vertical dust transport inhibit refractory carbon depletion in protoplanetary disks
• Dust Abundance Variations in the Magellanic Clouds: Probing the Lifecycle of Metals with All-Sky Surveys
• X-ray Ionization of Heavy Elements Applied to Protoplanetary Disks
• Investigating the interstellar dust through the Fe K-edge
• Modeling C-Shock Chemistry in Isolated Molecular Outflows
• Fire in the Heart: A Characterization of the High Kinetic Temperatures and Heating Sources in the Nucleus of NGC253
• Chandra monitoring of the Galactic Centre magnetar SGR J1745-2900 during the initial 3.5 years of outburst decay
• A New and Simple Approach to Determine the Abundance of Hydrogen Molecules on Interstellar Ice Mantles
• JWST Observations of Young protoStars (JOYS): overview of program and early results
• AB Aur, a Rosetta stone for studies of planet formation (I): chemical study of a planet-forming disk
• The Nature of Ionized Gas in the Milky Way Galactic Fountain
• Galaxies Probing Galaxies in PRIMUS - II. The Coherence Scale of the Cool Circumgalactic Medium
• Nautilus multi-grain model: Importance of cosmic-ray-induced desorption in determining the chemical abundances in the ISM
• The Quest for the Missing Dust: II -- Two Orders of Magnitude of Evolution in the Dust-to-Gas Ratio Resolved Within Local Group Galaxies
• MgII in the JWST Era: a Probe of Lyman Continuum Escape?
• Magnesium and silicon in interstellar dust: an X-ray overview
• Dust in the Wind: Composition and Kinematics of Galaxy Outflows at the Peak Epoch of Star Formation
• A Principal component analysis of the diffuse interstellar bands
• A new galactic chemical evolution model with dust: results for dwarf irregular galaxies and DLA systems
• Forbidden Iron Lines and Dust Destruction in Supernova Remnant Shocks: The Case of N49 in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Dust depletion of metals from local to distant galaxies I: Peculiar nucleosynthesis effects and grain growth in the ISM
• First Time-dependent Study of H2 and H3+ Ortho-Para Chemistry in the Diffuse Interstellar Medium: Observations Meet Theoretical Predictions
• The cosmic dust rate across the Universe
• Discovery of Rapidly Moving Partial X-ray Absorbers within gamma Cassiopeiae
• Suzaku and NuSTAR X-Ray Spectroscopy of gamma Cas and HD110432
• The EDIBLES survey IV. Cosmic ray ionization rates in diffuse clouds from near-ultraviolet observations of interstellar OH${}^{+}$
• The effect of non-equilibrium metal cooling on the interstellar medium
• Feeding the fire: Tracing the mass-loading of 10^7 K galactic outflows with O VI absorption
• Physical Conditions in Barnard's Loop, Components of the Orion-Eridanus Bubble, and Implications for the WIM Component of the ISM
• Near-infrared emission line diagnostics for AGN from the local Universe to redshift 3
• HST Emission Line Galaxies at z ~ 2: The Mystery of Neon
• Chemical Abundances in the Leading Arm of the Magellanic Stream
• The Mean Metal-line Absorption Spectrum of DLAs in BOSS
• The Behavior of Selected Diffuse Interstellar Bands with Molecular Fraction in Diffuse Atomic and Molecular Clouds
• About Metallicity Variations in the Local Galactic Interstellar Medium
• The radial abundance gradient of chlorine in the Milky Way
• The EDIBLES survey III. C2-DIBs and their profiles
• The initial gas-phase sulfur abundance in the Orion Molecular Cloud from sulfur radio recombination lines
• Energizing Star Formation: The Cosmic Ray Ionization Rate in NGC 253 Derived From ALCHEMI Measurements of H${}_3$O${}^{+}$ and SO
• The essential elements of dust evolution: A viable solution to the interstellar oxygen depletion problem?
• Oxygen and iron in interstellar dust: an X-ray investigation
• Atomic data for S II - Toward Better Diagnostics of Chemical Evolution in High-redshift Galaxies
• Some Stars are Totally Metal: A New Mechanism Driving Dust Across Star-Forming Clouds, and Consequences for Planets, Stars, and Galaxies
• Resolving the Dust-to-Metals Ratio and CO-to-H${}_2$ Conversion Factor in the Nearby Universe
• The X-ray catalog of spectroscopically identified Galactic O stars: Investigating the dependence of X-ray luminosity on stellar and wind parameters
• MusE GAs FLOw and Wind (MEGAFLOW) V. The dust/metallicity-anisotropy of the Circum-Galactic Medium
• Chemical complexity of phosphorous bearing species in various regions of the Interstellar medium
• KODIAQ-Z: Metals and Baryons in the Cool Intergalactic and Circumgalactic Gas at 2.2<z<3.6
• MusE GAs FLOw and Wind (MEGAFLOW) IV: A two sightline tomography of a galactic wind
• Photoionisation and Heating of a Supernova Driven, Turbulent, Interstellar Medium
• The Fe/Ni ratio in ionized nebulae: clues on dust depletion patterns
• The Cocoon Nebula and its ionizing star: do stellar and nebular abundances agree?
• Galaxies with grains: unraveling dust evolution and extinction curves with hydrodynamical simulations
• Methyl cyanide (CH3CN) and propyne (CH3CCH) in the low mass protostar IRAS 16293-2422
• Carbon gas in SMC low-metallicity star-forming regions
• Inside-Out Planet Formation. V. Structure of the Inner Disk as Implied by the MRI
• Subsurface chemistry of mantles of interstellar dust grains in dark molecular cores
• Chemical Evolution of Dwarf Irregular and Blue Compact Galaxies
• Correlation between the gas-phase metallicity and ionization parameter in extragalactic HII regions
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: the drivers of gas and stellar metallicity differences in galaxies
• The GRETOBAPE gas-phase reaction network: the importance of being exothermic
• Small-scale structure in the interstellar medium: time-varying interstellar absorption towards κ Velorum
• Radiative transfer calculations of the diffuse ionised gas in disc galaxies with cosmic ray feedback
• Thermal Pressures in the Interstellar Medium of the Magellanic Clouds
• Metals and dust in the neutral ISM: the Galaxy, Magellanic Clouds, and damped Lyman-α absorbers
• Dense gas formation in the Musca filament due to the dissipation of a supersonic converging flow
• X-shooting GRBs at high redshift: probing dust production history
• Dust emissivity and absorption cross section in DustPedia late-type galaxies
• Oxygen diffusion and reactivity at low temperature on bare amorphous olivine-type silicate
• Gas outflows in two recently quenched galaxies at z = 4 and 7
• Small-scale structure of the interstellar medium towards rho Oph stars: diffuse band observations
• Thermodynamics and Charging of Interstellar Iron Nanoparticles
• Measurement of the Oxidation state of Fe in the ISM using X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy
• Dust depletion of of metals from local to distant galaxies II: Cosmic dust-to-metal ratio and dust composition
• Dependence of the IRX-$\beta$ dust attenuation relation on metallicity and environment
• Clustering and dynamic decoupling of dust grains in turbulent molecular clouds
• A train of shocks at 3000 au scale? Exploring the clash of an expanding bubble into the NGC 1333 IRAS 4 region. SOLIS XIV
• Problems for the WELS classification of planetary nebulae central stars: Self-consistent nebular modelling of four candidates
• Destruction of dimethyl ether and methyl formate by collisions with He${}^{+}$
• Extended Carbon Line Emission in the Galaxy: Searching for Dark Molecular Gas along the G328 Sightline
• Neutral chlorine and molecular hydrogen at high redshift
• Probing the nature and origin of dust in the reddened quasar IC 4329A with global modelling from X-ray to infrared
• Shocked Interstellar clouds and dust grain destruction in the LMC Supernova Remnant N132D
• Interstellar dust along the line of sight of GX 3+1
• Accurate Oxygen Abundance of Interstellar Gas in Mrk 71 from Optical and Infrared Spectra
• Quantifying the chemical desorption of H${}_2$S and PH${}_3$ from amorphous water ice surfaces
• Kinetic Tomography I: A Method for Mapping the Milky Way's Interstellar Medium in Four Dimensions
• The Mg II 2797, 2803 emission in low-metallicity star-forming galaxies from the SDSS
• The Role of Radiolysis in the Modelling of C${}_2$H${}_4$O${}_2$ Isomers and Dimethyl Ether in Cold Dark Clouds
• Sulphur in the Sculptor dwarf spheroidal galaxy - Including NLTE corrections
• The 21cm "Outer Arm" and the Outer-Galaxy High-Velocity Clouds: Connected by Kinematics, Metallicity, and Distance
• The chemical signature of surviving Population III stars in the Milky Way
• IFU spectroscopy of Southern Planetary Nebulae IV: A Physical Model for IC 418
• A Dusty Locale: Evolution of Galactic Dust Populations from Milky Way to Dwarf-Mass Galaxies
• Buckyball-metal complexes as promising carriers of astronomical unidentified infrared emission bands
• Interstellar Silicon Depletion and the Ultraviolet Extinction
• Cosmic metal density evolution in neutral gas: insights from observations and cosmological simulations
• Temperature spectra of interstellar dust grains heated by cosmic-rays I: translucent clouds
• Rotational spectra of vibrationally excited AlO and TiO in oxygen rich stars
• [Fe XIV] and [Fe XI] reveal the forward shock in SNR 1E0102.2-7219
• X-ray extinction from interstellar dust: Prospects of observing carbon, sulfur and other trace elements
• The Origin of Cosmic Rays: How Their Composition Defines Their Sources and Sites, and the Processes of Their Mixing, Injection and Acceleration
• Physical Modeling of Dust Polarization from Magnetically Enhanced Radiative Torque (MRAT) Alignment in Protostellar Cores with POLARIS
• Distances to Galactic OB-stars: Photometry vs. Parallax
• Cold gas in the early Universe. Survey for neutral atomic-carbon in GRB host galaxies at 1 < z < 6 from optical afterglow spectroscopy
• The water abundance behind interstellar shocks: results from $Herschel$/PACS and $Spitzer$/IRS observations of H${}_2$O, CO, and H${}_2$
• What drives the scatter of local star-forming galaxies in the BPT diagrams? A Machine Learning based analysis
• On the use of Sulphur as a tracer for abundances in galaxies
• A Lyman limit system associated with galactic winds
• Detection of Interstellar C_2 and C_3 in the Small Magellanic Cloud
• A high molecular fraction in a sub-damped absorber at z=0.56
• Early metal enrichment of gas-rich galaxies at z~5
• Grain Destruction in a Supernova Remnant Shock Wave
• The cosmic build-up of dust and metals. Accurate abundances from GRB-selected star-forming galaxies at $1.7<z<6.3$
• Atomic data for Zn II - Improving Spectral Diagnostics of Chemical Evolution in High-redshift Galaxies
• Gauging Metallicity of Diffuse Gas Under An Uncertain Ionizing Radiation Field
• Optical and JWST Mid-IR Emission Line Diagnostics for Simultaneous IMBH and Stellar Excitation in z~0 Dwarf Galaxies
• HD 62542: Probing the Bare, Dense Core of a Translucent Interstellar Cloud
• Incidence of HI 21-cm absorption in strong FeII systems at $0.5<z<1.5$
• MUSE-ALMA Haloes VIII: Statistical Study of Circumgalactic Medium Gas
• Gas inflow and outflow in an interacting high-redshift galaxy: The remarkable host environment of GRB 080810 at $z=3.35$
• Probing Structure in Cold Gas at $z\lesssim 1$ with Gravitationally Lensed Quasar Sight Lines
• Bootstrapping dielectronic recombination from second-row elements and the Orion Nebula
• Modeling dust emission in PN IC 418
• Water and Methanol Ice in L1544
• Gas phase metallicity determinations in nearby AGNs with SDSS-IV MaNGA: evidence of metal poor accretion
• Reproducing the CO-to-H${}_2$ conversion factor in cosmological simulations of Milky Way-mass galaxies
• The chemical connection between damped Lyman-α systems and Local Group dwarf galaxies
• AB Aur, a Rosetta stone for studies of planet formation (II): H${}_2$S detection and sulfur budget
• Keck and VLT Observations of Super-damped Lyman-alpha Absorbers at z=2=2.5: Constraints on Chemical Compositions and Physical Conditions
• Quasar 2175 Å dust absorbers I: metallicity, depletion pattern, and kinematics
• Abundances and Depletions of Neutron-Capture Elements in the Interstellar Medium
• Photoionized Herbig-Haro objects in the Orion Nebula through deep high-spectral resolution spectroscopy III: HH514
• Large Interstellar Polarisation Survey II. UV/optical study of cloud-to-cloud variations of dust in the diffuse ISM
• Heteroatom-doped hydrogenated amorphous carbons, a-C:H:X 'Volatile' silicon, sulphur and nitrogen depletion, blue photoluminescence, diffuse interstellar bands and ferro-magnetic carbon grain connections (Research Note)
• Dense molecular clouds in the SN2008fp host galaxy
• Oxygen-enhanced extremely metal-poor DLAs: A signpost of the first stars?
• Interstellar Extinction and Elemental Abundances
• Kinematics, Structure, and Mass Outflow Rates of Extreme Starburst Galactic Outflows
• New constraints on the nature and origin of the Leading Arm of the Magellanic Stream
• Gas-phase Fe/O and Fe/N abundances in Star-Forming Regions. Relations between nucleosynthesis, metallicity and dust
• Separate silicate and carbonaceous solids formed from mixed atomic and molecular species diffusing in neon ice
• Interstellar Ti II in the Milky Way and Magellanic Clouds
• Isocyanic acid (HNCO) in the Hot Molecular Core G331.512-0.103: Observations and Chemical Modelling
• Late-time cosmic evolution of dust: solving the puzzle
• The physics and kinematics of the evolved, interacting planetary nebula PN G342.0-01.7
• The Distribution of Metallicities in the Local Galactic Interstellar Medium
• Using cm Observations to Constrain the Abundance of Very Small Dust Grains in Galactic Cold Cores
• High Dust Depletion in Two Intervening Quasar Absorption Line Systems with the 2175-Å Extinction Bump at $z\sim 1.4$
• Tracing the atomic nitrogen abundance in star-forming regions with ammonia deuteration
• An Upper Bound to the Space Density of Interstellar Comets
• ALMA Reveals Potential Localized Dust Enrichment from Massive Star Clusters in II Zw 40
• Dark dust II: Properties in the general field of the diffuse ISM
• Benchmarking Dust Emission Models in M101
• Interstellar oxygen along the line of sight of Cygnus X-2
• IFU spectroscopy of Southern PNe: VII Photo-ionization modelling of intermediate excitation class objects
• Over-sized gas clumps in an extremely-metal-poor molecular cloud revealed by ALMA's pc-scale maps
• Tracing shock type with chemical diagnostics: an application to L1157
• SiS formation in the interstellar medium through Si+SH gas phase reactions
• Ionized gas properties of the extreme starburst galaxy Haro 11. Temperature and metal abundance discrepancies
• Adaptive Optics Imaging of a Massive Galaxy Associated with a Metal-rich Absorber
• A Closer Look at Some Gas-Phase Depletions in the ISM: Trends for O, Ge, and Kr vs. $F_{\ast }$, $f({\mathrm{H}}_2)$, and Starlight Intensity
• Sub-damped Lyman alpha systems in the XQ-100 survey II -- Chemical evolution at 2.4<z<4.3
• Element Abundances in a Gas-rich Galaxy at z = 5: Clues to the Early Chemical Enrichment of Galaxies
• Dust destruction in non-radiative shocks
• Galactic dust evolution with rapid dust formation in the interstellar medium due to hypersonic turbulence
• A High Precision Survey of the D/H Ratio in the Nearby Interstellar Medium
• Bayesian inference of three-dimensional gas maps: II. Galactic HI
• Spatial Variation in Strong Line Ratios and Physical Conditions in Two Strongly-Lensed Galaxies at z~1.4
• Dust-depletion sequences in damped Ly-α absorbers II. The composition of cosmic dust, from low-metallicity systems to the Galaxy
• The turbulent life of dust grains in the supernova-driven, multi-phase interstellar medium
• Missing Fe: hydrogenated iron nanoparticles
• Chemical evolution of the gas in C-type shocks in dark clouds
• The Oxygen Abundance in the Solar Neighborhood
• Influence of galactic arm scale dynamics on the molecular composition of the cold and dense ISM I. Observed abundance gradients in dense clouds
• Metal-enriched Galaxies in the First ~1 Billion Years: Evidence of a Smooth Metallicity Evolution at z ~ 5
• Modelling the Spatial Distribution and Origin of CO Gas in Debris Disks
• The ultra-long GRB 220627A at z=3.08
• Dust abundance and grain size in galaxy halos
• Wide-field CO isotopologue emission and the CO-to-H${}_2$ factor across the nearby spiral galaxy M101
• Astrochemical models of interstellar ices: History matters
• PDRs4All. X. ALMA and JWST detection of neutral carbon in the externally irradiated disk d203-506: Undepleted gas-phase carbon
• The mass-metallicity and fundamental metallicity relations in non-AGN and AGN-host galaxies
• X-ray and optical spectroscopic study of a gamma Cassiopeiae analog source pi Aquarii
• Photoionization of astrophysically relevant atomic ions at PIPE
• The effects of local stellar radiation and dust depletion on non-equilibrium interstellar chemistry
• GA-NIFS: A galaxy-wide outflow in a Compton-thick mini-BAL quasar at z = 3.5 probed in emission and absorption
• Unveiling the environment surrounding LMXB SAX J1808.4-3658
• Diagnosing the interstellar medium of galaxies with far-infrared emission lines I. The [C II] 158 microns line at z~0
• Statistical study of uncertainties in the diffusion rate of species on interstellar ice and its impact on chemical model predictions
• Investigating the hot molecular core, G10.47+0.03: A pit of nitrogen-bearing complex organic molecules
• Interstellar Extinction and Elemental Abundances: Individual Sight Lines
• Chemical abundances in Seyfert galaxies X. Sulphur abundance estimates
• Dust Survival in Galactic Winds
• Sensitivity Analysis of Aromatic Chemistry to Gas-Phase Kinetics in a Dark Molecular Cloud Model
• New Ionization Models and the Shocking Nitrogen Excess at z > 5
• Synthetic molecular line observations of the first hydrostatic core from chemical calculations
• Oscillator Strengths for Ultraviolet Transitions in P II -The Multiplet at 1308 Å
• A Dusty Dawn: Galactic Dust Buildup at $z\gtrsim 5$
• Optical tweezers in a dusty universe
• Astrochemical Modeling of Propargyl Radical Chemistry in TMC-1
• Seven broad absorption line quasars with excess broad band absorption near 2250 Å
• Detection of Dust in High-Velocity Cloud Complex C -- Enriched Gas Accreting onto the Milky Way
• The missing FeII bump in faint JWST AGN: possible evidence for metal-poor broad-line regions at early cosmic times
• Theoretical modelling of the adsorption of neutral and charged sulphur-bearing species on to olivine nanoclusters
• Galactic archaeology at high redshift: inferring the nature of GRB host galaxies from abundances
• Variations between Dust and Gas in the Diffuse Interstellar Medium. 2. Search for Cold Gas
• Astrochemical Kinetic Grid Models of Groups of Observed Molecular Abundances: Taurus Molecular Cloud 1 (TMC-1)
• Interstellar Dust Close to the Sun
• Tracking the ice mantle history in the Solar-type Protostars of NGC 1333 IRAS 4
• Diverse metallicities of Fermi bubble clouds indicate dual origins in the disk and halo
• Chemical abundances in the protoplanetary disk LV2 (Orion) - II: High dispersion VLT observations and microjet properties
• JOYS: The [D/H] abundance derived from protostellar outflows across the Galactic disk measured with JWST
• Measuring the Local ISM along the Sight Lines of the Two Voyager Spacecraft with HST/STIS
• Evidence for Fluorescent Fe II Emission from Extended Low Ionization Outflows in Obscured Quasars
• VLT/UVES observations of peculiar alpha abundances in a sub-DLA at z ~ 1.8 towards the quasar B1101-26
• No evidence for feedback: Unexceptional Low-ionization winds in Host galaxies of Low Luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei at Redshift z ~1
• Molecules in the carbon-rich protoplanetary nebula CRL 2688
• On the grain-size distribution of turbulent dust growth
• Caught in the Act: A Metal-Rich High-Velocity Cloud in the Inner Galaxy
• On the dust properties of high redshift molecular clouds and the connection to the 2175 Å extinction bump
• Herschel dust emission as a probe of starless cores mass: MCLD 123.5+24.9 of the Polaris Flare
• Soft and hard X-ray dips in the light curves of gamma Cassiopeiae
• The efficiency of grain growth in the diffuse interstellar medium
• Modelling the evolution and influence of dust in cosmological simulations that include the cold phase of the interstellar medium
• Non-Equilibrium Abundances Treated Holistically (NEATH): the molecular composition of star-forming clouds
• Constraints on interstellar dust models from extinction and spectro-polarimetry
• MOSFIRE and LDSS3 Spectroscopy for an [OII] Blob at z=1.18: Gas Outflow and Energy Source
• Chemical compositions of five Planck cold clumps
• Dust depletion of Ca and Ti in QSO absorption line systems
• A Reexamination of Phosphorus and Chlorine Depletions in the Diffuse Interstellar Medium
• The hot interstellar medium towards 4U 1820-30: a Bayesian analysis
• Scattering polarization of 3-$\mu$m water-ice feature by large icy grains
• Self-Consistent Grain Depletions and Abundances II: Effects on strong-line diagnostics of extragalactic H II regions
• Are the Formation and Abundances of Metal-Poor Stars the Result of Dust Dynamics?
• Hybrid-chimes: A model for radiative cooling and the abundances of ions and molecules in simulations of galaxy formation
• Ice Age : Chemo-dynamical modeling of Cha-MMS1 to predict new solid-phase species for detection with JWST
• On the Cosmic Evolution of Fe/Mg in QSO Absorption Line Systems
• Interpreting the Si II and C II line spectra from the COS Legacy Spectroscopic SurveY using a virtual galaxy from a high-resolution radiation-hydrodynamic simulation
• Evolution of the grain size distribution in Milky Way-like galaxies in post-processed IllustrisTNG simulations
• Why Are Some Gamma-Ray Bursts Hosted by Oxygen-rich Galaxies?
• Cold gas mass measurements for the era of large optical spectroscopic surveys
• The Transition from Diffuse Molecular Gas to Molecular Cloud Material in Taurus
• First results from the JWST Early Release Science Program Q3D: Benchmark Comparison of Optical and Mid-IR Tracers of a Dusty, Ionized Red Quasar Wind at z=0.435
• On Carbon Nanotubes in the Interstellar Medium
• The high-velocity clouds above the disk of the outer Milky Way: misty precipitating gas in a region roiled by stellar streams
• A spectral survey of CH3CCH in the Hot Molecular Core G331.512-0.103
• JADES -- The small blue bump in GN-z11: insights into the nuclear region of a galaxy at z=10.6
• On Modelling Sputtering of Interstellar Grain Ices
• Far-ultraviolet Dust Extinction and Molecular Hydrogen in the Diffuse Milky Way Interstellar Medium
• The initial magnetic criticality of prestellar cores
• Small-scale clustering of nano-dust grains in supersonic turbulence
• Kpc-scale properties of dust temperature in terms of dust mass and star formation activity
• Evolution of Chemistry in the envelope of Hot Corinos (ECHOS). I. Extremely young sulphur chemistry in the isolated Class 0 object B335
• Dust growth by accretion of molecules in supersonic interstellar turbulence
• Modeling the processing of interstellar ices by energetic particles
• The Baltimore Oriole's Nest: Cool Winds from the Inner and Outer Parts of a Star-Forming Galaxy at z=1.3
• A Compact High Velocity Cloud near the Magellanic Stream: Metallicity and Small-Scale Structure
• The apparent anti-correlation between the mass opacity of interstellar dust and the surface-density of interstellar gas
• High-Resolution X-Ray Spectroscopy of Interstellar Iron Toward Cygnus X-1 and GX 339-4
• Chandra X-ray Measurement of Gas-phase Heavy Element Abundances in the Central Parsec of the Galaxy
• Binding Energies and Vibrational Spectral Features of S${}_n$ Species on Amorphous Water-ice Mantles: A Quantum Mechanical Study
• Presolar grains
• Design and Implementation of a New Apparatus for Astrochemistry: Kinetic Measurements of the CH + OCS Reaction and Frequency Comb Spectroscopy in a Cold Uniform Supersonic Flow
• Supernova dust destruction in the magnetized turbulent ISM
• A search for the three isomers of cyano-1,3-butadiene in TMC-1: Implications for bottom-up routes involving 1,3-butadiene
• UV Spectral Synthesis of Vega
• Chemical variations across the TMC-1 boundary: molecular tracers from translucent phase to dense phase
• The role of OH in the chemical evolution of protoplanetary disks II. Gas-rich environments
• New routes for PN destruction and formation in the ISM via neutral-neutral gas-phase reactions and an extended database for reactions involving phosphorus
• Diffuse Interstellar Bands: How Are They Related to Known Gas-Phase Constituents of the ISM?
• Synthetic Modelling of Polarized Dust Emission in Intermediate-Mass YSOs: I: Constraining the Role of Iron Inclusions and Inelastic Relaxation on Grain Alignment with ALMA Polarization
• Binding energies of ethanol and ethylamine on interstellar water ices: synergy between theory and experiments
• The intrinsic reddening of the Magellanic Clouds as traced by background galaxies -- III. The Large Magellanic Cloud
• The Interstellar Line of Sight to the Interacting Galaxy NGC 5195
• Chemical diversity of gas in distant galaxies: The metal and dust enrichment and variations within absorbing galaxies
• Interstellar absorption and dust scattering
• A Sub-Damped Ly$\alpha$ Absorber with Unusual Abundances: Evidence of Gas Recycling in a Low-Redshift Galaxy Group
• MUSE-ALMA Haloes IX: Morphologies and Stellar Properties of Gas-rich Galaxies
• Chemical exploration of Galactic cold cores
• Shaken or stirred: the diffuse interstellar medium with exceptionally high SiO abundance
• Chemical evolution of galaxies with radiation-driven dust wind
• Detection of Deuterated Hydrocarbon Nanoparticles in the Whirlpool Galaxy, M51
• Cosmic evolution of grain size distribution in galaxies using the ${\nu }^2$GC semi-analytic model
• Thirty-Three New Stellar Angular Diameters from the NPOI, and Nearly 180 NPOI Diameters as an Ensemble
• Thermal Pressure in Diffuse H2 Gas Measured by Herschel [C II] Emission and FUSE UV H2 Absorption
• Near K-Edge Photoionization and Photoabsorption of Singly, Doubly, and Triply Charged Silicon Ions
• XRISM insights for interstellar Sulfur
• Spatially Resolved Circumgalactic Medium around a Star-Forming Galaxy Driving a Galactic Outflow at $z\approx 0.8$
• Chemical abundances of Young Massive Clusters in NGC 1313
• Confirmation of the outflow in L1451-mm: SiO line and CH${}_3$OH maser detections
• Influence of galactic arm scale dynamics on the molecular composition of the cold and dense ISM III. Elemental depletion and shortcomings of the current physico-chemical models
• Potential contributions of Pop III and intermediate-mass Pop II stars to cosmic chemical enrichment
• Condition for dust evacuation from the first galaxies
• High-resolution SOFIA/EXES Spectroscopy of Water Absorption Lines in the Massive Young Binary W3 IRS 5
• The present-day cosmic phosphorus abundance
• Warm ISM in the Sgr A Complex. II. The [C/N] abundance ratio traced by [CII] 158 um and [NII] 205 um observations toward the Arched Filaments at the Galactic center
• Mapping the Cosmic-Ray Ionization Rate in the Local Galaxy with H${}_3^{+}$
• Far-infrared emission of massive stars
• Self-consistent grain depletions and abundances I: The Orion Nebula as a test case
• The galaxy counterpart of the high-metallicity and 16 kpc impact parameter DLA towards Q0918+1636 - a challenge to galaxy formation models?
• A Simulated Galaxy Laboratory: Exploring the Observational Effects on UV Spectral Absorption Line Measurements
• Directly Imaging the Cooling Flow in the Phoenix Cluster
• On the Absorption Properties of Metallic Needles
• The Diversity of Metal-Enrichment and Abundance Patterns at High Redshift: A Magellan Survey of Gas-rich Galaxies Traced by Damped Lyman-alpha Absorbers at z~5
• ISM enrichment and local pollution in dwarf galaxies
• Titanium hidden in dust
• Constraining gas metal mixing strength in simulations using observations of the Milky Way's disc
• Dust SEDs in Milky Way-like galaxies in the IllustrisTNG simulations based on the evolution of grain size distribution
• Cloudy-Maraston: Integrating nebular continuum and line emission with the Maraston stellar population synthesis models
• On the Metallicities and Kinematics of the Circumgalactic Media of Damped Ly$\alpha$ Systems at $z\sim 2.5$
• Addressing the [O III]/H\b{eta} Offset of Dwarf Galaxies in the RESOLVE Survey
• Associating LOFAR Galactic Faraday structures with the warm neutral medium
• A Global Census of Metals in the Universe
• KBSS-InCLOSE I: Design and First Results from the Inner CGM of QSO Line Of Sight Emitting Galaxies at z~2-3
• Do cement nanoparticles exist in space ?
• Investigating silicate, carbon, and water in the diffuse interstellar medium: the first shots from WISCI
• The MOSDEF Survey: Probing Resolved Stellar Populations at $z\sim 2$ Using a New Bayesian-defined Morphology Metric Called Patchiness
• In Search of an Interface between Warm and Hot Gas within the Local Bubble
• Vintage NPOI: New and Updated Angular Diameters for 145 Stars
• Physical properties of circumnuclear ionising clusters. I. NGC 7742
• Silicon and iron dust in gamma-ray burst host galaxy absorbers
• Observational studies on S-bearing molecules in massive star forming regions
• SDSS J1059+4251, a highly magnified z ~ 2.8 star-forming galaxy: ESI observations of the rest-frame UV spectrum
• Carbonates and ices in the $z=0.89$ galaxy-absorber towards PKS 1830-211 and within star-forming regions of the Milky Way
• Emission Line Diagnostics for IMBHs in Dwarf Galaxies: Accounting for BH Seeding and ULX Excitation
• Absorption line abundances in the SMC-like galaxy UGC 5282: evidence for ISM dilution from inflows on kiloparsec scales
• Interstellar Absorption Lines in the Direction of the Cataclysmic Variable SS Cygni
• Gas-phase condensation of carbonated silicate grains
• The Quest for the Missing Dust: I -- Restoring Large Scale Emission in Herschel Maps of Local Group Galaxies
• OH${}^{+}$ emission from cometary knots in planetary nebulae
• Probing the Interstellar Dust in Galaxies over > 10 Gyr of Cosmic History
• Chemical templates of the Central Molecular Zone. Shock and protostellar object signatures under Galactic Center conditions
• Investigating chemical variations between interstellar gas clouds in the Solar neighbourhood
• New constraints on the initial parameters of low-mass star formation from chemical modeling
• The Discovery and Origin of A Very-High Velocity Cloud Toward M33
• MARTA: The connection between chemical enrichment, feedback, and dust in a Wolf-Rayet galaxy at z$\sim$2
• The EDIBLES survey VI. Searching for time variations of interstellar absorption features
• Photometric Mapping of Carbonaceous/Siliceous Dust and Water Ice in the ISM with JWST: Applications to the Dense Sightlines
• Ashes of FIRE: Modeling Dust Grain Size Evolution in the Local Group with FIRE
• Transit distances and composition of low-velocity exocomets in the $\beta$ Pic system
• Chlorine and Sulfur in Nearby Planetary Nebulae and H II Regions
• The Binding Energies of Atoms on Amorphous Silicate Dust: A Computational Study
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) XII: Inferring the C/O and S/H ratios in Protoplanetary Disks with Sulfur Molecules
• Cosmic dust VIII
• GRB 180325A: dust grain-size distribution and interstellar iron nanoparticles contribution
• A sensitivity analysis of interstellar ice chemistry in astrochemical models
• Kinematic analysis of an Ultra-Strong MgII absorber at z~1.13 linking to Circumgalactic Gas Structures
• The Warm-Hot Disk-Halo Interface Below the Perseus Spiral Arm
• Observed cosmic evolution of galaxy dust properties with metallicity and tensions with models
• From the Circumnuclear Disk in the Galactic Center to thick, obscuring tori of AGNs -- Modelling the molecular emission of a parsec-scale torus as found in NGC1068
• Chemical abundances in Seyfert galaxies -- VII. Direct abundance determination of neon based on optical and infrared emission lines
• The Si+SO${}_2$ collision and an extended network of neutral-neutral reactions between silicon and sulphur bearing species
• Diverse stages of star formation in the IRAS 18162-2048 region. Emergence of UV Feedback
• Carbon chain diversity in L1544 and IRAS 16293-2422: an astrochemical pathfinder study for the SKAO
• Acceleration and clustering of cosmic dust in a gravoturbulent gas -- I. Numerical simulation of the nearly Jeans-unstable case
• Common Excitation Patterns of Star Formation, Active Galactic Nuclei, and Shocks in Seyfert Galaxies
• An 18 - 25 GHz spectroscopic survey of southern hemisphere dense cores
• The Effect of an Inert Solid Reservoir on Molecular Abundances in Dense Interstellar Clouds
• Connecting the dusty dots: dust depletion and extinction of local interstellar clouds
• Chemistry of Dark Molecular Clouds
• A z$\sim$1 galactic-scale outflow transversally mapped to $\sim$50 kpc through gravitational-arc tomography
• The optical constants and grain sizes of interstellar dust measured directly using the dust scattered x-ray halo of GRB 221009A
• The cosmic journey of dust grains -- from nucleation to planetary system
• Ice coverage of dust grains in cold astrophysical environments