ATLASGAL --- Molecular fingerprints of a sample of massive star forming clumps

Abstract

We have conducted a 3-mm molecular-line survey towards 570 high-mass star-forming clumps, using the Mopra telescope. The sample is selected from the 10,000 clumps identified by the ATLASGAL survey and includes all of the most important embedded evolutionary stages associated with massive star formation, classified into five distinct categories (quiescent, protostellar, young stellar objects, \hii\ regions and photo-dominated regions). The observations were performed in broadband mode with frequency coverage of 85.2 to 93.4\,GHz and a velocity resolution of $\sim$0.9\,\kms, detecting emission from 26 different transitions. We find significant evolutionary trends in the detection rates, integrated line intensities, and abundances of many of the transitions and also identify a couple of molecules that appear to be invariant to changes in the dust temperature and evolutionary stage (N${}_2$H${}^{+}$\,(1-0) and HN${}^{13}$C\,(1-0)). We use the K-ladders for CH${}_3$C${}_2$H\,(5-4) and CH${}_3$CH\,(5-4) to calculate the rotation temperatures and find $\sim$1/3 of the quiescent clumps have rotation temperatures that suggest the presence of an internal heating source. These sources may constitute a population of very young protostellar objects that are still dark at 70\,\mum\ and suggest that the fraction of truly quiescent clumps may only be a few per cent. We also identify a number of line ratios that show a strong correlation with the evolutionary stage of the embedded objects and discuss their utility as diagnostic probes of evolution.

arXiv commentAccepted for publication in MNRAS; consists of 28 pages, 22 figures and 10 tables. For full versions of Tables 1, 5 and 10 will only be available via CDS

References in corpus (79)

• The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE): Mission Description and Initial On-orbit Performance
• The Milky Way in Molecular Clouds: A New Complete CO Survey
• An atomic and molecular database for analysis of submillimetre line observations
• GLIMPSE: I. A SIRTF Legacy Project to Map the Inner Galaxy
• Astrophysics Source Code Library
• Cold Dark Clouds: The Initial Conditions for Star Formation
• Complex Chemistry in Star-Forming Regions: An Expanded Gas-Grain Warm-up Chemical Model
• Clouds, filaments and protostars: the Herschel Hi-GAL Milky Way
• ATLASGAL - The APEX Telescope Large Area Survey of the Galaxy at 870 microns
• Hi-GAL: the Herschel infrared Galactic Plane Survey
• High-Mass Proto-Stellar Candidates - II : Density structure from dust continuum and CS emission
• High-Mass Proto-Stellar Candidates - I : The Sample and Initial Results
• ATLASGAL --- properties of a complete sample of Galactic clumps
• Testing grain-surface chemistry in massive hot-core regions
• The initial conditions of stellar protocluster formation. I. A catalogue of Spitzer dark clouds
• The earliest phases of high-mass star formation: a 3 square degree millimeter continuum mapping of Cygnus X
• Observing the gas temperature drop in the high-density nucleus of L 1544
• The Red MSX Source Survey: the Massive Young Stellar Population of our Galaxy
• ATLASGAL - Compact source catalogue: 330 < l < 21 degrees
• The 6-GHz methanol multibeam maser catalogue I: Galactic Centre region, longitudes 345 to 6
• Hi-GAL, the Herschel infrared Galactic Plane Survey: photometric maps and compact source catalogues. First data release for Inner Milky Way: +68°> l > -70°
• ATLASGAL --- towards a complete sample of massive star forming clumps
• The ATLASGAL survey: a catalog of dust condensations in the Galactic plane
• Ammonia from cold high-mass clumps discovered in the inner Galactic disk by the ATLASGAL survey
• Chemistry in Infrared Dark Cloud Clumps: a Molecular Line Survey at 3 mm
• Properties of Hi-GAL clumps in the inner Galaxy]{The Hi-GAL compact source catalogue. I. The physical properties of the clumps in the inner Galaxy ($-71.0^{\circ }<\ell <67.0^{\circ }$)
• Evolution of Chemistry and Molecular Line Profile during Protostellar Collapse
• The H_2O southern Galactic Plane Survey (HOPS): I. Techniques and H_2O maser data
• The RMS Survey: Ammonia and water maser analysis of massive star forming regions
• The Co-ordinated Radio and Infrared Survey for High Mass Star Formation (The CORNISH Survey) - I. Survey Design
• MALT90: The Millimetre Astronomy Legacy Team 90 GHz Survey
• Weeds: a CLASS extension for the analysis of millimeter and sub-millimeter spectral surveys
• The RMS Survey: Galactic distribution of massive star formation
• ATLASGAL --- Environments of 6.7\,GHz methanol masers
• Probing the initial conditions of high-mass star formation. II. Fragmentation, stability, and chemistry
• ATLASGAL --- properties of compact HII regions and their natal clumps
• Tracing shocks and photodissociation in the Galactic center region
• SEDIGISM: Structure, excitation, and dynamics of the inner Galactic interstellar medium
• Far-Infrared Dust Temperatures and Column Densities of the MALT90 Molecular Clump Sample
• ATLASGAL-selected massive clumps in the inner Galaxy: I. CO depletion and isotopic ratios
• CHIMPS: the ${}^{13}$CO/C${}^{18}$O (J=3-2) Heterodyne Inner Milky Way Plane Survey
• Chemistry and Dynamics in Pre-Protostellar Cores
• ATLASGAL --- Complete compact source catalogue: 280\degr\ $<\ell <$ 60\degr
• Chemistry in Infrared Dark Clouds
• Ethynyl (C2H) in massive star formation: Tracing the initial conditions?
• ATLASGAL - Kinematic distances and the dense gas mass distribution of the inner Galaxy
• ATLASGAL-selected massive clumps in the inner Galaxy III. Dust Continuum Characterization of an Evolutionary Sample
• ATLASGAL-selected massive clumps in the inner Galaxy, II: Characterisation of different evolutionary stages and their SiO emission
• Chemical Evolution in High-Mass Star-Forming Regions: Results from the MALT90 Survey
• The Mass-Size Relation from Clouds to Cores. I. A new Probe of Structure in Molecular Clouds
• Multi-wavelength observations of Southern Hot Molecular Cores traced by methanol masers - I. Ammonia and 24 GHz Continuum Data
• HNCO enhancement by shocks in the L1157 molecular outflow
• Probing the initial conditions of High Mass Star formation -- I. Deuteration and depletion in high mass pre/protocluster clumps
• ATLASGAL-selected massive clumps in the inner Galaxy: V. Temperature structure and evolution
• An Ordered Bipolar Outflow from a Massive Early-Stage Core
• Disappearance of N2H+ from the Gas Phase in the Class 0 Protostar IRAM 04191
• Outflow and dense gas emission from massive Infrared Dark Clouds
• Deuterated molecules as a probe of ionization fraction in dense interstellar clouds
• SiO outflows in high-mass star forming regions: A potential chemical clock?
• Resolved Depletion Zones and Spatial Differentiation of N2H+ and N2D+
• Different evolutionary stages in massive star formation. Centimeter continuum and H2O maser emission with ATCA
• The NH2D/NH3 ratio toward pre-protostellar cores around the UCHII region in IRAS 20293+3952
• Massive outflows associated with ATLASGAL clumps
• A MALT90 study of the chemical properties of massive clumps and filaments of infrared dark clouds
• SiO and CH3CCH abundances and dust emission in high-mass star-forming cores
• Characterizing the properties of cluster precursors in the MALT90 survey
• Outflow detection in a 70 $\mu$m dark high-mass core
• The Spatial Distribution of Organics toward the High-Mass YSO NGC 7538 IRS9
• Complex organic molecules in organic-poor massive young stellar objects
• High-mass Starless Clumps in the inner Galactic Plane: the Sample and Dust Properties
• The Galactic Census of High- and Medium-mass Protostars. II. Luminosities and Evolutionary States of a Complete Sample of Dense Gas Clumps
• Kinetic temperature of massive star-forming molecular clumps measured with formaldehyde. III. The Orion Molecular Cloud 1
• ATLASGAL-selected massive clumps in the inner Galaxy IV. Millimeter hydrogen recombination lines from associated HII regions
• A tale of two cores: Triggered massive star formation in the bright-rimmed cloud SFO 75
• ATLASGAL - Ammonia observations towards the southern Galactic Plane
• Interferometric Observations of High-Mass Star-Forming Clumps with Unusual N2H+/HCO+ Line Ratios
• Distribution of HNCO 5${}_{05}-4_{04}$ in Massive Star-forming Regions
• A molecular line survey of the candidate massive Class 0 prototostar IRAS 23385+6053
• HNCO: A Molecule Traces Low-velocity Shock

Cited by in corpus (21)

• ATLASGAL -- Evolutionary trends in high-mass star formation
• The SEDIGISM survey: Molecular clouds in the inner Galaxy
• Chemical complexity in high-mass star formation: An observational and modeling case study of the AFGL 2591 VLA 3 hot core
• Establishing the evolutionary timescales of the massive star formation process through chemistry
• SEDIGISM-ATLASGAL: Dense Gas Fraction and Star Formation Efficiency Across the Galactic Disk
• ATLASGAL -- selected massive clumps in the inner Galaxy. IX. Deuteration of ammonia
• ATLASGAL -- physical parameters of dust clumps associated with 6.7 GHz methanol masers
• ALMA-IMF XVI: Mass-averaged temperature of cores and protostellar luminosities in the ALMA-IMF protoclusters
• Infall and Outflow Towards High-mass Starless Clump Candidates
• ATLASGAL-selected massive clumps in the inner Galaxy: VIII. Chemistry of photodissociation regions
• The physical and chemical structure of high-mass star-forming regions. Unraveling chemical complexity with the NOEMA large program "CORE"
• Chemical Evolution of HC3N in Dense Molecular Clouds
• A Possible Chemical Clock in High-mass Star-forming Regions: N(HC3N)/N(N2H+)?
• Cyanopolyyne line survey towards high-mass star-forming regions with TMRT
• Imaging Molecular Outflow in Massive Star-forming Regions with HNCO Lines
• Velocity-resolved high-J CO emission from massive star-forming clumps
• Submillimeter continuum variability in Planck Galactic cold clumps
• Dense gas linked to star-forming regions photoionised by embedded gamma-ray bursts
• Chemical environments of 6.7 GHz methanol maser sources
• An 18 - 25 GHz spectroscopic survey of southern hemisphere dense cores
• Synthetic observations using POLARIS: an application to simulations of massive prestellar cores