The Quest for the Missing Dust: I -- Restoring Large Scale Emission in Herschel Maps of Local Group Galaxies

Abstract

Because the galaxies of the Local Group have such large angular sizes, much of their diffuse, large-angular-scale emission is filtered out by the Herschel data reduction process. In this work, we restore this previously missed dust in Herschel observations of the Large Magellanic Cloud, Small Magellanic Cloud, M31, and M33. We do this by combining Herschel data (including new reductions for the Magellanic Clouds), in Fourier space, with lower-resolution data from all-sky surveys (Planck, IRAS, and COBE) that did not miss the extended emission. With these new maps, we find that a significant amount of emission was missing from uncorrected Herschel data of these galaxies; over 20% in some bands. Our new photometry also resolves the disagreement between fluxes reported from older HERITAGE Magellanic Cloud Herschel reductions, and fluxes reported from other telescopes. More emission is restored in shorter wavelength bands, especially in the galaxies' peripheries, making these regions 20-40% bluer than before. We also find that the Herschel-PACS instrument response conflicts with the all-sky data, over the 20-90' angular scales to which they are both sensitive, by up to 31%. By binning our new data based on hydrogen column density, we are able to detect emission from dust at low ISM densities (at ${\Sigma }_{\mathrm{H}}<1{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }\mathrm{p}{\mathrm{c}}^{-2}$ in some cases), and are able to detect emission at much lower densities (a factor of 2.2 lower on average, and more than a factor of 7 lower in several cases) than was possible with uncorrected data.

arXiv commentAccepted for publication in ApJ

References in corpus (101)

• Array Programming with NumPy
• Astropy: A Community Python Package for Astronomy
• The NumPy array: a structure for efficient numerical computation
• The Sloan Digital Sky Survey: Technical Summary
• HEALPix -- a Framework for High Resolution Discretization, and Fast Analysis of Data Distributed on the Sphere
• Binary companions of evolved stars in APOGEE DR14: Search method and catalog of ~5,000 companions
• Herschel Space Observatory - An ESA facility for far-infrared and submillimetre astronomy
• The Spitzer Space Telescope Mission
• The SIMBAD astronomical database
• The Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer (PACS) on the Herschel Space Observatory
• The Herschel-SPIRE instrument and its in-flight performance
• SDSS-III: Massive Spectroscopic Surveys of the Distant Universe, the Milky Way Galaxy, and Extra-Solar Planetary Systems
• The CO-to-H2 Conversion Factor
• HI4PI: A full-sky HI survey based on EBHIS and GASS
• The VizieR database of Astronomical Catalogues
• A Quantitative Comparison of SMC, LMC, and Milky Way UV to NIR Extinction Curves
• Observations of the Icy Universe
• HyperLEDA. III. The catalogue of extragalactic distances
• A Unified Representation of Gas-Phase Element Depletions in the Interstellar Medium
• Spitzer Survey of the Large Magellanic Cloud, Surveying the Agents of a Galaxy's Evolution (SAGE) I: Overview and Initial Results
• HERACLES: The HERA CO-Line Extragalactic Survey
• Planck Early Results: The Planck mission
• COLD GASS, an IRAM legacy survey of molecular gas in massive galaxies: I. Relations between H2, HI, stellar content and structural properties
• The Spitzer Local Volume Legacy: Survey Description and Infrared Photometry
• IRIS: A new generation of IRAS maps
• Common-Resolution Convolution Kernels for Space- and Ground-Based Telescopes
• The Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Treasury
• Herschel Detects a Massive Dust Reservoir in Supernova 1987A
• CMasher: Scientific colormaps for making accessible, informative and 'cmashing' plots
• SCUBA-2: iterative map-making with the Sub-Millimetre User Reduction Facility
• The global dust modelling framework THEMIS (The Heterogeneous dust Evolution Model for Interstellar Solids)
• Hi-GAL, the Herschel infrared Galactic Plane Survey: photometric maps and compact source catalogues. First data release for Inner Milky Way: +68°> l > -70°
• The Magellanic Mopra Assessment (MAGMA). I. The Molecular Cloud Population of the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Scanamorphos: a map-making software for Herschel and similar scanning bolometer arrays
• Planck 2015 results. VIII. High Frequency Instrument data processing: Calibration and maps
• An excess of massive stars in the local 30 Doradus starburst
• Non-Standard Grain Properties, Dark Gas Reservoir, and Extended Submillimeter Excess, Probed by Herschel in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• The Spitzer Survey of the Small Magellanic Cloud: FIR Emission and Cold Gas in the SMC
• Giant Molecular Clouds in M33 -- II. High Resolution Observations
• The Herschel-ATLAS Data Release 1 Paper I: Maps, Catalogues and Number Counts
• The effect of violent star formation on the state of the molecular gas in M82
• ISM Properties in Low-Metallicity Environments II. The Dust Spectral Energy Distribution of NGC 1569
• The Herschel Reference Survey: Dust in Early-Type Galaxies and Across the Hubble Sequence
• A Herschel PACS and SPIRE study of the dust content of the Cassiopeia A supernova remnant
• A Cool Dust Factory in the Crab Nebula: A Herschel Study of the Filaments
• Spitzer/MIPS Infrared Imaging of M31: Further Evidence for a Spiral/Ring Composite Structure
• The Herschel-PACS photometer calibration: Point-source flux calibration for scan maps
• Molecular gas in the Andromeda galaxy
• Dust and Gas in the Magellanic Clouds from the HERITAGE Herschel Key Project. I. Dust Properties and Insights into the Origin of the Submm Excess Emission
• Molecular and Atomic Gas in the Local Group Galaxy M33
• Revealing the cold dust in low-metallicity environments: I - Photometry analysis of the Dwarf Galaxy Survey with Herschel
• Investigations of dust heating in M81, M83, and NGC 2403 with the Herschel Space Observatory
• A Wide-field High Resolution HI Mosaic of Messier 31: I. Opaque Atomic Gas and Star Formation Rate Density
• Planck Early Results: Origin of the submm excess dust emission in the Magellanic Clouds
• The data reduction pipeline for the Hi-GAL survey
• Modelling Dust Evolution in Galaxies with a Multiphase, Inhomogeneous ISM
• Destruction of Interstellar Dust in Evolving Supernova Remnant Shock Waves
• Dust SEDs in the era of Herschel and Planck: a Hierarchical Bayesian fitting technique
• Dust heating sources in galaxies: the case of M33 (HERM33ES)
• Submillimeter to centimeter excess emission from the Magellanic Clouds. II. On the nature of the excess
• The first release of data from the Herschel ATLAS: the SPIRE images
• Dark gas in the solar neighnorhood from extinction data
• Can dust emission be used to map the interstellar medium in high-redshift galaxies? Results from the Herschel Reference Survey
• Planck 2015 results. V. LFI calibration
• Particularly Efficient Star Formation in M33
• The Herschel Exploitation of Local Galaxy Andromeda (HELGA). I: Global far-infrared and sub-mm morphology
• Sub-millimeter to centimeter excess emission from the Magellanic Clouds. I. Global spectral energy distribution
• The ATLASGAL survey: distribution of cold dust in the Galactic plane. Combination with Planck data
• The mid-life crisis of the Milky Way and M31
• Cool dust heating and temperature mixing in nearby star-forming galaxies
• Low temperature MIR to submillimeter mass absorption coefficient of interstellar dust analogues I: Mg-rich glassy silicates
• PACS and SPIRE photometer maps of M33: First results of the Herschel M33 extended survey (HERM33ES)
• The optical properties of dust: the effects of composition, size, and structure
• Interstellar Gas-phase Element Depletions in the Small Magellanic Cloud: A Guide to Correcting for Dust in QSO Absorption Line Systems
• Kinematics of the Atomic ISM in M33 on 80 pc scales
• Low-temperature MIR to submillimeter mass absorption coefficient of interstellar dust analogues II: Mg and Fe-rich amorphous silicates
• The First Maps of ${\kappa }_d$ -- the Dust Mass Absorption Coefficient -- in Nearby Galaxies, with DustPedia
• A Dust spectral energy distribution model with hierarchical Bayesian inference. I. Formalism & benchmarking
• Comparison of the COBE FIRAS and DIRBE Calibrations
• Modeling dust emission in the Magellanic Clouds with Spitzer and Herschel
• METAL: The Metal Evolution, Transport, and Abundance in the Large Magellanic Cloud Hubble program. II. Variations of interstellar depletions and dust-to-gas ratio within the LMC
• Dust Abundance Variations in the Magellanic Clouds: Probing the Lifecycle of Metals with All-Sky Surveys
• Untangling the Nature of Spatial Variations of Cold Dust Properties in Star Forming Galaxies
• The Large Magellanic Cloud stellar content with SMASH: I. Assessing the stability of the Magellanic spiral arms
• HI filaments are cold and associated with dark molecular gas. HI4PI based estimates of the local diffuse CO-dark H2 distribution
• The star-formation law at GMC scales in M33, the Triangulum Galaxy
• TurbuStat: Turbulence Statistics in Python
• Comparison of absolute gain photometric calibration between Planck/HFI and Herschel/SPIRE at 545 and 857 GHz
• Spatially Resolved Spitzer Spectroscopy of the Starburst Nucleus in NGC 5253
• Clustering of the Diffuse Infrared Light from the COBE DIRBE maps. An all-sky survey of $C(0)$
• The Herschel Virgo Cluster Survey. XX. Dust and gas in the foreground Galactic cirrus
• Spatially resolving the dust properties and submillimetre excess in M 33
• Millimeter and Submillimeter Excess Emission in M33 revealed by Planck and LABOCA
• Unusually Luminous Giant Molecular Clouds in the Outer Disk of M33
• Foreground separation using a flexible maximum-entropy algorithm: an application to COBE data
• Bayesian method for the analysis of the dust emission in the Far-Infrared and Submillimeter
• The JCMT Gould Belt Survey: SCUBA-2 Data-Reduction Methods and Gaussian Source Recovery Analysis
• A NIKA view of two star-forming infrared dark clouds: Dust emissivity variations and mass concentration
• Deep Herschel PACS point spread functions
• Fourier-space combination of Planck and Herschel images
• The apparent anti-correlation between the mass opacity of interstellar dust and the surface-density of interstellar gas

Cited by in corpus (1)

• The HASHTAG project: The First Submillimeter Images of the Andromeda Galaxy from the Ground