Cold Dark Clouds: The Initial Conditions for Star Formation

Abstract

Cold dark clouds are nearby members of the densest and coldest phase in the galactic interstellar medium, and represent the most accessible sites where stars like our Sun are currently being born. In this review we discuss recent progress in their study, including the newly discovered infrared dark clouds that are likely precursors to stellar clusters. At large scales, dark clouds present filamentary mass distributions with motions dominated by supersonic turbulence. At small, sub-parsec scales, a population of subsonic starless cores provides a unique glimpse of the conditions prior to stellar birth. Recent studies of starless cores reveal a combination of simple physical properties together with a complex chemical structure dominated by the freeze-out of molecules onto cold dust grains. Elucidating this combined structure is both an observational and theoretical challenge whose solution will bring us closer to understanding how molecular gas condenses to form stars.

BIG... 61 pages, 13 figures, to appear in ARAA Vol. 45 in press

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• Modelling the molecular composition and nuclear-spin chemistry of collapsing prestellar sources
• Formation of the First Low-Mass Stars from Cosmological Initial Conditions
• Aromatic cycles are widespread in cold clouds
• Survey of ortho-H${}_2$D${}^{+}$ in high-mass star-forming regions
• Hall Effect in Protostellar Disc Formation and Evolution
• Spatial distribution of star formation related to ionized regions throughout the inner Galactic plane
• Strong irradiation of protostellar cores in Corona Australis
• On the stability of non-isothermal Bonnor-Ebert spheres
• Abundance of HCN and its C and N isotopologues in L1498
• Widespread deuteration across the IRDC G035.39-00.33
• Star formation in dense clusters
• Identification of Ambient Molecular Clouds Associated with Galactic Supernova Remnant IC443
• Mass and luminosity evolution of young stellar objects
• On the evolution of gas clouds exposed to AGN radiation. I. Three-dimensional radiation hydrodynamic simulations
• An Interferometric View of H-MM1. I. Direct Observation of NH3 Depletion
• Detection of 6 K gas in Ophiuchus D
• Deuterium Fractionation as an Evolutionary Probe in Massive Proto-stellar/cluster Cores
• The IMF as a function of supersonic turbulence
• ATLASGAL --- Molecular fingerprints of a sample of massive star forming clumps
• Planck Cold Clumps in the $\lambda$ Orionis complex. II. Environmental effects on core formation
• APOGEE strings: a fossil record of the gas kinematic structure
• Physical Conditions of the Earliest Phases of Massive Star Formation: Single-Dish and Interferometric Observations of Ammonia and CCS in Infrared Dark Clouds
• The Interplay between Ambipolar Diffusion and Hall Effect on Magnetic Field Decoupling and Protostellar Disc Formation
• Fragmentation of star-forming filaments in the X-shape Nebula of the California molecular cloud
• ALMA constraints on star-forming gas in a prototypical z=1.5 clumpy galaxy: the dearth of CO(5-4) emission from UV-bright clumps
• Star formation near an obscured AGN: Variations in the initial mass function
• The Ice Chamber for Astrophysics-Astrochemistry (ICA): A New Experimental Facility for Ion Impact Studies of Astrophysical Ice Analogues
• Line Profiles of Cores within Clusters. III. What is the most reliable tracer of core collapse in dense clusters?
• Chemical modeling of Infrared Dark Clouds: the Role of Surface Chemistry
• The Green Bank Ammonia Survey: A Virial Analysis of Gould Belt Clouds in Data Release 1
• MHD simulation of the formation of clumps and filaments in quiescent diffuse medium by thermal instability
• VLA Observations of the Infrared Dark Cloud G19.30+0.07
• The census of dense cores in the Serpens region from the Herschel Gould Belt Survey
• A Survey of CH2DOH Towards Starless and Prestellar Cores in the Taurus Molecular Cloud
• A hypothesis for the rapid formation of planets
• The subthermal excitation of the C{\sc i} lines in the molecular gas reservoirs of galaxies: its significance and potential utility
• Properties of massive star-forming clumps with infall motions
• On the size of the CO-depletion radius in the IRDC G351.77-0.51
• ATLASGAL - Ammonia observations towards the southern Galactic Plane
• Impact of AGN feedback on galaxies and their multiphase ISM across cosmic time
• On the relevance of the H2 + O reaction pathway for the surface formation of interstellar water - A combined experimental and modeling study
• Chemical modeling of the L1498 and L1517B prestellar cores: CO and HCO+ depletion
• A proposed chemical scheme for HCCO formation in cold dense clouds
• Water in Star and Planet Forming Regions
• Thermal balance and comparison of gas and dust properties of dense clumps in the Hi-GAL survey
• APEX/SABOCA observations of small-scale structure of infrared-dark clouds I. Early evolutionary stages of star-forming cores
• Collapse of Turbulent Cores and Reconnection Diffusion
• Chemistry of the High-Mass Protostellar Molecular Clump IRAS 16562-3959
• How chemistry influences cloud structure, star formation, and the IMF
• FOREST Unbiased Galactic Plane Imaging Survey with the Nobeyama 45-m Telescope (FUGIN) V: Dense gas mass fraction of molecular gas in the Galactic plane
• Deuterium Fractionation in the Ophiuchus Molecular Cloud
• Flow of gas detected from beyond the filaments to protostellar scales in Barnard 5
• Warm Cores around Regions of Low-Mass Star Formation
• The ALMA Survey of 70 $\mu \mathrm{m}$ Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). VII: Chemistry of Embedded Dense Cores
• Ultraslow radiative cooling of C${}_n^{-}$ ($n=3-5$)
• Direct Evidence for Two-Fluid Effects in Molecular Clouds
• On the fragmentation of filaments in a molecular cloud simulation
• Physical properties and chemical composition of the cores in the California molecular cloud
• The Balloon-Borne Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope (BLAST) 2005: A 10 deg^2 Survey of Star Formation in Cygnus X
• Gamma-ray heartbeat powered by the microquasar SS 433
• Massive core/star formation triggered by cloud-cloud collision: Effect of magnetic field
• CMZoom II: Catalog of Compact Submillimeter Dust Continuum Sources in the Milky Way's Central Molecular Zone
• Thermal H/D exchange in polar ice - deuteron scrambling in space
• Beyond the pseudo-time-dependent approach: chemical models of dense core precursors
• SHOCKFIND - An algorithm to identify magnetohydrodynamic shock waves in turbulent clouds
• Observational signatures of cosmic ray interactions in molecular clouds
• The Serpens filament: at the onset of slightly supercritical collapse
• Evolution of complex organic molecules in hot molecular cores: Synthetic spectra at (sub-)mm wavebands
• Non-ideal magnetohydrodynamics vs turbulence II: Which is the dominant process in stellar core formation?
• Methanol Mapping in Cold Cores: Testing Model Predictions
• The 3D structure of CO depletion in high-mass prestellar regions
• Globular cluster formation with multiple stellar populations: self-enrichment in fractal massive molecular clouds
• How galactic environment regulates star formation
• Characterizing the structure of diffuse emission in Hi-GAL maps
• Molecular Cloud Cores with High Deuterium Fraction: Nobeyama Single-Pointing Survey
• Molecular clouds and star formation toward the Galactic plane within 216.25${}^{\mathrm{o}}\le$ l $\le$218.75${}^{\mathrm{o}}$ and $-$0.75${}^{\mathrm{o}}\le$ b $\le$1.25${}^{\mathrm{o}}$
• Characterizing the line emission from molecular clouds. II. A comparative study of California, Perseus, and Orion A
• The Gas Temperature of Starless Cores in Perseus
• Hydroxyl as a Tracer of H2 in the Envelope of MBM40
• LABOCA mapping of the infrared dark cloud MSXDC G304.74+01.32
• Deuterium fractionation and H2D+ evolution in turbulent and magnetized cloud cores
• Probing the Physics of Star-Formation (ProPStar): II. The first systematic search for streamers toward protostars
• Anomalous HCN emission from warm giant molecular clouds
• Formation of dense structures induced by filament collisions. Correlation of density, kinematics and magnetic field in the Pipe nebula
• High-Resolution Mapping of Dust via Extinction in the M31 Bulge
• An analysis of star formation with Herschel in the Hi-GAL Survey. II. The tips of the Galactic bar
• Initial conditions for star formation in clusters: physical and kinematical structure of the starless core Oph A-N6
• Chemical Differentiation toward the Pipe Nebula Starless Cores
• A molecular line study towards massive extended green object clumps in the southern sky: chemical properties
• The SOFIA FEEDBACK Legacy Survey: Dynamics and mass ejection in the bipolar HII region RCW 36
• Cloud-Cloud Collision Induced Star Formation in IRAS 18223-1243
• Evolution of young protoclusters embedded in dense massive clumps. A new grid of population synthesis SED models and a new set of L/M evolutionary tracks
• LABOCA 870 micron dust continuum mapping of selected infrared-dark cloud regions in the Galactic plane
• Dissecting the super-critical filaments embedded in the 0.5 pc subsonic region of Barnard 5
• Submillimeter imaging of the Galactic Center starburst Sgr B2. Warm molecular, atomic, and ionized gas far from massive star-forming cores
• ALMA observations of envelopes around first hydrostatic core candidates
• Non-adiabatic turbulence driving during gravitational collapse
• Comparing Models for IMF Variation Across Cosmological Time in Milky Way-like Galaxies
• Dense cores and star formation in the giant molecular cloud Vela~C
• Magnetic Field Orientation in Self-Gravitating Turbulent Molecular Clouds
• Protostar mass functions in young clusters
• Externally heated protostellar cores in the Ophiuchus star-forming region
• Astrochemical Correlations in Molecular Clouds
• Physical and chemical structure of the Serpens filament -- fast formation and gravity-driven accretion
• Complex Organic Molecules in Star-Forming Regions of the Magellanic Clouds
• Multi-line observations of CH${}_3$OH, c-C${}_3$H${}_2$ and HNCO towards L1544: Dissecting the core structure with chemical differentiation
• Formation of N-rich field stars in the high-density building blocks of the Galactic bulge
• Coreshine in L1506C - Evidence for a primitive big-grain component or indication for a turbulent core history?
• A multi-wavelength observation and investigation of six infrared dark clouds
• The physical and chemical structure of Sagittarius B2 -- VI. UCHII regions in Sgr B2
• G30.79~FIR~10: A gravitationally bound infalling high-Mass star forming clump
• ATLASGAL -- selected massive clumps in the inner Galaxy. IX. Deuteration of ammonia
• Reproducing the CO-to-H${}_2$ conversion factor in cosmological simulations of Milky Way-mass galaxies
• Detection of Irregular, Sub-mm Opaque Structures in the Orion Molecular Clouds: Protostars within 10000 years of formation?
• ALMA Observations of the Largest Proto-Planetary Disk in the Orion Nebula, 114-426: A CO Silhouette
• Signatures of fast and slow magnetohydrodynamic shocks in turbulent molecular clouds
• Interactions between Ultra-High-Energy Particles and Protogalactic Environments
• Local support against gravity in magneto-turbulent fluids
• Water and Methanol Ice in L1544
• Early phase of massive star formation: A case study of Infrared dark cloud G084.81-01.09
• Thick Disks, and an Outflow, of Dense Gas in the Nuclei of Nearby Seyfert Galaxies
• A Search for O_2 in CO-depleted Molecular Cloud Cores with Herschel
• The Dependence of the Hierarchical Distribution of Star Clusters on Galactic Environment
• The dynamic centres of infrared-dark clouds and the formation of cores
• A Low-mass Cold and Quiescent Core Population in a Massive Star Protocluster
• CARMA Large Area Star Formation Survey: Dense Gas in the Young L1451 Region of Perseus
• Detecting scattered light from low-mass molecular cores at 3.6 $\mu$m - Impact of global effects on the observation of coreshine
• Reliability of NH3 as the temperature probe of cold cloud cores
• Using cm Observations to Constrain the Abundance of Very Small Dust Grains in Galactic Cold Cores
• Gravitational instability of filamentary molecular clouds, including ambipolar diffusion
• Detection of N15NH+ in L1544
• A 3D physico-chemical model of a pre-stellar core. I. Environmental and structural impact on the distribution of CH${}_3$OH and $c$-C${}_3$H${}_2$
• Effects of Grain Alignment Efficiency on Synthetic Dust Polarization Observations of Molecular Clouds
• Dust cleansing of star-forming gas I: Did radiation from bright stars affect the chemical composition of the Sun and of M67?
• Search for grain growth towards the center of L1544
• Searching for Molecular Outflows with Support Vector Machines: Dark Cloud Complex in Cygnus
• Tracing the atomic nitrogen abundance in star-forming regions with ammonia deuteration
• AKARI Near-infrared Spectral Observations of Shocked H2 Gas of the Supernova Remnant IC 443
• Prestellar core modeling in the presence of a filament - The dense heart of L1689B
• Star Formation and Feedback: A Molecular Outflow-Prestellar Core Interaction in L1689N
• The Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey. XIII. Physical Properties and Mass Functions of Dense Molecular Cloud Structures
• Fluorescent H_2 Emission Lines from the Reflection Nebula NGC 7023 Observed with IGRINS
• The Herschel View of Star Formation
• Over-sized gas clumps in an extremely-metal-poor molecular cloud revealed by ALMA's pc-scale maps
• ALMA Observations of the IRDC Clump G34.43+00.24 MM3: DNC/HNC Ratio
• The Role of Terahertz and Far-IR Spectroscopy in Understanding the Formation and Evolution of Interstellar Prebiotic Molecules
• Ubiquitous $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_3$ supersonic component in L1688 coherent cores
• Warm Extended Dense Gas Lurking At The Heart Of A Cold Collapsing Dense Core
• A large (~1 pc) contracting envelope around the prestellar core L1544
• Contraction Signatures Toward Dense Cores in the Perseus Molecular Cloud
• Molecular Lines of 13 Galactic Infrared Bubble Regions
• The turbulent life of dust grains in the supernova-driven, multi-phase interstellar medium
• Intensity-Corrected Herschel Observations of Nearby Isolated Low-Mass Clouds
• H${}_2$ ortho-to-para conversion on grains: A route to fast deuterium fractionation in dense cloud cores?
• Temperature and kinematics of protoclusters with intermediate and high-mass stars: the case of IRAS 05345+3157
• Insights on the Sun birth environment in the context of star-cluster formation in hub-filament systems
• Effect of binding energies on the encounter desorption
• Characterising the signatures of star-forming galaxies in the extra-galactic $\gamma$-ray background
• Laser astrophysics experiment on the amplification of magnetic fields by shock-induced interfacial instabilities
• Sheets, filaments and clumps - high resolution simulations of how the thermal instability can form molecular clouds
• Supersonic turbulence in the cold massive core JCMT 18354-0649S
• Expanding Shell and Star Formation in the Infrared Dust Bubble N6
• The Cloud Factory II: Gravoturbulent Kinematics of Resolved Molecular Clouds in a Galactic Potential
• Influence of galactic arm scale dynamics on the molecular composition of the cold and dense ISM I. Observed abundance gradients in dense clouds
• A constant N${}_2$H${}^{+}$(1-0)-to-HCN(1-0) ratio on kiloparsec scales
• Star-forming gas in young clusters
• The evolutionary status of dense cores in the NGC 1333 IRAS 4 region
• The chemical structure of the Class 0 protostellar envelope NGC 1333 IRAS 4A
• The TOP-SCOPE survey of PGCCs: PMO and SCUBA-2 observations of 64 PGCCs in the 2nd Galactic Quadrant
• A Corona Australis cloud filament seen in NIR scattered light. III. Modelling and comparison with Herschel sub-millimetre data
• Clumps as multiscale structures in cosmic noon galaxies
• Simulations of globular clusters within their parent galaxies: Metallicity spreads and anomalous precursor populations
• Hierarchical star formation in nearby galaxies
• The Evolution of Cloud Cores and the Formation of Stars
• Spitzer Observations of L429: A Near-collapse or Collapsing Starless Core
• Chemical evolution of Red MSX Sources in the southern sky
• Origin Of The High Energy Cosmic Neutrino Background
• The Earliest Phases of Star formation (EPoS): Temperature, density, and kinematic structure of the star-forming core CB 17
• Ambipolar diffusion and the molecular abundances in prestellar cores
• The Clump Mass Function of the Dense Clouds in the Carina Nebula Complex
• Similar levels of deuteration in the pre-stellar core L1544 and the protostellar core HH211
• Infall/Expansion Velocities in the Low-Mass Dense Cores L492, L694-2, and L1521F: Dependence on Position and Molecular Tracer
• G048.66-0.29: Physical State of an Isolated Site of Massive Star Formation
• The BLAST View of the Star Forming Region in Aquila (ell=45deg,b=0deg)
• Connecting the Dots: Analyzing Synthetic Observations of Star-Forming Clumps in Molecular Clouds
• Thermal Starless Ammonia Core Surrounded by CCS in the Orion A Cloud
• Planck Cold Clumps in the lambda Orionis Complex. III. A chemical probe of stellar feedback on cores in the lambda Orionis cloud
• MHD simulations of the formation and propagation of protostellar jets to observational length scales
• Magnetic Field Structure of the HH 1-2 Region: Near-Infrared Polarimetry of Point-Like Sources
• Physical and Chemical Structure of the Disk and Envelope of the Class 0/I Protostar L1527
• The initial conditions of star formation: cosmic rays as the fundamental regulators
• Virial Clumps in Central Molecular Zone Clouds
• Kinematic and Thermal Structure at the onset of high-mass star formation
• Parsec-scale cosmic-ray ionisation rate in Orion
• Emergence of high-mass stars in complex fiber networks (EMERGE). I. Early ALMA Survey: observations and massive data reduction
• Surveying the Whirlpool at Arcseconds with NOEMA (SWAN)- I. Mapping the HCN and N${}_2$H${}^{+}$ 3mm lines
• Fragmentation of the High-mass "Starless'' Core G10.21-0.31: a Coherent Evolutionary Picture for Star Formation
• CS Depletion in Prestellar Cores
• ALMA Survey of Orion Planck Galactic Cold Clumps (ALMASOP): How do dense core properties affect the multiplicity of protostars?
• The D/H Ratio of Water Ice at Low Temperatures
• Understanding the Formation and Evolution of Interstellar Ices: A Bayesian Approach
• Modeling of Protostellar Clouds and their Observational Properties
• A Herschel and BIMA study of the sequential star formation near the W48A HII region
• A correlation between chemistry, polarization and dust properties in the Pipe Nebula starless core FeSt 1-457
• APEX observations of ortho-H${}_2$D${}^{+}$ towards dense cores in the Orion B9 filament
• Probing the early phases of high mass star formation with 6.7 GHz methanol masers
• Distance, magnetic field and kinematics of a filamentary cloud LDN 1157
• Three isotopologues CO survey of Molecular Clouds in the CMa OB1 complex
• Role of Filamentary Structures in the Formation of Two Dense Cores, L1544 and L694-2
• Gas dynamics and star formation in NGC 6822
• Identification of molecular clouds in emission maps: a comparison between methods in the \ce{^{13}CO}/\ce{C^{18}O} ($J=3-2$) Heterodyne Inner Milky Way Plane Survey
• Linking ice and gas in the Lambda Orionis Barnard 35A cloud
• Description of turbulent dynamics in the interstellar medium: multifractal/microcanonical analysis I. Application to Herschel observations of the Musca filament
• Mapping the H${}_2$D${}^{+}$ and N${}_2$H${}^{+}$ emission towards prestellar cores. Testing dynamical models of the collapse using gas tracers
• On the Diagnostic Power of FIR/Sub-mm SED Fitting in Massive Galactic Molecular Clumps
• Formation of ultra-compact dwarf galaxies from supergiant molecular clouds
• Modelling the structure of molecular clouds: I. A multi-scale energy equipartition
• Clump mass function at an early stage of molecular cloud evolution: I. A statistical approach
• Statistical analysis of the mass-to-flux ratio in turbulent cores: effects of magnetic field reversals and dynamo amplification
• Ion and neutral molecules in the W43-MM1(G30.79 FIR 10) infalling clump
• Formation of low-mass condensations in the molecular cloud cores via thermal instability
• High-resolution 'magic'-field spectroscopy on trapped polyatomic molecules
• Dynamics, CO depletion, and deuterium fractionation of the dense condensations within the fragmented prestellar core Orion B9-SMM 6
• Protostar L1455 IRS1: Rotating Disk Connecting to Filamentary Network
• APEX-SEPIA660 Early Science: Gas at densities above $10^7$ cm${}^{-3}$ towards OMC-1
• G.A.S. I: A prescription for turbulence-regulated star formation and its impact on galaxy properties
• Chemical compositions of five Planck cold clumps
• Non-Equilibrium Abundances Treated Holistically (NEATH): the molecular composition of star-forming clouds
• Chemical Kinetics Simulations of Ice Chemistry on Porous Versus Non-Porous Dust Grains
• Probing the initial conditions of high-mass star formation -- IV. Gas dynamics and NH${}_2$D chemistry in high-mass precluster and protocluster clumps
• Properties of the dense cores and filamentary structures in the Vela C molecular cloud
• The Role of Non-ionizing Radiation Pressure in Star Formation: The Stability of Cores and Filaments
• First Detection of the Molecular Cloud Population in the Extended Ultraviolet (XUV) Disk of M83
• ALMA-IMF XVII -- Census and lifetime of high-mass prestellar cores in 14 massive protoclusters
• TIMES I: a Systematic Observation in Multiple Molecular Lines Toward the Orion A and Ophiuchus Clouds
• VALES VI: ISM enrichment in star-forming galaxies up to z$\sim$0.2 using ${}^{12}$CO(1-0), ${}^{13}$CO(1-0) and C${}^{18}$O(1-0) line luminosity ratios
• 3D Radiative Transfer Modelling and Virial Analysis of Starless Cores in the B10 Region of the Taurus Molecular Cloud
• Kennicutt-Schmidt relation variety and star-forming cloud fraction
• Resolved star formation in the metal poor star-forming region Magellanic Bridge C
• Clump mass function at an early stage of molecular cloud evolution: II. Galactic cloud complexes
• A CO survey on a sample of Herschel cold clumps
• Insights from Synthetic Star-forming Regions: II. Verifying Dust Surface Density, Dust Temperature & Gas Mass Measurements with Modified Blackbody Fitting
• The physical state of selected cold clumps
• Core Emergence in a Massive Infrared Dark Cloud: A Comparison Between Mid-IR Extinction and 1.3 mm Emission
• Depletion of 15N in the center of L1544: Early transition from atomic to molecular nitrogen?
• Early-stage star forming cloud cores in GLIMPSE Extended Green Objects (EGOs) as traced by organic species
• First clear detection of the CCS Zeeman splitting toward the pre-stellar core, Taurus Molecular Cloud-1
• Constraining the Chemical Signatures and the Outburst Mechanism of the Class 0 Protostar HOPS 383
• Hard X-ray irradiation of cosmic silicate analogs: structural evolution and astrophysical implications
• Gas Kinematics of the Massive Protocluster G286.21+0.17 Revealed by ALMA
• ALMA-IMF XVIII: The assembly of a star cluster: Dense N${}_2$H${}^{+}$ (1-0) kinematics in the massive G351.77 protocluster
• Starbursts and High-Redshift Galaxies are Radioactive: High Abundances of ${}^{26}$Al and Other Short Lived Radionuclides
• Do simulated molecular clouds look like real ones?
• A new formation model for omega Centauri: the crossroad of astrophysical processes
• Unbound Star-forming Molecular Clouds
• Emergence of high-mass stars in complex fiber networks (EMERGE) II. The need for data combination in ALMA observations
• Gas Kinematics in the HII regions G351.69-1.15 and G351.63-1.25
• Illuminating a tadpole's metamorphosis III: quantifying past and present environmental impact
• Searching for initial stage of massive star formation around the H II region G18.2-0.3
• Massive core/star formation triggered by cloud-cloud collision: II High-speed collisions of magnetized clouds
• Submillimeter Observations of the Quiescent Core - Ophiuchus A-N6
• The Supersonic Project: The Early Evolutionary Path of SIGOs
• The initial magnetic criticality of prestellar cores
• Surveys of Clumps, Cores, and Condensations in the Cygnus X: II. Radio Properties of the Massive Dense Cores
• The Dependence of Prestellar Core Mass Distributions on the Structure of the Parental Cloud
• ATLASGAL-selected high-mass clumps in the inner Galaxy. VII. Characterisation of mid-J CO emission
• Observational studies of pre-stellar cores and infrared dark clouds
• VLA and NOEMA view of the Bok Globule CB 17: the starless nature of a proposed FHSC candidate
• Source clustering in the Hi-GAL survey determined using a minimum spanning tree method
• Illuminating a tadpole's metamorphosis II: observing the on-going transformation with ALMA
• Cloud-cloud collisions triggering star formation in galaxy simulations
• 870 micron continuum observations of the bubble-shaped nebula Gum 31
• Relative alignment between gas structures and magnetic field in Orion A at different scales using different molecular gas tracers
• Interactions of a shock with a molecular cloud at various stages of its evolution due to thermal instability and gravity
• Ortho-to-Para Ratio Studies of Shocked H2 Gas in the Two Supernova Remnants IC 443 and HB 21
• Deuterium chemistry and D/H ratios in Class 0/I proto-brown dwarfs
• A Survey of Deuterated Ammonia in the Cepheus Star-Forming Region L1251
• Charged grains and Kelvin Helmholtz instability in molecular clouds
• Dust emission, extinction, and scattering in LDN 1642
• Impact of an Active Sgr A* on the Synthesis of Water and Organic Molecules Throughout the Milky Way
• High-Sensitivity Observations of Molecular Lines with the Arecibo Telescope
• Gathering dust: A galaxy-wide study of dust emission from cloud complexes in NGC 300
• The Astrochemical Evolution of Turbulent Giant Molecular Clouds : I - Physical Processes and Method of Solution for Hydrodynamic, Embedded Starless Clouds
• An ALMA search for substructure and fragmentation in starless cores in Orion B North
• Interstellar Glycolaldehyde, Methyl Formate, and Acetic Acid. II. Chemical Modeling of the Bimodal Abundance Pattern in NGC 6334I
• The C${}^{18}$O core mass function toward Orion A: Single-dish observations
• Dense Molecular Cores Being Externally Heated
• Thermal Regulation and the Star-Forming Main Sequence
• A Semi-Automated Computational Approach for Infrared Dark Cloud Localization: A Catalog of Infrared Dark Clouds
• Physical and chemical properties of Red MSX Sources in the southern sky: HII regions
• The role of gas dynamical friction in the evolution of embedded stellar clusters
• Externally Fed Accretion onto Protostars
• The impact of cosmic ray heating on the cooling of the low-metallicity interstellar medium
• Protonated hydrogen cyanide as a tracer of pristine molecular gas
• $Herschel$ investigation of cores and filamentary structures in the Perseus molecular cloud
• ALMA resolves molecular clouds in the metal poor Magellanic Bridge A
• Multiwavelength study of the G345.5+1.5 region
• CARMA Observations of Galactic Cold Cores: Searching for Spinning Dust Emission
• Robustness of Synthetic Observations in Producing Observed Core Properties: Predictions for the TolTEC Clouds to Cores Legacy Survey
• Decaying turbulence in molecular clouds: how does it affect filament networks and star formation?
• Surveys of clumps, cores, and condensations in Cygnus-X: SMA observations of SiO (5$-$4)
• ALMAGAL V. Relations between the core populations and the parent clump physical properties
• The Kinematic and Chemical Properties of a Potential Core-Forming Clump: Perseus B1-E
• Infrared Excess of a Large OB Star Sample
• Probing episodic accretion with chemistry: CALYPSO observations of IRAM 04191+1522. Results from the CALYPSO IRAM-PdBI survey
• Differences in chemical evolution between isolated and embedded prestellar cores
• Physicochemical models: source-tailored or generic?
• [Fe II] 1.64 um Imaging Observations of the Outflow Features around Ultracompact H II Regions in the 1st Galactic Quadrant
• Prestellar Cores in Turbulent Clouds: Numerical Modeling and Evolution to Collapse
• Chemical evolution during the formation of molecular clouds
• WISE Green Objects (WGOs): the massive star candidates in the whole Galactic Plane ($\mid b\mid <2^{\circ }$)
• The effects of stellar feedback on molecular clumps in the Lagoon Nebula (M8)
• Comparing binary systems from rotating parent gas structures with different total masses
• Very Large Array Ammonia Observations of the HH 111/HH 121 Protostellar System: a Detection of a New Source With a Peculiar Chemistry
• Emergence of high-mass stars in complex fiber networks (EMERGE) IV. Environmental dependence of the fiber widths
• Oscillations in Gas-grain Astrochemical Kinetics
• Star-forming environments in smoothed particle magnetohydrodynamics simulations I: Clump extraction and properties
• Emergence of high-mass stars in complex fiber networks (EMERGE) III. Fiber networks in Orion
• Theory of Turbulent Equilibrium Spheres with Power-Law Linewidth-Size Relation
• Colliding interstellar bubbles in the direction of l=54°
• Widespread subsonic turbulence in Ophiuchus North 1
• Random gas motions inside sub-parsec scale supercritical filaments
• Binary Formation in a 100 $\mu$m-dark Massive Core
• Impact of cosmic-ray propagation on the chemistry and ionisation fraction of dark clouds
• A Statistical Study of H I Gas in Nearby Narrow-Line AGN-Hosting Galaxies
• Fragmentation of Dense Rotation-Dominated Structures Fed by Collapsing Gravomagneto-Sheetlets and Origin of Misaligned 100 au-Scale Binaries and Multiple Systems
• How Does a Protostar Form by Magnetized Gravitational Collapse?
• Imaging polarimetry of the rotating Bok globule CB67
• Toward a robust physical and chemical characterization of heterogeneous lines of sight: The case of the Horsehead nebula
• Star Formation Near Photodissociation Regions: Detection of a Peculiar Protostar Near Ced 201
• Studies of Dense Cores with ALMA
• Microquasar remnants as hidden PeVatrons
• Extended and Compact Ortho-H${}_2$D${}^{+}$ Structures Close to the Moment of Star-Formation: Evidence from ALMA-ACA Observations in Taurus
• Prestellar Cores in Turbulent Clouds: Properties of Critical Cores
• Water abundance in four of the brightest water sources in the southern sky
• New Bistable Solutions in Molecular Cloud Chemistry: Nitrogen and Carbon Autocatalysis
• Discovery of a brown dwarf with quasi-spherical mass-loss
• The Volumetric Extended-Schmidt Law: A Unity Slope
• Striations, integrals, hourglasses and collapse -- thermal instability driven magnetic simulations of molecular clouds
• Species cycling and the enhancement of ammonia in prestellar cores
• A possible far-ultraviolet flux-dependent core mass function in NGC 6357
• Spectroscopic Diagnostics of the Mid-Infrared Features of the Dark Globule, DC 314.8-5.1, with the Spitzer Space Telescope
• Formation of accretion centers in simulations of colliding uniform density H${}_2$ cores
• Northern Galactic Molecular Cloud Clumps in Hi-GAL: Clump and Star Formation within Clouds
• Northern Galactic Molecular Cloud Clumps in Hi-GAL: Dense Gas Map and Environmental Trends
• A Galactic Molecular Cloud Clump Catalog from Hi-GAL Data: Method and Initial Results Comparison to BGPS
• Sub-keV dark matter can strongly ionize molecular clouds
• Chemical constraints on the dynamical evolution of the cold core L694
• Probing Massive Star Nucleosynthesis with Data on Metal-Poor Stars and the Solar System
• Herschel-HIFI observations of H2O, NH3 and N2H+ toward high-mass starless and proto-stellar clumps identified by the Hi-GAL survey
• Hunting pre-stellar cores with APEX: overview
• The JCMT Nearby Galaxies Legacy Survey: SCUBA-2 observations of nearby galaxies
• Cosmic-ray induced sputtering of interstellar formaldehyde ices
• Do Red Galaxies Form More Stars Than Blue Galaxies?
• Cloud structure and young star distribution in the Dragonfish complex
• The extreme initial kinetic energy allowed by a collapsing turbulent core
• KAgoshima Galactic Object survey with Nobeyama 45-metre telescope by Mapping in Ammonia lines (KAGONMA): Discovery of parsec-scale CO depletion in the Canis Major star-forming region
• Nuclear de-excitation line emissions from giant molecular clouds
• Surveying the Whirlpool at Arcseconds with NOEMA (SWAN) II: Survey design and observations
• Chemical environments of 6.7 GHz methanol maser sources
• ALMA Band 9 CO(6--5) Reveals a Warm Ring Structure Associated with the Embedded Protostar in the Cold Dense Core MC 27/L1521F
• Internal Structure of Stellar Clusters: Geometry of Star Formation
• Empirical formulae to describe some physical properties of small groups of protogalaxies with multiplicity
• RR Lyrae stars with variable mean magnitudes
• Millimeter and far-IR study of the IRCD SDC 341.232-0.268
• High deuteration of methanol in L1544
• Estimating the dense gas mass of molecular clouds using spatially unresolved 3 mm line observations
• Neon is an inhibitor of CO hydrogenation in pre-stellar core conditions
• The Evolutionary Path of Star-Forming Clumps in Hi-GAL
• Bridging Theory and Observation: Synthetic Far-infrared Insights into Star Formation Efficiency
• Average value of the cosmic ray injection exponent at Galactic sources
• Why don't clumps of cirrus dust gravitationally collapse?
• c-C3H2 deuteration towards prestellar and starless cores in the Perseus Molecular Cloud
• Chemical analysis of prestellar cores in Ophiuchus yields short timescales and rapid collapse
• The effects of a compressive velocity pulse on a collapsing turbulent clump
• Parsec-scale SiO emission in the Galactic Center
• Compact and High Excitation Molecular Clumps in the Extended Ultraviolet Disk of M83
• Galaxy Activity, Torus and Outflow Survey (GATOS) X: Molecular gas clumpiness under the influence of AGN
• The Dense Gas Mass Fraction and the Relationship to Star Formation in M51
• Weak CS Emission in an Extremely Metal-poor Galaxy DDO 70
• Galactic cold cores II. Herschel study of the extended dust emission around the first Planck detections
• Chemistry of Dark Molecular Clouds
• Molecular Clouds at the Edge of the Galaxy II. Physical properties and scaling relations
• Carbon chain diversity in L1544 and IRAS 16293-2422: an astrochemical pathfinder study for the SKAO
• Synthetic observations using POLARIS: an application to simulations of massive prestellar cores
• A complete survey of filaments in Cygnus X
• Setting the Stage: The Early History of the Solar System
• A Core Mass Function Indistinguishable from the Salpeter Stellar Initial Mass Function Using 1000 au Resolution ALMA Observations
• CO Structures with Narrow Lines in Nearby Quiescent Regions
• Interstellar objects follow the collapse of molecular clouds