Observations of the Icy Universe

Abstract

Freeze-out of the gas phase elements onto cold grains in dense interstellar and circumstellar media builds up ice mantles consisting of molecules that are mostly formed in situ (H2O, NH3, CO2, CO, CH3OH, and more). This review summarizes the detected infrared spectroscopic ice features and compares the abundances across Galactic, extragalactic, and solar system environments. A tremendous amount of information is contained in the ice band profiles. Laboratory experiments play a critical role in the analysis of the observations. Strong evidence is found for distinct ice formation stages, separated by CO freeze out at high densities. The ice bands have proven to be excellent probes of the thermal history of their environment. The evidence for the long-held idea that processing of ices by energetic photons and cosmic rays produces complex molecules is weak. Recent state of the art observations show promise for much progress in this area with planned infrared facilities.

To appear in Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, volume 53, 2015. Updated 08/May/2015: corrected numbers in elemental budget section, updated references and typos

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• Resonant infrared irradiation of CO and CH3OH interstellar ices
• Interstellar Comet 3I/ATLAS: Evidence for Galactic Cosmic Ray Processing
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• Broadband spectroscopy of astrophysical ice analogues: II. Optical constants of CO and CO${}_2$ ices in the terahertz and infrared ranges
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• Low NH${}_3$/H${}_2$O ratio in comet C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE) at 0.7 au from the Sun
• The initial magnetic criticality of prestellar cores
• In-Depth Exploration of Catalytic Sites on Amorphous Solid Water: I. The Astrosynthesis of Aminomethanol
• Photochemistry of interstellar ice forming Complex Organic Molecules
• Planet formation in chemically diverse and evolving discs -- I. Composition of planetary building blocks
• CoCCoA: Complex Chemistry in hot Cores with ALMA. The chemical evolution of acetone from ice to gas
• Assessing realistic binding energies of some essential interstellar radicals with amorphous solid water. A fully quantum chemical approach
• Understanding the impact of diffusion of CO in the astrochemical models
• Exploring the chemistry induced by energetic processing of the H2-bearing, CO-rich apolar ice layer
• On unveiling Buried Nuclei with JWST: a technique for hunting the most obscured galaxy nuclei from local to high redshift
• Infrared multiple-angle incidence resolution spectrometry for vapor-deposited amorphous water
• Ice features of low-luminosity protostars in near-infrared spectra of AKARI/IRC
• Binding Energies and Vibrational Spectral Features of S${}_n$ Species on Amorphous Water-ice Mantles: A Quantum Mechanical Study
• Signatures of UV radiation in low-mass protostars I. Origin of HCN and CN emission in the Serpens Main region
• Exploiting Network Topology for Accelerated Bayesian Inference of Grain Surface Reaction Networks
• Dust emission, extinction, and scattering in LDN 1642
• The SPHEREx Target List of Ice Sources (SPLICES)
• Robust Binding Energy Distribution Sampling on Amorphous Solid Water Models. Method testing and validation with NH3, CO and CH4
• Distribution of Water Vapor in Molecular Clouds. II
• Planetesimal formation via the streaming instability in simulations of infall dominated young disks
• Infrared band strengths of dangling OH features in amorphous water at 20 K
• Detectability of deuterated water in prestellar cores
• H2S ice sublimation dynamics: experimentally constrained binding energies, entrapment efficiencies, and snowlines
• INFRA-ICE: an ultra-high vacuum experimental station for laboratory astrochemistry
• Identification of hot gas around low-mass protostars
• Synthesis of urea on the surface of interstellar water ice clusters. A quantum chemical study
• Infrared Spectroscopic Survey of the Quiescent Medium of Nearby Clouds: II. Ice Formation and Grain Growth in Perseus and Serpens
• Interstellar Complex Organic Molecules in SiO-traced massive outflows
• A Comprehensive Study of Hydrogen Adsorbing to Amorphous Water-Ice: Defining Adsorption in Classical Molecular Dynamics
• Binding energies of ethanol and ethylamine on interstellar water ices: synergy between theory and experiments
• Constraints on the non-thermal desorption of methanol in the cold core LDN 429-C
• Chemical exploration of Galactic cold cores
• The Interstellar Medium toward the Galactic Center Source 2MASS J17470898-2829561
• The role of absorption and scattering in shaping ice bands. Spatially-resolved spectroscopy of protoplanetary disks
• Exploring refractory organics in extraterrestrial particles
• HSCO${}^{+}$ and DSCO${}^{+}$: a multi-technique approach in the laboratory for the spectroscopy of interstellar ions
• The first interferometric measurements of NH${}_2$D/NH${}_3$ ratio in hot corinos
• Computational Estimation of the Binding Energies of POx and HPOx (x=2,3) Species
• Modelling cosmic masers in C-type shock waves -- the coexistence of Class I CH3OH and 1720 MHz OH masers
• The efficient photodesorption of nitric oxide (NO) ices A laboratory astrophysics study
• The grazing angle icy protoplanetary disk PDS 453
• Protostars at Subsolar Metallicity: First Detection of Large Solid-state Complex Organic Molecules in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Discovery of two infrared objects with strong ice absorption in the AKARI slit-less spectroscopic survey of the Galactic Plane
• Ammonia, carbon dioxide and the non-detection of the 2152 cm${}^{-1}$ CO band
• The Rich JWST Spectrum of the Western Nucleus of Arp 220: Shocked Hot Core Chemistry Dominates the Inner Disk
• Dust temperature and time-dependent effects in the chemistry of photodissociation regions
• UV-processing of icy pebbles in the outer parts of VSI-turbulent disks
• Very Large Array Ammonia Observations of the HH 111/HH 121 Protostellar System: a Detection of a New Source With a Peculiar Chemistry
• Radiation-induced D/H Exchange Rate Constants in Aliphatics Embedded in Water Ice
• Volatile-rich comets ejected early on during Solar System formation
• Investigating the impact of reactions of C and CH with molecular hydrogen on a glycine gas-grain network
• The Cosmic-Ray Induced Sputtering Process On Icy Grains
• Circumplanetary disk ices II. Composition
• Diffusive vs. non-diffusive paths to interstellar hydrogen peroxide. A machine learning-based molecular dynamics study
• A major asymmetric ice trap in a planet-forming disk: II. prominent SO and SO2 pointing to C/O < 1
• Correlations among complex organic molecules around protostars: Effects of physical structure
• Origins Space Telescope: From First Light to Life -- ESA Voyage 2050 White Paper
• Piecing together formic acid isomerism in dark clouds. Detection of cis-formic acid in TMC-1 and astrochemical modeling
• Indirect X-ray photodesorption of 15N2 and 13CO from mixed and layered ices
• Advancing spectroscopic understanding of HOCS${}^{+}$: Laboratory investigations and astronomical implications
• Linking ice and gas in the Coronet cluster in Corona Australis
• Structure of crystalline water ice formed through neon matrix sublimation under cryogenic and vacuum conditions
• Surface astrochemistry: a computational chemistry perspective
• Identifying the most constraining ice observations to infer molecular binding energies
• Tracking the evolutionary stage of protostars by the abundances of astrophysical ices
• SHAMPOO: A stochastic model for tracking dust particles under the influence of non-local disk processes
• Gas-phase condensation of carbonated silicate grains
• CH${}_3$OH as a User-Friendly Density Probe: Calibration and Beyond
• Toward Unraveling Cyanopolyyne Surface Chemistry: A Preview on Isolated Systems From HC_{3}N to Ethyl Cyanide and Propylamine
• Interrelations between Astrochemistry and Galactic Dynamics
• Ab initio Calculation of Binding Energies of Interstellar Sulphur-Containing Species on Crystalline Water Ice Models
• In situ characterization of volatile and refractory hydrocarbons produced by UV photolysis of interstellar C${}_2$H${}_2$ ice
• Dust evolution: going beyond the empirical
• Mid-infrared extinction curve for protostellar envelopes from JWST-detected embedded jet emission: the case of TMC1A
• Chemical constraints on the dynamical evolution of the cold core L694
• Early Planet Formation in Embedded Disks (eDisk). XX. Constraining the Chemical Tracers of Young Protostellar Sources
• Cosmic-ray induced sputtering of interstellar formaldehyde ices
• Systematic Study of the Inner Structure of Molecular Tori in Nearby U/LIRGs using Velocity Decomposition of CO Rovibrational Absorption Lines
• Journey of complex organic molecules: Formation and transport in protoplanetary disks
• JOYS: Linking the molecular ice and gas-phase composition towards the high-mass hot core IRAS 18089-1732
• The Quest for the Missing Dust: I -- Restoring Large Scale Emission in Herschel Maps of Local Group Galaxies
• Impact of ice growth on the physical and chemical properties of dense cloud cores
• Collisional Pumping of H${}_2$O and CH${}_3$OH Masers in C-Type Shock Waves
• Flux and fluence effects on the Vacuum-UV photodesorption and photoprocessing of CO${}_2$ ices
• Post-Outburst Chemistry in a Very Low-Luminosity Object: Peculiar High Abundance of Nitric Oxide
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) XII: Inferring the C/O and S/H ratios in Protoplanetary Disks with Sulfur Molecules
• Water transport through mesoporous amorphous-carbon dust
• Spectral survey of the diffuse gas toward BL Lac in the Q band
• A fast machine learning tool to predict the composition of astronomical ices from infrared absorption spectra
• Role of NH3 Binding Energy in the Early Evolution of Protostellar Cores
• Neon is an inhibitor of CO hydrogenation in pre-stellar core conditions
• Broadband spectroscopy of astrophysical ice analogues: IV. Optical constants of N${}_2$ ice in the terahertz and mid-infrared ranges
• Ashes of FIRE: Modeling Dust Grain Size Evolution in the Local Group with FIRE
• Icy Volatile Enhancements in Evolving Protoplanetary Disks
• Pulsed ion deflection to overcome detector saturation in cryogenic ice sampling
• Variation of the disk thickness across ice bands: A method to determine ice abundances in highly inclined protoplanetary disks
• An Extended Mixed Quantum/Classical Approach for Quantitative Calculation of Complex Refractive Index
• Identification of Ammonium Salts on Comet 67P/C-G Surface from Infrared VIRTIS/Rosetta Data Based on Laboratory Experiments. Implications and Perspectives
• Photometric Mapping of Carbonaceous/Siliceous Dust and Water Ice in the ISM with JWST: Applications to the Dense Sightlines
• Methyl Isocyanate Formation from Oxygen Insertion in Methyl Cyanide Ices
• Hunting for methanol in the water rich, planet forming disk around HL Tau
• Star Formation
• Quantifying the temperature-dependent yields of N${}_2$ and N${}_2$H${}_4$ formation in vacuum-ultraviolet-irradiated NH${}_3$ ice
• Ice coverage of dust grains in cold astrophysical environments
• CO desorption from interstellar icy grains induced by IR excitation of superhydrogenated PAHs
• Experimental investigation of O2 diffusion and entrapment in interstellar amorphous solid water (ASW)
• Backlighting young stellar objects in the Central Molecular Zone: an ensemble-averaged abundance structure of methanol ices
• Detection of CO${}_2$ ice in the planetary nebula NGC 6302
• Mapping Interstellar Ice Inventory toward Class 0 Protostars in Star-forming Region Orion A with JWST Data
• Optical constants of Ih, Ic, and amorphous H${}_2$O ices in the THz and IR ranges
• High-resolution gas phase spectroscopy of molecules desorbed from an ice surface: a proof-of-principle study
• Survival of Molecular Complexity under Recent Supernova Feedback: Detection of Hot Cores in RX J1713.7-3946
• Chemistry of Dark Molecular Clouds
• Ortho-Para Chemistry of H2CO in the Protoplanetary Disk TW Hya
• CO Diffusion on Interstellar Amorphous Solid Water: A Computational Study
• Theoretical computations on the efficiency of acetaldehyde formation on interstellar icy grains
• The effect of broadband soft X-rays in SO2-containing ices: Implication on the photochemistry of ices towards young stellar objects
• Comets in context: Comparing comet compositions with protosolar nebula models
• Carbon dioxide clathrate hydrate formation at low temperature. Diffusion-limited kinetics growth as monitored by FTIR
• Study of the Inner Structure of the Molecular Torus in IRAS 08572+3915 NW with Velocity Decomposition of CO Rovibrational Absorption Lines
• Which molecule traces what: chemical diagnostics of protostellar sources
• Using Statistical Emulation and Knowledge of Grain-Surface Diffusion for Bayesian Inference of Reaction Rate Parameters: An Application to a Glycine Network
• Protoplanetary Disk Chemistry
• Synthesis of solid-state Complex Organic Molecules through accretion of simple species at low temperatures