MAMBO Mapping of Spitzer c2d Small Clouds and Cores

Abstract

AIMS: To study the structure of nearby (< 500 pc) dense starless and star-forming cores with the particular goal to identify and understand evolutionary trends in core properties, and to explore the nature of Very Low Luminosity Objects (< 0.1 L_sun; VeLLOs). METHODS: Using the MAMBO bolometer array, we create maps unusually sensitive to faint (few mJy per beam) extended (approx. 5 arcmin) thermal dust continuum emission at 1.2 mm wavelength. Complementary information on embedded stars is obtained from Spitzer, IRAS, and 2MASS. RESULTS: Our maps are very rich in structure, and we characterize extended emission features (``subcores'') and compact intensity peaks in our data separately to pay attention to this complexity. We derive, e.g., sizes, masses, and aspect ratios for the subcores, as well as column densities and related properties for the peaks. Combination with archival infrared data then enables the derivation of bolometric luminosities and temperatures, as well as envelope masses, for the young embedded stars. CONCLUSIONS: (abridged) Starless and star-forming cores occupy the same parameter space in many core properties; a picture of dense core evolution in which any dense core begins to actively form stars once it exceeds some fixed limit in, e.g., mass, density, or both, is inconsistent with our data. Comparison of various evolutionary indicators for young stellar objects in our sample (e.g., bolometric temperatures) reveals inconsistencies between some of them, possibly suggesting a revision of some of these indicators.

Accepted to A&A. In total 46 pages, with 20 pages of tables, figures, and appendices. High-resolution version of this article at https://www.xythosondemand.com/home/harvard_iic/Users/jkauffma/Public/mambo_spitzer.pdf

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• The magnetic properties of the protostellar core IRAS 15398-3359
• Synthetic Large-Scale Galactic Filaments -- on their Formation, Physical Properties, and Resemblance to Observations
• AMI-LA radio continuum observations of Spitzer c2d small clouds and cores: Perseus region
• TRAO Survey of Nearby Filamentary Molecular clouds, the Universal Nursery of Stars (TRAO FUNS) I. Dynamics and Chemistry of L1478 in the California Molecular Cloud
• ${}^{13}$C Isotopic Fractionation of CCH in Two Starless Cores: L1521B and L134N
• Can Isolated Single Black Holes Produce X-ray Novae?
• A global view on star formation: The GLOSTAR Galactic plane survey VIII. Formaldehyde absorption in Cygnus~X
• Correlating Infall with Deuterium Fractionation in Dense Cores
• Simultaneous Survey of Water and Class I Methanol Masers toward Red MSX Sources
• ORion Alma New GEneration Survey (ORANGES) I. Dust continuum and free-free emission of OMC-2/3 filament protostars
• Physical properties of dense cores in Orion B9
• Hot Molecular Gas in the Circumnuclear Disk
• Search for grain growth towards the center of L1544
• A Sample of Intermediate-Mass Star-Forming Regions: Making Stars at Mass Column Densities <1 g/cm^2
• ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -XIII. Ongoing triggered star formation within clump-fed scenario found in the massive ($\sim 1500$ ${\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$) clump
• Mass-size scaling M~ r^1.67 of massive star-forming clumps -- evidences of turbulence-regulated gravitational collapse
• High-angular resolution observations of methanol in the infrared dark cloud core G11.11-0.12P1
• Chemical composition in the IRAS 16562--3959 high-mass star-forming region
• The Magnetic Field in the Milky Way Filamentary Bone G47
• C2H N=1-0 and N2H+ J=1-0 observations of Planck Galactic cold clumps
• The Cygnus Allscale Survey of Chemistry and Dynamical Environments: CASCADE: Overview and first results toward DR20 from the Max Planck IRAM Observatory program (MIOP)
• An updated modular set of synthetic spectral energy distributions for young stellar objects
• A multiwavelength study of the W33 Main ultracompact HII region
• Ubiquitous $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_3$ supersonic component in L1688 coherent cores
• Initial phases of high-mass star formation: A multiwavelength study towards the extended green object G12.42+0.50
• NGC7538 IRS1 -- an O star driving an ionized jet and giant N-S outflow
• A census of young stellar population associated with the Herbig Be star HD 200775
• Gravitational collapse and accretion flows in the hub filament system G323.46-0.08
• A low-velocity bipolar outflow from a deeply embedded object in Taurus revealed by the Atacama Compact Array
• Which Part of Dense Cores Feeds Material to Protostars?: The Case of L1489 IRS
• Massive Star Formation at the Periphery of the Evolved Giant HII Region W 39
• A centrally concentrated sub-solar mass starless core in the Taurus L1495 filamentary complex
• The TOP-SCOPE survey of PGCCs: PMO and SCUBA-2 observations of 64 PGCCs in the 2nd Galactic Quadrant
• Far-infrared/sub-millimetre properties of pre-stellar cores L1521E, L1521F and L1689B as revealed by the Herschel SPIRE instrument -- I. Central positions
• Characterizing three-dimensional magnetic field, turbulence, and self-gravity in the star-forming region L1688
• Polarization of seven MBM clouds at high galactic latitude
• First Sub-pc Sale Mapping of Magnetic Fields in the Vicinity of a Very Low Luminosity Object, L1521F-IRS
• 3-D CMZ IV: Distinguishing Near vs. Far Distances in the Galactic Center Using Spitzer and Herschel
• Correlations of Methyl Formate (CH3OCHO), Dimethyl Ether (CH3OCH3) and Ketene (H2CCO) in High-mass Star-forming Regions
• Understanding the links among magnetic fields, filament, the bipolar bubble, and star formation in RCW57A using NIR polarimetry
• Evidence of a Cloud-Cloud Collision from Overshooting Gas in the Galactic Center
• Carbon-Chain Molecules in Molecular Outflows and Lupus I Region--New Producing Region and New Forming Mechanism
• Infall/Expansion Velocities in the Low-Mass Dense Cores L492, L694-2, and L1521F: Dependence on Position and Molecular Tracer
• Evolution of the Hub-filament Structures in IC 5146 in the Context of the Energy Balance of Gravity, Turbulence, and Magnetic Field
• Fragmentation of the High-mass "Starless'' Core G10.21-0.31: a Coherent Evolutionary Picture for Star Formation
• Detection of a dense SiO jet in the evolved protostellar phase
• Complex organic molecules uncover deeply embedded precursors of hot cores
• AzTEC Survey of the Central Molecular Zone: Increasing Spectral Index of Dust with Density
• Resolution-dependent Subsonic Non-thermal Line Dispersion Revealed by ALMA
• CS Depletion in Prestellar Cores
• Tracers of Dense Gas in the Outer Galaxy
• Virial Clumps in Central Molecular Zone Clouds
• The TOPGöt high-mass star-forming sample. I. Methyl cyanide emission as tracer of early phases of star formation
• A wide-field CO survey towards the California Molecular Filament
• ALMA Observations of the massive molecular outflow G331.512-0.103 II: physical properties, kinematics, and geometry modeling
• AMI Large Array radio continuum observations of Spitzer c2d small clouds and cores
• Infrared dust bubble CS51 and its interaction with the surrounding interstellar medium
• The segregation of starless and protostellar clumps in the Hi-GAL l=224deg region
• The physical environment around IRAS 17599-2148: infrared dark cloud and bipolar nebula
• Distance, magnetic field and kinematics of a filamentary cloud LDN 1157
• ALMA-IMF XVI: Mass-averaged temperature of cores and protostellar luminosities in the ALMA-IMF protoclusters
• Spinning Bar and a Star-formation Inefficient Repertoire: Turbulence in Hickson Compact Group NGC7674
• A Herschel and BIMA study of the sequential star formation near the W48A HII region
• Star formation in Chamaeleon I and III: a molecular line study of the starless core population
• Connecting Galactic and extragalactic outflows: From the Cygnus-X cluster to active galaxies
• Alignment of dense molecular core morphology and velocity gradients with ambient magnetic fields
• On the Diagnostic Power of FIR/Sub-mm SED Fitting in Massive Galactic Molecular Clumps
• Extended HNCO, SiO, and HC${}_3$N emission in 43 southern star-forming regions
• Testing the star formation scaling relations in the clumps of the North American and Pelican cloud complexes
• Variations of the HCO${}^{+}$, HCN, HNC, N${}_2$H${}^{+}$ and NH${}_3$ deuterium fractionation in high-mass star-forming regions
• Kinematics and star formation of hub-filament systems in W49A
• Linking ice and gas in the Lambda Orionis Barnard 35A cloud
• Molecular environs and triggered star formation around the large Galactic infrared bubble N 24
• Role of Filamentary Structures in the Formation of Two Dense Cores, L1544 and L694-2
• High-resolution APEX/LAsMA ${}^{12}$CO and ${}^{13}$CO (3-2) observation of the G333 giant molecular cloud complex : II. Survival and gravitational collapse of dense gas structures under feedback
• Star formation activity in the neighbourhood of W-R 1503-160L star in the mid-infrared bubble N46
• Magnetic fields in the Horsehead Nebula
• Searching for shocks in high-mass starless clump candidates
• A search for cloud cores affected by shocked carbon chain chemistry in L1251
• Carina's Pillars of Destruction: the view from ALMA
• The ALMA-ATOMS survey: Vibrationally excited HC${}_3$N lines in hot cores
• The distribution of warm gas in the G327.3--0.6 massive star-forming region
• The Role of Magnetic Fields in Triggered Star Formation of RCW 120
• Dynamics, CO depletion, and deuterium fractionation of the dense condensations within the fragmented prestellar core Orion B9-SMM 6
• The mass distribution of clumps within infrared dark clouds. A Large APEX Bolometer Camera study
• Magnetic Fields and Fragmentation of Filaments in the Hub of California-X
• The Evolution of Density Structure of Starless and Protostellar Cores
• Three dimensional projection effects on chemistry in a Planck galactic cold clump
• Understanding the Star Formation Efficiency in Dense Gas: Initial Results from the CAFFEINE Survey with ArTéMiS
• A particular carbon-chain-producing region: L1489 starless core
• Early-stage star forming cloud cores in GLIMPSE Extended Green Objects (EGOs) as traced by organic species
• The link between gas and stars in the S254-S258 star-forming region
• A Catalog of Low-Mass Star-Forming Cores Observed with SHARC-II at 350 microns
• Magnetic fields and Star Formation around HII regions: The S235 complex
• Two-Dimensional Molecular Gas and ongoing star formation around H II region Sh2-104
• Distortion of Magnetic Fields in a Starless Core VI: Application of Flux Freezing Model and Core Formation of FeSt 1-457
• Distortion of Magnetic Fields in BHR 71
• Linear dust polarization during the embedded phase of protostar formation
• Probing the initial conditions of high-mass star formation. III. Fragmentation and triggered star formation
• A mean density of $112M_{\odot }\mathrm{p}{\mathrm{c}}^{-3}$ for Central Molecular Zone clumps -- Evidences for shear-enabled pressure equilibrium in the Galactic Center
• Emergence of high-mass stars in complex fiber networks (EMERGE) II. The need for data combination in ALMA observations
• Benchmarking the IRDC G351.77-0.53: Gaia DR3 distance, mass distribution, and star formation content
• Dynamical timescale of precollapse evolution inferred from chemical distribution in the Taurus Molecular Cloud-1 (TMC-1) filament
• Nobeyama 45 m Local Spur CO survey. I. Giant molecular filaments and cluster formation in the Vulpecula OB association
• Ammonia mapping observations toward the Galactic massive star-forming region Sh 2-255 and Sh 2-257
• Searching for initial stage of massive star formation around the H II region G18.2-0.3
• Unveiling the remarkable photodissociation region of M8
• Study of the filamentary infrared dark cloud G192.76+00.10 in the S254-S258 OB complex
• The initial conditions for young massive cluster formation in the Galactic Centre: convergence of large-scale gas flows
• A cluster of outflows in the Vulpecula Rift
• CO~($J=1-0$) Observations toward Filamentary Molecular Clouds in the Galactic Region with $l = [169\arcdeg.75, 174\arcdeg.75], b = [-0\arcdeg.75, 0\arcdeg.5]$
• A new gamma-ray source unveiled by AGILE in the region of Orion
• The Role of Magnetic Fields in the Formation of the Filamentary Infrared Dark Cloud G11.11-0.12
• A Cold and Diffuse Giant Molecular Filament in the Region of $l=41^{\circ }$, $b=-1^{\circ }$
• Infrared study of the star-forming region associated with the UC HII regions G45.07+0.13 and G45.12+0.13
• Carbon-chain molecule survey toward four low-mass molecular outflow sources
• Linking High- and Low-Mass Star Formation: Observation-Based Continuum Modelling and Physical Conditions
• Sulfur-bearing molecules in a sample of early star-forming cores
• Characteristic scale of star formation. I. Clump formation efficiency on local scales
• The Seahorse Nebula: New views of the filamentary infrared dark cloud G304.74+01.32 from SABOCA, Herschel, and WISE
• Discovery of Asymmetric Spike-like Structures of the 10 au Disk around the Very Low-luminosity Protostar Embedded in the Taurus Dense Core MC 27/L1521F with ALMA
• Mapping and characterizing magnetic fields in the Rho Ophiuchus-A molecular cloud with SOFIA/HAWC$+$
• Does the HCN/CO ratio trace the star-forming fraction of gas? I. A comparison with analytical models of star formation
• CO enhancement by magnetohydrodynamic waves; Striations in the Polaris Flare
• High-mass star formation toward southern infrared bubble S10
• Dense Molecular Cores Being Externally Heated
• Probing the Global Dust Properties and Cluster Formation Potential of the Giant Molecular Cloud G148.24+00.41
• Magnetic field measurement in TMC-1C using 22.3 GHz CCS Zeeman splitting
• Velocity-Coherent Substructure in TMC-1: Inflow and Fragmentation
• Chemical exploration of Galactic cold cores
• Studying the effects and cause of the massive star formation in Messier 8 East
• Planck Galactic Cold Clumps at High Galactic Latitude-A Study with CO Lines
• The physical and chemical structure of high-mass star-forming regions. Unraveling chemical complexity with the NOEMA large program "CORE"
• An ALMA search for substructure and fragmentation in starless cores in Orion B North
• Atomic Shocks in the Outflow of L1551 IRS 5 Identified with SOFIA-upGREAT Observations of [OI]
• Galatic HII region IRAS 17149$-$3916 -- A multiwavelength study
• Studying star-forming processes at core and clump scales: the case of the young stellar object G29.862-0.0044
• The embedded ring-like feature and star formation activities in G35.673-00.847
• Multiwavelength study of the G345.5+1.5 region
• Massive extended streamers feed high-mass young stars
• Mid-$J$ CO Line Observations of Protostellar Outflows in the Orion Molecular Clouds
• Alignment and Rotational Disruption of Dust Grains in the Galactic Centre Revealed by Polarized Dust Emission
• Cloud-cloud collision and star formation in G323.18+0.15
• ALMAGAL VI. The spatial distribution of dense cores during the evolution of cluster-forming massive clump
• A statistical study towards the high-mass BGPS clumps with the MALT90 survey
• Star formation in IRDC G31.97+0.07
• Gas infall in the massive star formation core G192.16-3.84
• The multi-phase ISM in the nearby composite AGN-SB galaxy NGC 4945: large (parsecs) scale mechanical heating
• Submillimeter and molecular views of three Galactic ring-like HII regions
• SABOCA 350-micron and LABOCA 870-micron dust continuum imaging of IRAS 05399-0121: mapping the dust properties of a pre- and protostellar core system
• Anatomy of the Class I protostar L1489 IRS with NOEMA - II. A disk replenished by a massive streamer
• A New Search for Star Forming Regions in the Southern Outer Galaxy
• Embedded filaments in IRAS 05463+2652: early stage of fragmentation and star formation activities
• Searching for further evidence for cloud-cloud collisions in L1188
• The JCMT BISTRO-3 Survey: Variation of magnetic field orientations on parsec and sub-parsec scales in the massive star-forming region G28.34+0.06
• Density Exponent Analysis: Gravity-driven steepening of the density profiles of star-forming regions
• PRODIGE VI -- Envelope to Disk with NOEMA: VI. The Missing Sulfur Problem
• Planck Galactic Cold Clumps in Two Regions: the First Quadrant and the Anti-Center Direction Region
• A rotating helical filament in the L1251 dark cloud
• Deviation from a Continuous and Universal Turbulence Cascade in NGC 6334 due to Massive Star Formation Activity
• Cyanopolyyne line survey towards high-mass star-forming regions with TMRT
• Robustness of Synthetic Observations in Producing Observed Core Properties: Predictions for the TolTEC Clouds to Cores Legacy Survey
• The Kinematic and Chemical Properties of a Potential Core-Forming Clump: Perseus B1-E
• A high-resolution extinction mapping technique for face-on disc galaxies
• Studying the chemical and kinematical structures of dense cores TMC-1C, L1544, and TMC-1 in the Taurus molecular cloud using the CCS and NH3 observations
• Widespread subsonic turbulence in Ophiuchus North 1
• Evolution of magnetized hub-filament systems: Comparing the observed properties of W3(OH), W3 Main, and S 106
• Emergence of high-mass stars in complex fiber networks (EMERGE) III. Fiber networks in Orion
• Linking ice and gas in the Coronet cluster in Corona Australis
• Emergence of high-mass stars in complex fiber networks (EMERGE) IV. Environmental dependence of the fiber widths
• The Formation of Filaments and Dense cores in the Cocoon Nebula (IC~5146)
• Turbulent Pressure Heats Gas and Suppresses Star Formation in Galactic Bar Molecular Clouds
• Revealing a Centrally Condensed Structure in OMC-3/MMS 3 with ALMA High Resolution Observations
• Large-field CO (J=1-0) observations toward SNR G150.3+4.5
• Sequential Star Formation in the filamentary structures of Planck Galactic cold clump G181.84+0.31
• A candidate protostellar object in the L1457 / MBM12 cloud
• The Effelsberg survey of FU Orionis and EX Lupi objects I. -- Host environments of FUors/EXors traced by NH${}_3$
• Molecular Clouds Associated with {H \small{II}} regions and Candidates within l = 106.65${}^{\circ }$ to 109.50${}^{\circ }$ and b = $-$1.85${}^{\circ }$ to 0.95${}^{\circ }$
• ALMA observations of massive clouds in the central molecular zone: slim filaments tracing parsec-scale shocks
• Extended and Compact Ortho-H${}_2$D${}^{+}$ Structures Close to the Moment of Star-Formation: Evidence from ALMA-ACA Observations in Taurus
• ArTéMiS imaging of the filamentary infrared dark clouds G1.75-0.08 and G11.36+0.80: Dust-based physical properties of the clouds and their clumps
• Looking for evidence of high-mass star formation at core scale in a massive molecular clump
• A multi-scale view of the magnetic field morphology in the hot molecular core G31.41+0.31
• Asymmetric accretion through a streamer onto the pre-stellar core H-MM1
• Dense cores in the Seahorse infrared dark cloud: physical properties from modified blackbody fits to the far-infrared-submillimetre spectral energy distributions
• What did the seahorse swallow? APEX 170 GHz observations of the chemical conditions in the Seahorse infrared dark cloud
• A search for water maser emission from brown dwarfs and low-luminosity young stellar objects
• Protostellar Interferometric Line Survey of the Cygnus-X region (PILS-Cygnus) -- The role of the external environment in setting the chemistry of protostars
• Ammonia mapping observations of the Galactic infrared bubble N49: Three NH${}_3$ clumps along the molecular filament
• Does the HCN/CO ratio trace the star-forming fraction of gas? II. Variations in CO and HCN Emissivity
• Detection of Dust Condensations in the Orion Bar Photon-dominated Region
• Protostellar disc structure and dynamics during star formation from cloud-scale initial conditions
• Bowshocks driven by the pole-on molecular jet of outbursting protostar SVS 13
• CHEMOUT: CHEMical complexity in star-forming regions of the OUTer Galaxy. V. Chemical composition gradients as a function of the galactocentric radius
• KAgoshima Galactic Object survey with Nobeyama 45-metre telescope by Mapping in Ammonia lines (KAGONMA): Discovery of parsec-scale CO depletion in the Canis Major star-forming region
• Unveiling the substructure of the massive clump AGAL G035.1330$-$00.7450
• Dense Molecular Ring-like structure in gaseous CO depletion region G34.74-0.12
• Molecular cloud matching in CO and dust in M33 II. Physical properties of giant molecular clouds
• Revisiting G29.862-0.0044: a jet cavity disrupted by an outflow in a likely young stellar object wide binary system
• Unveiling the role of magnetic fields in an accreting filament onto a young protocluster
• Tentative Detection of the Glycine Isomer Glycolamide in Hot Molecular Core
• The Impact of Expanding HII Regions on Filament G37:Curved Magnetic Field and Multiple Direction Material Flows
• Which Molecular Cloud Structures Are Bound?
• The role of magnetic fields in the fragmentation of the Taurus B213 filament into Sun-type star-forming cores
• First detection of CF${}^{+}$ in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Magneto-Gravitational Regulated Streamer Accretion onto a Class 0 Protostellar System
• Mass Segregation in the CMZoom Survey
• Quantifying the anisotropic density structure of the Central Molecular Zone -- a 2D correlation function approach
• Magnetic field alignment with dense cores in the transition between cloud and core scales
• WISE J044232.92+322734.9: A star-forming galaxy at redshift 1.1 seen through a Galactic dust clump?
• Evidence for the gravity-driven and magnetically-regularized gas flows feeding the massive protostellar cluster in Cepheus A
• CO Structures with Narrow Lines in Nearby Quiescent Regions
• The Snake Filament: A study of polarization and kinematics
• ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -- X. Chemical differentiation among the massive cores in G9.62+0.19
• Unveiling Fiber Networks and Core Formation in the DR21 South Filament
• A Survey of Magnetic Field Properties in Bok Globules
• Search and study of young infrared stellar clusters
• An S-shaped filament formed due to Cloud-Cloud Collision in molecular cloud G178.28-00.61