2-D Radiative Transfer in Protostellar Envelopes: I. Effects of Geometry on Class I Sources

Abstract

We present 2-D radiation transfer models of Class I Protostars and show the effect of including more realistic geometries on the resulting spectral energy distributions and images. We begin with a rotationally flattened infalling envelope as our comparison model, and add a flared disk and bipolar cavity. The disk affects the spectral energy distribution most strongly at edge-on inclinations, causing a broad dip at about 10 um (independent of the silicate feature) due to high extinction and low scattering albedo in this wavelength region. The bipolar cavities allow more direct stellar+disk radiation to emerge into polar directions, and more scattering radiation to emerge into all directions. The wavelength-integrated flux, often interpreted as luminosity, varies with viewing angle, with pole-on viewing angles seeing 2-4 times as much flux as edge-on, depending on geometry. Thus, observational estimates of luminosity should take into account the inclination of a source. The envelopes with cavities are significantly bluer in near-IR and mid-IR color-color plots than those without cavities. Using 1-D models to interpret Class I sources with bipolar cavities would lead to an underestimate of envelope mass and an overestimate of the implied evolutionary state. We compute images at near-, mid-, and far-IR wavelengths. We find that the mid-IR colors and images are sensitive to scattering albedo, and that the flared disk shadows the midplane on large size scales at all wavelengths plotted. Finally, our models produce polarization spectra which can be used to diagnose dust properties, such as albedo variations due to grain growth. Our results of polarization across the 3.1 um ice feature agree well with observations for ice mantles covering 5% of the radius of the grains.

Accepted for publication in ApJ, 37 pages, 13 figures (several figures reduced in quality; find original version at http://gemelli.colorado.edu/~bwhitney/preprints.html)

References in corpus (1)

• A Spectrophotometric Method to Determine the Inclination of Class I Objects

Cited by in corpus (339)

• Interpreting Spectral Energy Distributions from Young Stellar Objects. I. A grid of 200,000 YSO model SEDs
• MAMBO Mapping of Spitzer c2d Small Clouds and Cores
• 2-D Radiative Transfer in Protostellar Envelopes: II. An Evolutionary Sequence
• Dust Filtration by Planet-Induced Gap Edges: Implications for Transitional Disks
• The c2d Spitzer Spectroscopic Survey of Ices Around Low-Mass Young Stellar Objects: I. H2O and the 5-8 um Bands
• Consistent dust and gas models for protoplanetary disks. I. Disk shape, dust settling, opacities, and PAHs
• The VLA/ALMA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey of Orion Protostars. A Statistical Characterization of Class 0 and I Protostellar Disks
• Young Stellar Objects in the Gould Belt
• Observational Signatures of Planets in Protoplanetary Disks I: Gaps Opened by Single and Multiple Young Planets in Disks
• Identifying the Low Luminosity Population of Embedded Protostars in the c2d Observations of Clouds and Cores
• Protoplanetary disc evolution and dispersal: the implications of X-ray photoevaportion
• A 0.2 solar mass protostar with a Keplerian disk in the very young L1527 IRS system
• Spiral Arms in the Asymmetrically Illuminated Disk of MWC 758 and Constraints on Giant Planets
• A Triple Protostar System Formed via Fragmentation of a Gravitationally Unstable Disk
• Intrinsically Red Sources observed by Spitzer in the Galactic Mid-Plane
• Disk-mediated accretion burst in a high-mass young stellar object
• The chemical history of molecules in circumstellar disks. I. Ices
• The Herschel Orion Protostar Survey: Spectral Energy Distributions and Fits Using a Grid of Protostellar Models
• The Spitzer c2d Survey of Large, Nearby, Interstellar Clouds. III. Perseus Observed with IRAC
• HYPERION: An open-source parallelized three-dimensional dust continuum radiative transfer code
• Star Formation in the Central 400 pc of the Milky Way: Evidence for a Population of Massive YSOs
• On the formation of H-alpha line emission around classical T Tauri stars
• NLTE Monte Carlo Radiative Transfer: I. The Thermal Properties of Keplerian Disks around Classical Be Stars
• Evolutionary Signatures in the Formation of Low-Mass Protostars. II. Towards Reconciling Models and Observations
• IR Dust Bubbles: Probing the Detailed Structure and Young Massive Stellar Populations of Galactic HII Regions
• 2-D simulations of FU Orionis disk outbursts
• A Herschel and APEX Census of the Reddest Sources in Orion: Searching for the Youngest Protostars
• The earliest phases of star formation - A Herschel key project. The thermal structure of low-mass molecular cloud cores
• The formation of massive stars: accretion, disks and the development of hypercompact HII regions
• Star formation around RCW 120, the perfect bubble
• High and Intermediate-Mass Young Stellar Objects in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• A perspective from extinct radionuclides on a Young Stellar Object: The Sun and its accretion disk
• The RMS Survey: Critical Tests of Accretion Models for the Formation of Massive Stars
• A hot compact dust disk around a massive young stellar object
• How Protostellar Outflows Help Massive Stars Form
• Three-Dimensional Radiation Transfer in Young Stellar Objects
• Rotationally-supported disks around Class I sources in Taurus: disk formation constraints
• The missing cavities in the SEEDS polarized scattered light images of transitional protoplanetary disks: a generic disk model
• A Combined Spitzer and Chandra Survey of Young Stellar Objects in the Serpens Cloud Core
• Complex Structure in Class 0 Protostellar Envelopes
• A submillimetre survey of the kinematics of the Perseus molecular cloud - II. Molecular outflows
• Characterizing the nature of embedded young stellar objects through silicate, ice and millimeter observations
• The Extended Environment of M17: A Star Formation History
• Observations and modeling of the inner disk region of T Tauri stars
• A Flattened Protostellar Envelope in Absorption around L1157
• A modular set of synthetic spectral energy distributions for young stellar objects
• The Spitzer c2d Survey of Nearby Dense Cores: I: First Direct Detection of the Embedded Source in IRAM 04191+1522
• Luminosity Functions of Spitzer Identified Protostars in Nine Nearby Molecular Clouds
• The enigmatic core L1451-mm: a first hydrostatic core? or a hidden VeLLO?
• The Magellanic zoo: Mid-infrared Spitzer spectroscopy of evolved stars and circumstellar dust in the Magellanic Clouds
• Constraining the Evolutionary Stage of Class I Protostars: Multi-wavelength Observations and Modeling
• Efficient Monte Carlo methods for continuum radiative transfer
• The Luminosities of Protostars in the Spitzer c2d and Gould Belt Legacy Clouds
• Multidimensional models of hydrogen and helium emission line profiles for classical T Tauri Stars: method, tests and examples
• The nature of the Class I population in Ophiuchus as revealed through gas and dust mapping
• APEX-CHAMP+ high-J CO observations of low-mass young stellar objects: IV. Mechanical and radiative feedback
• Alignment Between Flattened Protostellar Infall Envelopes and Ambient Magnetic Fields
• Episodic accretion: the interplay of infall and disc instabilities
• The Transitional Protoplanetary Disk Frequency as a Function of Age: Disk Evolution in the Coronet Cluster, Taurus, and Other 1--8 Myr-old Regions
• A Sub-arcsecond Survey Toward Class 0 Protostars in Perseus: Searching for Signatures of Protostellar Disks
• Detection of an inner gaseous component in a Herbig Be star accretion disk: Near- and mid-infrared spectro-interferometry and radiative transfer modeling of MWC 147
• HOPS 383: An Outbursting Class 0 Protostar in Orion
• The propagation of Lyman-alpha in evolving protoplanetary disks
• Variability of Disk Emission in Pre-Main Sequence and Related Stars. I. HD 31648 and HD 163296 - Isolated Herbig Ae Stars Driving Herbig-Haro Flows
• Water in the envelopes and disks around young high-mass stars
• The Herschel Orion Protostar Survey: Luminosity and Envelope Evolution
• Investigations of Protostellar Outflow Launching and Gas Entrainment: Hydrodynamic Simulations and Molecular Emission
• Modeling the Resolved Disk Around the Class 0 Protostar L1527
• Herschel/PACS Spectroscopic Survey of Protostars in Orion: The Origin of Far-Infrared CO Emission
• Low dust emissivities and radial variations in the envelopes of Class 0 protostars: a signature of early grain growth?
• Near-IR integral field spectroscopy of ionizing stars and young stellar objects on the borders of HII regions
• The young stellar population in the Serpens Cloud Core: An ISOCAM survey
• Constraining the Envelope Structure of L1527 IRS: Infrared Scattered Light Modeling
• Volatile snowlines in embedded disks around low-mass protostars
• Accretion and ejection properties of embedded protostars: the case of HH26, HH34 and HH46 IRS
• SMA observations of young disks: separating envelope, disk, and stellar masses in class I YSOs
• Detection of Infall in the Protostar B335 with ALMA
• The VLA/ALMA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey of Perseus Protostars. VI. Characterizing the Formation Mechanism for Close Multiple Systems
• The Envelope and Embedded Disk around the Class 0 Protostar L1157-mm: Dual-wavelength Interferometric Observations and Modeling
• Embedded Star Formation in the Eagle Nebula with Spitzer/GLIMPSE
• The Evolution of Massive YSOs in the LMC: Part I. Identification and Spectral Classification
• Substructures in the Keplerian disc around the O-type (proto)star G17.64+0.16
• Imaging Scattered Light from the Youngest Protostars in L1448: Signatures of Outflows
• ALMA Observations of the Protostar L1527 IRS: Probing Details of the Disk and the Envelope Structures
• Disc Clearing of Young Stellar Objects: Evidence for Fast Inside-out Dispersal
• Have proto-planetary discs formed planets?
• Interstellar Weather Vanes: GLIMPSE Mid-Infrared Stellar-Wind Bowshocks in M17 and RCW49
• The Spitzer Survey of the Small Magellanic Cloud: Discovery of Embedded Protostars in the HII Region NGC 346
• Mapping H-band Scattered Light Emission in the Mysterious SR21 Transitional Disk
• Detailed structure of the outer disk around HD 169142 with polarized light in H-band
• A Herschel study of YSO evolutionary stages and formation timelines in two fields of the Hi-GAL survey
• Spitzer View of Young Massive Stars in the LMC HII Complexes. II. N159
• Modeling the Dust Properties of z ~ 6 Quasars with ART^2 -- All-wavelength Radiative Transfer with Adaptive Refinement Tree
• Synthetic infrared images and spectral energy distributions of a young low-mass stellar cluster
• A multi-wavelength scattered light analysis of the dust grain population in the GG Tau circumbinary ring
• Resolved 24.5 micron emission from massive young stellar objects
• Unveiling the physical conditions of the youngest disks: A warm embedded disk in L1527
• The Structure of Pre-transitional Protoplanetary Disks I: Radiative Transfer Modeling of the Disk+Cavity in the PDS 70 system
• ART^2 : Coupling Lyman-alpha Line and Multi-wavelength Continuum Radiative Transfer
• Spitzer View of Young Massive Stars in the LMC HII Complex N44
• POISSON project - II - A multi-wavelength spectroscopic and photometric survey of young protostars in L 1641
• Angular Momentum Exchange by Gravitational Torques and Infall in the Circumbinary Disk of the Protostellar System L1551 NE
• A Spitzer Five-Band Analysis of the Jupiter-Sized Planet TrES-1
• The massive protostar W43-MM1 as seen by Herschel-HIFI water spectra: high turbulence and accretion luminosity
• Active-Region Tilt Angles: Magnetic Versus White-Light Determinations of Joy's Law
• The circumstellar disc in the Bok globule CB 26: Multi-wavelength observations and modelling of the dust disc and envelope
• SEEDS Adaptive Optics Imaging of the Asymmetric Transition Disk Oph IRS 48 in Scattered Light
• An ALMA Search for Substructure, Fragmentation, and Hidden Protostars in Starless Cores in Chamaeleon I
• VISION - Vienna survey in Orion. III. Young stellar objects in Orion A
• The standard model of star formation applied to massive stars: accretion disks and envelopes in molecular lines
• Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics Imaging Polarimetry of Herbig Ae/Be Stars
• Multiwavelength Observations of V2775 Ori, an Outbursting Protostar in L 1641: Exploring the Edge of the FU Orionis Regime
• 3-D Models of Embedded High-Mass Stars: Effects of a Clumpy Circumstellar Medium
• NGC 346 in the Small Magellanic Cloud. III. Recent Star Formation and Stellar Clustering Properties in the Bright HII Region N 66
• The SOFIA Massive (SOMA) Star Formation Survey. I. Overview and First Results
• A New View of the Super Star Clusters in the Low-Metallicity Galaxy SBS 0335-052
• Observing Simulated Protostars with Outflows: How Accurate are Protostellar Properties Inferred from SEDs?
• Differences in the gas and dust distribution in the transitional disk of a sun-like young star, PDS 70
• Discovery of an Optically Thick, Edge-on Disk around the Herbig Ae star PDS 144N
• APEX-CHAMP+ high-J CO observations of low-mass young stellar objects: II. Distribution and origin of warm molecular gas
• Radiation Transfer of Models of Massive Star Formation. III. The Evolutionary Sequence
• From discs to planetesimals I: evolution of gas and dust discs
• Early Planet Formation in Embedded Disks (eDisk). II. Limited Dust Settling and Prominent Snow Surfaces in the Edge-on Class I Disk IRAS 04302+2247
• Subarcsecond Analysis of Infalling-Rotating Envelope around the Class I Protostar IRAS 04365+2535
• The origin of mid-infrared emission in massive young stellar objects: multi-baseline VLTI observations of W33A
• Radiation Transfer of Models of Massive Star Formation. I. Dependence on Basic Core Properties
• Radiation Transfer of Models of Massive Star Formation. IV. The Model Grid and Spectral Energy Distribution Fitting
• Spitzer Space Telescope observations of the Carina Nebula: The steady march of feedback-driven star formation
• The chemistry of episodic accretion in embedded objects. 2D radiation thermo-chemical models of the post-burst phase
• Radiative transfer modelling of W33A MM1: 3-D structure and dynamics of a complex massive star forming region
• KMOS study of the mass accretion rate from Class I to Class II in NGC 1333
• New Silhouette Disks with Reflection Nebulae and Outflows in the Orion Nebula and M43
• Lack of PAH emission toward low-mass embedded young stellar objects
• Why are accreting T Tauri stars observed to be less luminous in X-rays than non-accretors?
• The Circumstellar Environment of R Coronae Borealis: White Dwarf Merger or Final Helium Shell Flash?
• Triggered Star Formation and Dust around Mid-Infrared-Identified Bubbles
• Protostellar holes: Spitzer Space Telescope observations of the protostellar binary IRAS16293-2422
• The standard model of low-mass star formation applied to massive stars: a multi-wavelength picture of AFGL 2591
• Mid-Infrared Variability of protostars in IC 1396A
• Star Formation Activity in the Galactic HII Complex S255-S257
• On the Effects of Self-Obscuration in the (Sub-)Millimeter Spectral Indices and Appearance of Protostellar Disks
• Analytic solutions to the accretion of a rotating finite cloud towards a central object I. Newtonian approach
• Protostellar accretion traced with chemistry. High resolution C18O and continuum observations towards deeply embedded protostars in Perseus
• High-Contrast Near-Infrared Imaging Polarimetry of the Protoplanetary Disk around RY Tau
• IR Dust Bubbles II: Probing the Detailed Structure and Young Massive Stellar Populations of Galactic HII Regions
• Constraining the physical structure of the inner few 100 AU scales of deeply embedded low-mass protostars
• Emission from Very Small Grains and PAH Molecules in Monte Carlo Radiation Transfer Codes: Application to the Edge-On Disk of Gomez's Hamburger
• Herschel/PACS Imaging of Protostars in the HH 1-2 Outflow Complex
• Metal Depletion and Warm H2 in the Brown Dwarf 2M1207 Accretion Disk
• Far-infrared Observations of the Very Low-Luminosity Embedded Source L1521F-IRS in the Taurus Star-Forming Region
• Spitzer IRAC Observations of Star Formation in N159 in the LMC
• High-resolution Br-gamma spectro-interferometry of the transitional Herbig Ae/Be star HD 100546: a Keplerian gaseous disc inside the inner rim
• An equatorial wind from the massive young stellar object S140 IRS 1
• Spitzer-IRAC GLIMPSE of high mass protostellar objects II - SED modelling of a bonafide sample
• The clearing of discs around late type T Tauri stars: constraints from the infrared two colour plane
• ESO-VLT and Spitzer spectroscopy of IRAS05328-6827: a massive young stellar object in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• ASTE Observations of Warm Gas in Low-mass Protostellar Envelopes: Different Kinematics between Submillimeter and Millimeter Lines
• Young stellar population and ongoing star formation in the HII complex Sh2-252
• Observational Properties of Proto-planetary Disk Gaps
• ALMA Observations of the Galactic Center: SiO Outflows and High Mass Star Formation near Sgr A*
• The stellar contents and star formation in the NGC 7538 region
• Disk Masses at the end of the main accretion phase: CARMA Observations and Multi-Wavelength Modeling of Class I Protostars
• Radiation Transfer of Models of Massive Star Formation. II. Effects of the Outflow
• SOC program for dust continuum radiative transfer
• ALMA Survey of Orion Planck Galactic Cold Clumps (ALMASOP): A Hot Corino Survey toward Protostellar Cores in the Orion Cloud
• The youngest massive protostars in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• A multi-wavelength study of the young star V1118 Orionis in outburst
• Study of morphology and stellar content of the Galactic HII region IRAS 16148-5011
• Discovering young stars in the Gum 31 region with infrared observations
• Near-IR speckle imaging of massive young stellar objects
• Mid-infrared interferometry of massive young stellar objects. I. VLTI and Subaru observations of the enigmatic object M8E-IR
• The Formation Conditions of the Wide Binary Class 0 Protostars within BHR 71
• Embedded Young Stellar Object Candidates in the Active Star Forming Complex W51: Mass Function and Spatial Distribution
• A catalog of 120 NGC open star clusters
• A Massive Protostar Forming by Ordered Collapse of a Dense, Massive Core
• Interpreting Near Infrared Hydrogen Line Ratios in T Tauri Stars
• The shadow knows: using shadows to investigate the structure of the pretransitional disk of HD 100453
• The Dust Properties of Two Hot R Coronae Borealis Stars and a Wolf-Rayet Central Star of a Planetary Nebula: in Search of a Possible Link
• Spitzer Observations of the HII Region NGC 2467: An Analysis of Triggered Star Formation
• Surface Geometry of Protoplanetary Disks Inferred From Near-Infrared Imaging Polarimetry
• The Spitzer c2d Survey of Nearby Dense Cores XI : Infrared and Submillimeter Observations of CB130
• The G305 star-forming complex: Embedded Massive Star Formation Discovered by Herschel Hi-GAL
• Survey of Orion Disks with ALMA (SODA) I: Cloud-level demographics of 873 protoplanetary disks
• How to identify the youngest protostars
• Properties of protostars in the Elephant Trunk globule IC 1396A
• The VLA/ALMA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey of Orion Protostars I. Identifying and Characterizing the Protostellar Content of the OMC2-FIR4 and OMC2-FIR3 Regions
• Radiative Transfer modeling of EC 53: An Episodically Accreting Class I Young Stellar Object
• The VLA/ALMA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey of Orion Protostars IV. Unveiling the Embedded Intermediate-Mass Protostar and Disk within OMC2-FIR3/HOPS-370
• Young Stellar Population of the Bright-Rimmed Clouds BRC 5, BRC 7 and BRC 39
• HST Scattered Light Imaging and Modeling of the Edge-on Protoplanetary Disk ESO-H$\alpha$ 569
• Panchromatic Spectral Energy Distributions of Dusty Galaxies with RADISHE. I. Predictions for Herschel: Correlating Colors with Galactic Energy Sources
• An HST Survey of Protostellar Outflow Cavities: Does Feedback Clear Envelopes?
• Star Formation and Young Population of the HII Complex Sh2-294
• Classifying the embedded young stellar population in Perseus and Taurus & the LOMASS database
• Do siblings always form and evolve simultaneously? Testing the coevality of multiple protostellar systems through SEDs
• Populations of Young Stellar Objects in Nearby Molecular Clouds
• V409 Tau As Another AA Tau: Photometric Observations of Stellar Occultations by the Circumstellar Disk
• Temperature profiles of young disk-like structures: The case of IRAS 16293A
• Mid-infrared interferometry towards the massive young stellar object CRL 2136: inside the dust rim
• Monte Carlo radiative transfer in SPH density fields
• Subaru/HiCIAO $H{K}_{\mathrm{s}}$ imaging of LkH$\alpha$ 330 - multi-band detection of the gap and spiral-like structures
• Star formation around mid-infrared bubble N37: Evidence of cloud-cloud collision
• A Deep Spitzer Survey of Circumstellar Disks in the Young Double Cluster, h and chi Persei
• Extension of HOPS Out to 500 ParSecs (eHOPS). I. Identification and Modeling of Protostars in the Aquila Molecular Clouds
• The JCMT Gould Belt Survey: SCUBA-2 observations of circumstellar disks in L 1495
• Episodic excursions of low-mass protostars on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram
• A Panchromatic View OF NGC 602: Time-Resolved Star Formation with the Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes
• Stellar cores in the Sh 2-305 H II region
• On the nature of the deeply embedded protostar OMC-2 FIR 4
• A multiwavelength study of star formation in the vicinity of Galactic HII region Sh2-100
• Low-mass young stellar population and star formation history of the cluster IC 1805 in the W4 H{\sc ii} region
• On the mid-IR variability of candidate eruptive variables (EXors): a comparison between Spitzer and WISE data
• Observational signatures of outbursting protostars -- II: Exploring a wide range of eruptive protostars
• Disk Temperature Variations and Effects on the Snow Line in the Presence of Small Protoplanets
• Results from HOPS: A Multiwavelength Census of Orion Protostars
• A Search for Star-Disk Interaction Among the Strongest X-ray Flaring Stars in the Orion Nebula Cluster
• Importance of source structure on complex organics emission II. Can disks explain lack of methanol emission from some low-mass protostars?
• Mid-Infrared Observations of Class I/Flat-Spectrum Systems in Six Nearby Molecular Clouds
• Observational signatures of outbursting protostars - I: From hydrodynamic simulations to observations
• Widening of Protostellar Outflows: an Infrared Outflow Survey in Low Luminosity Objects
• Sh2-138: Physical environment around a small cluster of massive stars
• The pre-ZAMS nature of Mol160/IRAS23385+6053 confirmed by Spitzer
• Jet-driving protostars identified from infrared observations of the Carina Nebula complex
• The VLA Nascent Disk And Multiplicity Survey of Perseus Protostars (VANDAM). III. Extended Radio Emission from Protostars in Perseus
• Kinematic Analysis of a Protostellar Multiple System: Measuring the Protostar Masses and Assessing Gravitational Instability in the Disks of L1448 IRS3B and L1448 IRS3A
• Disentangling protostellar evolutionary stages in clustered environments using Spitzer-IRS spectra and comprehensive SED modeling
• Characterizing the Youngest Herschel-detected Protostars II. Molecular Outflows from the Millimeter and the Far-infrared
• Dynamics during outburst: VLTI observations of the young eruptive star V1647 Ori during its 2003-2006 outburst
• Interferometric view of the circumstellar envelopes of northern FU Orionis-type stars
• Deep Spitzer spectroscopy of the `Flying Saucer' edge-on disk: Large grains beyond 50 AU
• Very Massive Stars (VMS) in the Local Universe
• Star formation activity in the Galactic H II region Sh2-297
• The Infrared Properties of Super Star Clusters: Predictions from Three-Dimensional Radiative Transfer Models
• The Effects of Self-Shadowing by a Puffed up Inner Rim in Scattered Light Images of Protoplanetary Disks
• Predicted Colors and Flux Densities of Protostars in the Herschel PACS and SPIRE Filters
• A Disk Shadow Around the Young Star ASR 41 in NGC 1333
• Signatures of Young Star Formation Activity Within Two Parsecs of Sgr A*
• Stars at the Tip of Peculiar Elephant Trunk-Like Clouds in IC 1848E: A Possible Third Mechanism of Triggered Star Formation
• Circumstellar Environment and Effective Temperature of the Young Substellar Eclipsing Binary 2MASS J05352184-0546085
• Emission Mechanism of "Green Fuzzies" in High-mass Star Forming Regions
• 2MASS J17112318-2724315: A Deeply-Embedded Low-Mass Protostellar System in the B59 Molecular Cloud
• Jets and Wide Angle Outflows in Cepheus E: New Evidence from Spitzer
• Spectral Energy Distributions of High Mass Proto Stellar Objects - Evidence for High Accretion Rates
• The standard model of low-mass star formation applied to massive stars: multi-wavelength modelling of IRAS 20126+4104
• Dynamic mineral clouds on HD 189733b II. Monte Carlo radiative transfer for 3D cloudy exoplanet atmospheres: combining scattering and emission spectra
• Early Planet Formation in Embedded Disks (eDisk) V: Possible Annular Substructure in a Circumstellar Disk in the Ced110 IRS4 System
• Mid-infrared interferometry of the massive young stellar object NGC 2264 IRS 1
• Evidence for magnetic activity at starbirth: a powerful X-ray flare from the Class 0 protostar HOPS 383
• Probing the envelopes of massive young stellar objects with diffraction limited mid-infrared imaging
• Spectral Energy Distributions of Young Stars in IC 348: The Role of Disks in Angular Momentum Evolution of Young, Low-Mass Stars
• Radio continuum observations of Class I protostellar disks in Taurus: constraining the greybody tail at centimetre wavelengths
• Mid-infrared interferometry of the massive young stellar object NGC3603 - IRS 9A
• The Polstar High Resolution Spectropolarimetry MIDEX Mission
• Effects of X-ray irradiation and disk flaring on the [NeII] 12.8 micron emission from young stellar objects
• Submillimeter Observations of the Young Low-Mass Object IRAS 04158+2805
• Unveiling the traits of massive young stellar objects through a multi-scale survey
• Insights from Synthetic Star-forming Regions: I. Reliable Mock Observations from SPH Simulations
• Methanol Maser Emission from Galactic Center Sources with Excess 4.5 μm Emission
• The outbursting protostar 2MASS~22352345+7517076 and its environment
• The Arizona Radio Observatory CO Mapping Survey of Galactic Molecular Clouds: III. The Serpens Cloud in CO J=2-1 and 13CO J=2-1 Emission
• A multi-wavelength interferometric study of the massive young stellar object IRAS 13481-6124
• YSO jets in the Galactic Plane from UWISH2: V - Jets and Outflows in M17
• A single-dish survey of the HCO+, HCN, and CN emission toward the T Tauri disk population in Taurus
• A High Mass Dusty Disk Candidate: The Case of IRAS 18151-1208
• The detection of dust gap-ring structure in the outer region of the CR Cha protoplanetary disk
• Variable stars in the Sh 2-170 HII region
• Physical and Chemical Structure of the Disk and Envelope of the Class 0/I Protostar L1527
• The Double Dust Envelopes of R Coronae Borealis Stars
• Protostars at Low Extinction in Orion A
• On the nature of the enigmatic object IRAS 19312+1950: A rare phase of massive star formation?
• The Spitzer c2d Survey of Nearby Dense Cores VII: Chemistry and Dynamics in L43
• The Young Stellar Population of the metal-poor galaxy NGC 6822
• A multi-scale exploration of a massive young stellar object - a transition disk around G305.20+0.21?
• An infrared-submillimeter study of star-forming regions selected by the ISOSS 170um survey
• The Herschel Orion Protostar Survey: Far-Infrared Photometry and Colors of Protostars and Their Variations across Orion A and B
• The First Circumstellar Disk Imaged in Silhouette with Adaptive Optics: MagAO Imaging of Orion 218-354
• The SOMA Radio Survey. I. Comprehensive SEDs Of High-Mass Protostars From Infrared To Radio And The Emergence Of Ionization Feedback
• A Self-Gravitating Disc Around L1527 IRS?
• Large scale star formation in Auriga region
• Skewed Distributions and Opposite Velocity Gradients of Submillimeter Molecular Lines in Low-Mass Protostellar Envelopes
• HOPS 136: An Edge-On Orion Protostar Near the End of Envelope Infall
• Filamentary Star Formation: Observing the Evolution toward Flattened Envelopes
• The Envelope Kinematics and a Possible Disk Around the Class 0 Protostar within BHR7
• A resolved rotating disk wind from a young T Tauri star in the Bok globule CB26
• Young Stellar Populations in MYStIX Star Forming Regions: Candidate Protostars
• A parsec-scale outflow from the luminous YSO IRAS 17527-2439
• Improved Constraints on the Disk Around MWC 349A from the 23-Meter LBTI
• Sh 2-301: a blistered H II region undergoing star formation
• Mid-Infrared Photometry and Spectra of Three High Mass Protostellar Candidates at IRAS 18151-1208 and IRAS 20343+4129
• Constraining the Chemical Signatures and the Outburst Mechanism of the Class 0 Protostar HOPS 383
• [Fe II] 1.64 um Features of Jets and Outflows from Young Stellar Objects in the Carina Nebula
• Disk Evolution Study Through Imaging of Nearby Young Stars (DESTINYS): Characterization of the young star T CrA and its circumstellar environment
• High-resolution images of two wiggling stellar jets, MHO 1502 and MHO 2147, obtained with GSAOI+GeMS
• Multi-wavelength modelling of the circumstellar environment of the massive proto-star AFGL 2591 VLA 3
• Infrared Variability due to Magnetic Pressure Driven Jets, Dust Ejection and Quasi-Puffed-Up Inner Rims
• Transfer matrix method for four-flux radiative transfer
• Mid Infrared View of the High Mass Star Formation Region W51A
• Spitzer-IRAC survey of molecular jets in Vela-D
• Near-IR Polarized Scattered Light Imagery of the DoAr 28 Transitional Disk
• The fulcrum wavelength of young stellar objects -- the case of LRLL 31
• A new spectroscopic and interferometric study of the young stellar object V645 Cyg
• Molecular line study of massive star forming regions from the RMS survey
• Tying the geometrical traits of massive young stellar objects and their discs to a potential evolutionary sequence using infrared observations
• Evidence for an Edge-On Disk around the Young Star MWC 778 from Infrared Imaging and Polarimetry
• 2D Monte-Carlo Radiative transfer modeling of the disk shaped secondary of Epsilon Aurigae
• Characterizing star formation activity in infrared dark cloud MSXDC G048.65-00.29
• A multiwavelength view of the protostellar binary IRAS04325+2402: a case for turbulent fragmentation
• Constraining the Movement of the Spiral Features and the Locations of Planetary Bodies within the AB Aur System
• Massive star-formation toward G28.87+0.07 (IRAS 18411-0338) investigated by means of maser kinematics and radio to infrared, continuum observations
• IRS Characterization of a Debris Disk around an M-type star in NGC2547
• A 1000 AU Scale Molecular Outflow Driven by a Protostar with an age of <4000 Years
• SABOCA 350-micron and LABOCA 870-micron dust continuum imaging of IRAS 05399-0121: mapping the dust properties of a pre- and protostellar core system
• Infrared Excess of a Large OB Star Sample
• A Parsec-scale Bipolar H${}_2$ Outflow in the Massive Star Forming Infrared Dark Cloud Core MSXDC G053.11+00.05 MM1
• A multi-transition molecular line study of infrared dark cloud G331.71+00.59
• Herschel Observations of a Newly Discovered UX Ori Star in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• UV Spectropolarimetry with Polstar: Protoplanetary Disks
• Time variability in the bipolar scattered light nebula of L1527 IRS: A possible warped inner disk
• Candidate Coronagraphic Detections of Protoplanetary Disks around Four Young Stars
• Star formation in the luminous YSO IRAS 18345-0641
• Mid-infrared interferometry of massive young stellar objects
• The accretion luminosity of Class I protostars
• The Nature of Class I Sources: Periodic Variables in Orion
• Herschel Far IR observations of the giant HII region NGC 3603
• Photometric variability of the pre-main sequence stars towards the Sh 2-190 region
• Tracking the evolutionary stage of protostars by the abundances of astrophysical ices
• Panchromatic radiation from galaxies as a probe of galaxy formation and evolution
• Discovery of two embedded massive YSOs and an outflow in IRAS 18144-1723
• Observational characteristics of dense cores with deeply embedded young protostars
• The Power of SOFIA/FORCAST in Estimating Internal Luminosities of Low Mass Class 0/I Protostars
• Disk Evolution Study Through Imaging of Nearby Young Stars (DESTINYS): V721 CrA and BN CrA have wide and structured disks in polarised IR
• Semi-analytic calculations for extended mid-Infrared emission associated with FU Ori-type objects
• YSO search toward the boundary of the Central Molecular Zone with near-infrared polarimetry
• Multiple outflows from the luminous YSO IRAS 07422-2001
• A framework for modeling the evolution of young stellar objects
• Why are accreting T Tauri stars less luminous in X-rays than non-accretors?
• Oxyster: A Circumgalactic Low-ionization Oxygen Nebula next to a Starburst Galaxy at $z\sim 1$
• Star Formation at milli-arcsecond resolution
• Linking Young Stellar Object Morphology to Evolutionary Stages with Self-Organizing Maps