Fragmentation of the High-mass "Starless'' Core G10.21-0.31: a Coherent Evolutionary Picture for Star Formation

Abstract

G10.21-0.31 is a 70 $\mu$m-dark high-mass starless core ($M>300$ ${\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$ within $r<0.15$ pc) identified in $Spitzer$, $Herschel$, and APEX continuum surveys, and is believed to harbor the initial stages of high-mass star formation. We present ALMA and SMA observations to resolve the internal structure of this promising high-mass starless core. Sensitive high-resolution ALMA 1.3 mm dust continuum emission reveals three cores of mass ranging 11-18 ${\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$, characterized by a turbulent fragmentation. Core 1, 2, and 3 represent a coherent evolution at three different evolutionary stages, characterized by outflows (CO, SiO), gas temperature (${\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{CO}$), and deuteration (${\mathrm{N}}_2{\mathrm{D}}^{+}/{\mathrm{N}}_2{\mathrm{H}}^{+}$). We confirm the potential to form high-mass stars in G10.21 and explore the evolution path of high-mass star formation. Yet, no high-mass prestellar core is present in G10.21. This suggests a dynamical star formation where cores grow in mass over time.

arXiv comment30 pages, 13 figures; accepted for publication in ApJ

References in corpus (71)

• On the variation of the Initial Mass Function
• The Formation of Massive Stars from Turbulent Cores
• Cold Dark Clouds: The Initial Conditions for Star Formation
• ATLASGAL - The APEX Telescope Large Area Survey of the Galaxy at 870 microns
• MAMBO Mapping of Spitzer c2d Small Clouds and Cores
• Hi-GAL: the Herschel infrared Galactic Plane Survey
• Competitive accretion in embedded stellar cluster
• High-Mass Star and Massive Cluster Formation in the Milky Way
• Probing the evolutionary status of starless cores through N2H+ and N2D+ observations
• How to Calculate Molecular Column Density
• Molecular ions in L1544. II. The ionization degree
• Outflow Feedback Regulated Massive Star Formation in Parsec-Scale Cluster Forming Clumps
• The Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey: Survey Description and Data Reduction
• Hierarchical fragmentation and differential star formation in the Galactic "Snake": infrared dark cloud G11.11-0.12
• How Many Infrared Dark Clouds can form Massive Stars and Clusters?
• The Green Bank Telescope HII Region Discovery Survey II. The Source Catalog
• Ammonia from cold high-mass clumps discovered in the inner Galactic disk by the ATLASGAL survey
• Fragmentation at the Earliest Phase of Massive Star Formation
• The ALMA Survey of 70 $\mu$m dark High-mass clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). I. Pilot Survey: Clump Fragmentation
• The Simultaneous Formation of Massive Stars and Stellar Clusters
• Fragmentation of Molecular Clumps and Formation of Protocluster
• CO Depletion and Deuterium Fractionation in Prestellar Cores
• Mid-Infrared Extinction Mapping of Infrared Dark Clouds II. The Structure of Massive Starless Cores and Clumps
• The Origin of Massive Stars: The Inertial-Inflow Model
• ATLASGAL --- Environments of 6.7\,GHz methanol masers
• Probing the initial conditions of high-mass star formation. II. Fragmentation, stability, and chemistry
• Hierarchical Fragmentation and Jet-like Outflows in IRDC G28.34+0.06, a Growing Massive Protostar Cluster
• A Massive Prestellar Clump Hosting no High-Mass Cores
• The Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey. VII. Characterizing the Properties of Massive Star-Forming Regions
• Deuteration as an evolutionary tracer in massive-star formation
• eXtended CASA Line Analysis Software Suite (XCLASS)
• Filamentary Fragmentation and Accretion in High-Mass Star-Forming Molecular Clouds
• The Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey. XIV. Physical Properties of Massive Starless and Star Forming Clumps
• Fragmentation of massive dense cores down to ~1000 AU: Relation between fragmentation and density structure
• ATLASGAL-selected massive clumps in the inner Galaxy, II: Characterisation of different evolutionary stages and their SiO emission
• Distinct Chemical Regions in the "Prestellar" Infrared Dark Cloud (IRDC) G028.23-00.19
• Probing the initial conditions of High Mass Star formation -- I. Deuteration and depletion in high mass pre/protocluster clumps
• Search for starless clumps in the ATLASGAL survey
• The Deuterium Fractionation Timescale in Dense Cloud Cores: A Parameter Space Exploration
• Massive Quiescent Cores in Orion: Dynamical State Revealed by High-Resolution Ammonia Maps
• Rapid Star Formation and Global Gravitational Collapse
• Submillimeter Array Observations of the Molecular Outflow in High-mass Star-forming Region G240.31+0.07
• ALMA observations of fragmentation, sub-structure, and protostars in high-mass starless clump candidates
• Properties of dense cores in clustered massive star-forming regions at high angular resolution
• Chemical evolution in the early phases of massive star formation II: Deuteration
• Chemical and kinematic structure of extremely high-velocity molecular jets in the Serpens Main star-forming region
• IRDC G030.88+00.13: A Tale of Two Massive Clumps
• ALMA reveals sequential high-mass star formation in the G9.62+0.19 complex
• A Hunt for Massive Starless Cores
• The JCMT Plane Survey: First complete data release - emission maps and compact source catalogue
• Formation of Massive Protostellar Clusters -- Observations of Massive 70 $\mu$m Dark Molecular Clouds
• Massive and low-mass protostars in massive "starless" cores
• Thermal Jeans fragmentation within 1000 AU in OMC-1S
• The Molecular Gas Environment in the 20 km s${}^{-1}$ Cloud in the Central Molecular Zone
• High-mass Starless Clumps in the inner Galactic Plane: the Sample and Dust Properties
• The ALMA Survey of 70 $\mu$m Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). IV. Star formation signatures in G023.477
• A SiO J = 5 - 4 Survey Toward Massive Star Formation Regions
• ALMA-IRDC: Dense gas mass distribution from cloud to core scales
• ALMA Observations of Massive Clouds in the Central Molecular Zone: Ubiquitous Protostellar Outflows
• HII regions and high-mass starless clump candidates II. Fragmentation and induced star formation at ~0.025 pc scale: An ALMA continuum study
• Characterization of Molecular Outflows in The Substellar Domain
• High-mass star formation at sub-50AU scales
• Disentangling the Environment of the FU Orionis Candidate HBC 722 with Herschel
• The ALMA Survey of 70 $\mu$m Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). V. Deuterated Molecules in the 70 $\mu$m dark IRDC G14.492-00.139
• Fragmentation and kinematics in high-mass star formation: CORE-extension targeting two very young high-mass star-forming regions
• Evidence of Core Growth in the Dragon Infrared Dark Cloud: A Path for Massive Star Formation
• A Low-mass Cold and Quiescent Core Population in a Massive Star Protocluster
• The L1157 protostellar outflow imaged with the SMA
• An ALMA study of outflow parameters of protoclusters: outflow feedback to maintain the turbulence
• W51North: A protocluster emerging out of a thermally inhibited fragmenting cloud
• Bipolar molecular outflow of the very low-mass star Par-Lup3-4

Cited by in corpus (4)

• SiO Outflows in the Most Luminous and Massive Protostellar Sources of the Southern Sky
• High-Mass Starless Clumps: Dynamical State and Correlation Between Physical Parameters
• Highly structured turbulence in high-mass star formation: an evolved infrared dark cloud G35.20-0.74 N
• Searching for Magnetar Binaries Disrupted by Core-Collapse Supernovae