HOPS 136: An Edge-On Orion Protostar Near the End of Envelope Infall

Abstract

Edge-on protostars are valuable for understanding the disk and envelope properties of embedded young stellar objects, since the disk, envelope, and envelope cavities are all distinctly visible in resolved images and well constrained in modeling. Comparing 2MASS, WISE, Spitzer, Herschel, APEX, and IRAM photometry and limits from 1.25 to 1200 microns, Spitzer spectroscopy from 5 to 40 microns, and high-resolution Hubble imaging at 1.60 and 2.05 microns to radiative transfer modeling, we determine envelope and disk properties for the Class I protostar HOPS 136, an edge-on source in Orion's Lynds 1641 region. The source has a bolometric luminosity of 0.8 L_sun, a bolometric temperature of 170 K, and a ratio of submillimeter to bolometric luminosity of 0.8%. Via modeling, we find a total luminosity of 4.7 L_sun (larger than the observed luminosity due to extinction by the disk), an envelope mass of 0.06 M_sun, and a disk radius and mass of 450 AU and 0.002 M_sun. The stellar mass is highly uncertain but is estimated to fall between 0.4 and 0.5 M_sun. To reproduce the flux and wavelength of the near-infrared scattered-light peak in the spectral energy distribution, we require 5.4 x 10^-5 M_sun of gas and dust in each cavity. The disk has a large radius and a mass typical of more evolved T Tauri stars in spite of the significant remaining envelope. HOPS 136 appears to be a key link between the protostellar and optically revealed stages of star formation.

Accepted by ApJ, 12 pages, 6 figures

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• "Ash-fall" induced by molecular outflow in protostar evolution
• An HST Survey for 100-1000 AU Companions around Young Stellar Objects in the Orion Molecular Clouds: Evidence for Environmentally Dependent Multiplicity
• An HST Survey of Protostellar Outflow Cavities: Does Feedback Clear Envelopes?
• Extension of HOPS Out to 500 ParSecs (eHOPS). I. Identification and Modeling of Protostars in the Aquila Molecular Clouds
• 300: An ACA 870 $\mu$m Continuum Survey of Orion Protostars and their Evolution