Complex Chemistry in Star-Forming Regions: An Expanded Gas-Grain Warm-up Chemical Model

Abstract

Gas-phase processes were long thought to be the key formation mechanisms for complex organic molecules in star-forming regions. However, recent experimental and theoretical evidence has cast doubt on the efficiency of such processes. Grain-surface chemistry is frequently invoked as a solution, but until now there have been no quantitative models taking into account both the high degree of chemical complexity and the evolving physical conditions of star-forming regions. Here, we introduce a new gas-grain chemical network, wherein a wide array of complex species may be formed by reactions involving radicals. The radicals we consider (H, OH, CO, HCO, CH3, CH3O, CH2OH, NH and NH2) are produced primarily by cosmic ray-induced photodissociation of the granular ices formed during the colder, earlier stages of evolution. The gradual warm-up of the hot core is crucial to the formation of complex molecules, allowing the more strongly-bound radicals to become mobile on grain surfaces. This type of chemistry is capable of reproducing the high degree of complexity seen in Sgr B2(N), and can explain the observed abundances and temperatures of a variety of previously detected complex organic molecules, including structural isomers. Many other complex species are predicted by this model, and several of these species may be detectable in hot cores. Differences in the chemistry of high- and low-mass star-formation are also addressed; greater chemical complexity is expected where evolution timescales are longer.

Accepted for publication in ApJ (57 pages, 9 figures)

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• Reexploring Molecular Complexity with ALMA: Insights into chemical differentiation from the molecular composition of hot cores in Sgr B2(N2)
• Low-temperature chemistry induced by cosmic rays: positive and negative ions desorption from nitrile-bearing astrophysical ice analogues
• Temperature spectra of interstellar dust grains heated by cosmic-rays II: dark cloud cores
• A D/H Ratio Consistent with Earth's Water in Halley-type Comet 12P from ALMA HDO Mapping
• ALMA reveals thermal and non-thermal desorption of methanol ice in the HD 100546 protoplanetary disk
• Chemical modelling of dust-gas chemistry within AGB outflows III. Photoprocessing of the ice and return to the ISM
• Correlations of Methyl Formate (CH3OCHO), Dimethyl Ether (CH3OCH3) and Ketene (H2CCO) in High-mass Star-forming Regions
• Icy molecule desorption in interstellar grain collisions
• Complex organic molecules uncover deeply embedded precursors of hot cores
• Complex Molecule Formation in Grain Mantles
• Mechanism of Atomic Hydrogen Addition Reactions on np-ASW
• Molecular Distributions of the Disk/Envelope System of L483: Principal Component Analysis for the Image Cube Data
• Effects of turbulent dust grain motion to interstellar chemistry
• Ices in planet-forming disks: Self-consistent ice opacities in disk models
• Refit to numerically problematic UMIST reaction rate coefficients
• Cosmic-ray-induced dissociation and reactions in warm interstellar ices
• Complex cyanides as chemical clocks in hot cores
• Destruction of interstellar methyl cyanide (CH3CN) via collisions with He+ ions
• Probing the kinematics and chemistry of the hot core Mon R 2 IRS 3 using ALMA observations
• Ion and neutral molecules in the W43-MM1(G30.79 FIR 10) infalling clump
• Towards detecting methanol emission in low-mass protoplanetary discs with ALMA: The role of non-LTE excitation
• The warm-up phase in massive star-forming cores around RCW 120
• Chemistry in Evaporating Ices: Unexplored Territory
• The first frost in the Pipe Nebula
• Interstellar Chemistry of CN Radicals on Ices: The formation of CH3CN and CH3NC and potential connection to acetamide
• Observational evidence for rotational desorption of Complex Molecules by radiative torques from Orion BN/KL
• The stellar content of the infalling molecular clump G286.21+0.17
• Carbon Chain Chemistry in Hot-Core Regions around Three Massive Young Stellar Objects Associated with 6.7 GHz Methanol Masers
• ALMA Observations of HCO+ and HCN Emission in a massive star forming region N55 of the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Ice Age : Chemo-dynamical modeling of Cha-MMS1 to predict new solid-phase species for detection with JWST
• Ices in starless and starforming cores
• Early-stage star forming cloud cores in GLIMPSE Extended Green Objects (EGOs) as traced by organic species
• HNCO: A Molecule Traces Low-velocity Shock
• On Modelling Sputtering of Interstellar Grain Ices
• Assessing realistic binding energies of some essential interstellar radicals with amorphous solid water. A fully quantum chemical approach
• Expanding the submillimeter wave spectroscopy and astronomical search for thioacetamide (CH3CSNH2) in the ISM
• The HIFI spectral survey of AFGL 2591 (CHESS). III. Chemical structure of the protostellar envelope
• Understanding the impact of diffusion of CO in the astrochemical models
• ALMAGAL IV. Morphological comparison of molecular and thermal dust emission using the histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) method
• Simulation of CH${}_3$OH ice UV photolysis under laboratory conditions
• A Hydrochemical Hybrid Code for Astrophysical Problems. I. Code Verification and Benchmarks for Photon-Dominated Region (PDR)
• Detection of possible glycine precursor molecule methylamine towards the hot molecular core G358.93$-$0.03 MM1
• Impact of an Active Sgr A* on the Synthesis of Water and Organic Molecules Throughout the Milky Way
• GGCHEMPY: A pure Python-based gas-grain chemical code for efficient simulation of interstellar chemistry
• Interstellar Glycolaldehyde, Methyl Formate, and Acetic Acid. II. Chemical Modeling of the Bimodal Abundance Pattern in NGC 6334I
• Sulphur-Bearing and Complex Organic Molecules in an Infrared Cold Core
• Potential formation of three pyrimidine bases in interstellar regions
• The irradiation of water ice by C${}^{+}$ ions in the cosmic environment
• A multigrain-multilayer astrochemical model with variable desorption energy for surface species
• Rotation-tunneling spectrum and astrochemical modeling of dimethylamine, CH${}_3$NHCH${}_3$, and searches for it in space
• A deep search for Complex Organic Molecules toward the protoplanetary disk of V883 Ori
• The salty emission of the intermediate-mass AGB star OH 30.1 -0.7
• Detection of antifreeze molecule ethylene glycol in the hot molecular core G358.93$-$0.03 MM1
• A rich molecular chemistry in the gas of the IC 348 star cluster of the Perseus Molecular Cloud
• First observations of warm and cold methanol in Class 0/I proto-brown dwarfs
• Disentangling physics and chemistry in AGB outflows: revealing degeneracies when adding complexity
• Effects of H2 coating of grains on depletion of molecular species
• Catalytic role of HI in the interstellar synthesis of complex organic molecule
• Different molecular filament widths as tracers of accretion onto filaments
• Observation of Complex Organic Molecules Containing Peptide-like Bonds Toward Hot Core G358.93$-$0.03 MM1
• Complex Organic Molecules Formation in Cold Cores on Stochastically Heated Grains
• Tracking the Chemical Evolution of Hydrocarbons Through Carbon Grain Supply in Protoplanetary Disks
• On the chemistry of hydrides of N atoms and O${}^{+}$ ions
• Imaging Molecular Outflow in Massive Star-forming Regions with HNCO Lines
• Investigating the impact of reactions of C and CH with molecular hydrogen on a glycine gas-grain network
• Study of Complex Nitrogen and Oxygen-bearing Molecules toward the High-mass Protostar IRAS 18089$-$1732
• CARMA $\lambda$ = 1 cm Spectral Line Survey of Orion-KL
• Laboratory astrophysics: key to understanding the Universe
• Species cycling and the enhancement of ammonia in prestellar cores
• Coding Cross Sections of an Electron Charge Transfer Process
• Surface astrochemistry: a computational chemistry perspective
• Identifying the most constraining ice observations to infer molecular binding energies
• Mapping Physical Conditions in Neighboring Hot Cores: NOEMA Studies of W3(H${}_2$O) and W3(OH)
• The origin of organic emission in NGC 2071
• Complex Organic Molecules towards the central molecular zone of NGC 253
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) XVII: Determining the 2D Thermal Structure of the HD 163296 Disk
• Spatial distribution of HOCN around Sagittarius B2
• Ice Chemistry Modeling of Active Phase Comets: Hale-Bopp
• First detection of ethylene oxide and acetaldehyde in hot core G358.93$-$0.03 MM1: Tracing prebiotic oxygen chemistry
• On the Chemistry of the Young Massive Protostellar core NGC 2264 CMM3
• MAGellanic Outflow and chemistry Survey (MAGOS): Hot cores in the LMC
• Effects of grain temperature distribution on organic protostellar envelope chemistry
• Supernovae, Neutrinos, and the Chirality of the Amino Acids
• Fine-tuning the complex organic molecule formation: sulfur and CO ice as regulators of surface chemistry
• Isotopomer-Specific Carbon Isotope Ratio of Complex Organic Molecules in Star-Forming Cores
• Tentative Detection of the Glycine Isomer Glycolamide in Hot Molecular Core
• Organic Acid Chemistry in ISM: Detection of Formic Acid and its Prebiotic Chemistry in Hot Core G358.93$-$0.03 MM1
• One-dimensional and time-dependent modelling of complex organic molecules in protostars
• Post-Outburst Chemistry in a Very Low-Luminosity Object: Peculiar High Abundance of Nitric Oxide
• Photodesorption efficiency of OH radical on the ice surface in the wavelength range from ultraviolet to visible
• Relaxation of protostellar accretion shocks using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics
• High resolution ALMA observations of dense molecular medium in the central regions of active galaxies
• Spatial distribution of organics in the Horsehead nebula: Signposts of chemistry driven by atomic carbon
• ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -- X. Chemical differentiation among the massive cores in G9.62+0.19
• First detection of methyl formate in the hot molecular core IRAS 18566+0408
• Chemical history of molecules in circumstellar disks
• On the Formation of Deuterated Methyl Formate in Hot Corinos
• Theoretical computations on the efficiency of acetaldehyde formation on interstellar icy grains
• Research on the Interstellar Medium and Star Formation in the Galaxy: An Indian Perspective
• The effect of carbon grain destruction on the chemical structure of protoplanetary disks
• Sub-arcsecond Imaging of the Complex Organic Chemistry in Massive Star-forming Region G10.6-0.4
• The emergence of molecular complexity in star forming regions as seen with ASAI
• Chemistry of Dark Molecular Clouds