Interpreting Spectral Energy Distributions from Young Stellar Objects. II. Fitting observed SEDs using a large grid of pre-computed models

Abstract

We present a method to analyze the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of young stellar objects (YSOs). Our approach is to fit data with pre-computed 2-D radiation transfer models spanning a large region of parameter space. This allows us to determine not only a single set of physical parameter values but the entire range of values consistent with the multi-wavelength observations of a given source. In this way we hope to avoid any over-interpretation when modeling a set of data. We have constructed spectral energy distributions from optical to sub-mm wavelengths, including new Spitzer IRAC and MIPS photometry, for 30 young and spatially resolved sources in the Taurus-Auriga star-forming region. We demonstrate fitting model SEDs to these sources, and find that we correctly identify the evolutionary stage and physical parameters found from previous independent studies, such as disk mass, disk accretion rate, and stellar temperature. We also explore how fluxes at various wavelengths help to constrain physical parameters, and show examples of degeneracies that can occur when fitting SEDs. A web-based version of this tool is available to the community at http://www.astro.wisc.edu/protostars .

54 pages, 7 figures, 12 tables. Accepted for publication in ApJS. Preprint with full resolution figures available at http://www.astro.wisc.edu/protostars/

References in corpus (2)

• Interpreting Spectral Energy Distributions from Young Stellar Objects. I. A grid of 200,000 YSO model SEDs
• A Survey for New Members of Taurus with the Spitzer Space Telescope

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• The SOFIA Massive (SOMA) Star Formation Survey. III. From Intermediate- to High-Mass Protostars
• Jets and Wide Angle Outflows in Cepheus E: New Evidence from Spitzer
• Modeling of the ALMA HL Tau Polarization by Mixture of Grain Alignment and Self-scattering
• Mid-infrared interferometry of the massive young stellar object NGC 2264 IRS 1
• Evolution from protoplanetary to debris discs: The transition disc around HD 166191
• Physical and Chemical Conditions of the Protostellar Envelope and the Protoplanetary Disk in HL Tau
• An In-Depth View of the Mid-Infrared Properties of Point Sources and the Diffuse ISM in the SMC Giant HII Region, N66
• X-ray embedded stars as driving sources of outflow-driven turbulence in OMC1-S
• Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS Polarization Observations of Three Edge-on Massive YSOs
• The inner disk of RY Tau: evidence of stellar occultation by the disk atmosphere at the sublimation rim from K-band continuum interferometry
• A homogeneous analysis of disks around brown dwarfs
• Triggered Star Formation in a Double Shell near W51A
• Variability of young stellar objects in the star-forming region Pelican Nebula
• The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey. XV. VFTS 822: a candidate Herbig B[e] star at low metallicity
• Metallicities of Young Open Clusters I: NGC 7160 and NGC 2232
• The sequence of low and high mass star formation in the young stellar cluster IRAS 19343+2026
• Radio continuum observations of Class I protostellar disks in Taurus: constraining the greybody tail at centimetre wavelengths
• Clustered star formation at early evolutionary stages. Physical and chemical analysis of the young star-forming regions ISOSS J22478+6357 and ISOSS J23053+5953
• Variable stars in young open star cluster NGC 7380
• Probing the envelopes of massive young stellar objects with diffraction limited mid-infrared imaging
• Berkeley 94 and Berkeley 96: Two Young Clusters with Different Dynamical Evolution
• ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -XIII. Ongoing triggered star formation within clump-fed scenario found in the massive ($\sim 1500$ ${\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$) clump
• Near-infrared spectroscopic observations of massive young stellar object candidates in the Central Molecular Zone
• A molecular outflow evidencing star formation activity in the vicinity of the HII region G034.8-0.7 and the SNR W44
• An interesting candidate for isolated massive star formation in the Small Magellanic Cloud
• An updated modular set of synthetic spectral energy distributions for young stellar objects
• Distances to nearby molecular clouds traced by young stars
• H2 flows in the Corona Australis cloud and their driving sources
• Testing the Hypothesis that Methanol Maser Rings Trace Circumstellar Disks: High Resolution Near-IR and Mid-IR Imaging
• Spitzer View of Massive Star Formation in the Tidally Stripped Magellanic Bridge
• Multiwavelength study of the infrared dust bubble S51
• Probing the massive star forming environment - a multiwavelength investigation of the filamentary IRDC G333.73+0.37
• Expanding Shell and Star Formation in the Infrared Dust Bubble N6
• A census of young stellar population associated with the Herbig Be star HD 200775
• Unveiling the traits of massive young stellar objects through a multi-scale survey
• Candidate X-ray-Emitting OB Stars in the MYStIX Massive Star-Forming Regions
• Spectral Energy Distributions of 6.7 GHz methanol masers
• The Near Stellar Environment of Class 0 Protostars: A First Look with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
• Methanol Maser Emission from Galactic Center Sources with Excess 4.5 μm Emission
• Computational modeling of the class I low-mass protostar Elias 29 applying optical constants of ices processed by high energy cosmic ray analogs
• YSO jets in the Galactic Plane from UWISH2: V - Jets and Outflows in M17
• Star forming activity in the H II regions associated with IRAS 17160-3707 complex
• G10.472+0.027: An Extreme water maser outflow associated with a Massive Protostellar Cluster
• High-resolution ammonia mapping of the very young protostellar core Chamaeleon-MMS1
• The Duration of Star Formation in Galactic Giant Molecular Clouds. I. The Great Nebula in Carina
• A single-dish survey of the HCO+, HCN, and CN emission toward the T Tauri disk population in Taurus
• Massive Star Formation at the Periphery of the Evolved Giant HII Region W 39
• Photometric variability of massive young stellar objects. I
• UVIT-HST-GAIA view of NGC 288: A census of hot stellar population and their properties from UV
• Dimming and CO absorption toward the AA Tau protoplanetary disk: An infalling flow caused by disk instability?
• Protostars at Low Extinction in Orion A
• The Young Stellar Population of the Cygnus-X DR15 Region
• The Young Stellar Population of the metal-poor galaxy NGC 6822
• Outflowing activity in the UCHII region G045.47+0.05
• SOFIA/FORCAST and Spitzer/IRAC Imaging of the Ultra Compact H II Region W3(OH) and Associated Protostars in W3
• Physical and Chemical Structure of the Disk and Envelope of the Class 0/I Protostar L1527
• Variable stars in the Sh 2-170 HII region
• The FluxCompensator: Making Radiative Transfer Models of hydrodynamical Simulations Directly Comparable to Real Observations
• Object-X: The Brightest Mid-IR Point Source in M33
• The Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Treasury XVII. Examining Obscured Star Formation with Synthetic Ultraviolet Flux Maps in M31
• Spatially resolved H2 emission from the disk around T Tau N
• A multiwavelength investigation of the HII region S311: Young stellar population and star formation
• Trigonometric Distance and Proper Motion of IRAS 20056+3350: Massive Star Forming Region on the Solar Circle
• An unusual very low-mass high-amplitude pre-main sequence periodic variable
• Star formation, structure, and formation mechanism of cometary globules: NIR observations of CG 1 and CG 2
• An infrared-submillimeter study of star-forming regions selected by the ISOSS 170um survey
• VLT near- to mid-IR imaging and spectroscopy of the M17 UC1-IRS5 region
• Fourier-space combination of Planck and Herschel images
• Accretion and outflow in the proplyd-like objects near Cygnus OB2
• The low-mass YSO CB230-A: investigating the protostar and its jet with NIR spectroscopy and Spitzer observations
• Wind-Swept Clouds and Possible Triggered Star-Formation associated with the Supernova Remnant G357.7+0.3
• Probing the early phases of high mass star formation with 6.7 GHz methanol masers
• Panchromatic Imaging of a Transitional Disk: The Disk of GM Aur in Optical and FUV Scattered Light
• Mid - infrared interferometry of massive young stellar objects II Evidence for a circumstellar disk surrounding the Kleinmann - Wright object
• HOPS 136: An Edge-On Orion Protostar Near the End of Envelope Infall
• IRAS 19520+2759: a 10^5 Lsun massive young stellar object driving a collimated outflow
• The Spitzer-IRAC Point Source Catalog of the Vela-D Cloud
• VLBI Observations of H2O Maser Annual Parallax and Proper Motion in IRAS 20143+3634: Reflection on the Galactic Constants
• On the Diagnostic Power of FIR/Sub-mm SED Fitting in Massive Galactic Molecular Clumps
• Formation of High-Mass stars in an isolated environment in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Large scale star formation in Auriga region
• IRAS 18511+0146: a proto Herbig Ae/Be cluster?
• Bayesian fitting of Taurus brown dwarf spectral energy distributions
• Infrared point source variability between the Spitzer and MSX surveys of the Galactic mid-plane
• Discovery of four water masers in the Small Magellanic Cloud
• A Chandra and Spitzer census of the young star cluster in the reflection nebula NGC 7129
• Pebbles in an Embedded Protostellar Disk: The Case of CB26
• The molecular gas around the luminous blue variable star G24.73+0.69
• Herschel/PACS view of disks around low-mass stars and brown dwarfs in the TW Hya association
• A parsec-scale outflow from the luminous YSO IRAS 17527-2439
• DR Tau: Temporal variability of the brightness distribution in the potential planet-forming region
• A Census of Star Formation in the Outer Galaxy: the SMOG field
• Star formation activity in the neighbourhood of W-R 1503-160L star in the mid-infrared bubble N46
• What can the SEDs of first hydrostatic core candidates reveal about their nature?
• The Science Case for PILOT III: the Nearby Universe
• Young Stellar Populations in MYStIX Star Forming Regions: Candidate Protostars
• Near-infrared and Millimeter-wavelength Observations of Mol 160: A Massive Young Protostellar Core
• Triggered star formation in a molecular shell created by a SNR?
• Characterizing the X-ray Emission of Intermediate-Mass Pre-Main-Sequence Stars
• Transition disks: 4 candidates for ongoing giant planet formation in Ophiuchus (Research Note)
• Mid-infrared evidence for iron-rich dust in the multi-ringed inner disk of HD 144432
• The molecular clump towards the eastern border of SNR G18.8+0.3
• A comprehensive study of NGC 2023 with XMM-Newton and Spitzer
• A probable pre-main sequence chemically peculiar star in the open cluster Stock 16
• Dust properties of the cometary globule Barnard 207 (LDN 1489)
• Star formation in the Cometary Globule Ori I-2
• [Fe II] 1.64 um Features of Jets and Outflows from Young Stellar Objects in the Carina Nebula
• A submillimeter search for pre- and proto-brown dwarfs in Chamaeleon II
• Mid-Infrared Photometry and Spectra of Three High Mass Protostellar Candidates at IRAS 18151-1208 and IRAS 20343+4129
• Greening of the Brown Dwarf Desert. EPIC 212036875 b -- a 51 M${}_{\mathrm{J}}$ object in a 5 day orbit around an F7 V star
• A near-infrared survey of the entire R Corona Australis cloud
• Sh 2-301: a blistered H II region undergoing star formation
• Highly variable young massive stars in ATLASGAL clumps
• Short period variable stars in young open cluster Stock 8
• Gum 48d: an evolved HII region with ongoing star formation
• High-resolution images of two wiggling stellar jets, MHO 1502 and MHO 2147, obtained with GSAOI+GeMS
• Oxygen-rich dust production in IC 10
• Wind Dynamics and Circumstellar Extinction Variations in the T Tauri Star RY Tau
• Spitzer-IRAC survey of molecular jets in Vela-D
• CO observations and investigation of triggered star formation towards N10 infrared bubble and surroundings
• Vialactea Visual Analytics tool for Star Formation studies of the Galactic Plane
• The Detection of Deuterated Water in the Large Magellanic Cloud with ALMA
• Young Stellar Object candidates toward the Orion region selected from GALEX
• Aligned grains and inferred toroidal magnetic fields in the envelopes of massive young stellar objects
• Massive young stellar object W42-MME: The discovery of an infrared jet using VLT/NACO near-infrared images
• Mid Infrared View of the High Mass Star Formation Region W51A
• Investigation of the stellar content in the IRAS 05168+3634 star-forming region
• SOFIA {\it FORCAST} Photometry of 12 Extended Green Objects in the Milky Way
• Evidence for Evolution Among Primordial Disks in the 5 Myr Old Upper Scorpius OB Association
• Infrared study of the star-forming region associated with the UC HII regions G45.07+0.13 and G45.12+0.13
• Molecular line study of massive star forming regions from the RMS survey
• The Ap 2-1 nebula and the surrounding molecular cloud G35.2-0.74: an active star forming region
• GM 2-4 - a signpost for low and intermediate mass star formation
• Results from DROXO IV. EXTraS discovery of an X-ray flare from the Class I protostar candidate ISO-Oph 85
• Unveiling the near-infrared structure of the massive-young stellar object NGC 3603 IRS 9A with sparse aperture masking and spectroastrometry
• Study of the molecular clump associated with the high-energy source HESS J1858+020
• Architecture of three-planet systems predicted from the observed protoplanetary disk of HL Tau
• Imaging of Four Galactic Supernovae Remnants in the Mid-Infrared, and their Interaction with the Interstellar Medium
• Mid-infrared observations of the circumstellar disks around PDS 66 and CRBR 2422.8-3423
• Chandra Observations of the field containing HESS J1616-508
• Infrared spectroscopy of intermediate mass young stellar objects
• A cluster of outflows in the Vulpecula Rift
• A young double stellar cluster in a HII region, emerging from its parent molecular cloud
• Overview Results of JWST Observations of Star-Forming Clusters in the Extreme Outer Galaxy
• A long-lasting quiescence phase of the eruptive variable V1118 Ori
• A detailed study of the high-mass clump interacting with the bubble N10
• WISE Discovery of Mid-infrared Variability in Massive Young Stellar Objects
• A study of accretion and disk diagnostics in the NGC 2264 cluster
• A new insight into the V1184 Tau variability
• Optical and Near-Infrared Shocks in the L988 Cloud Complex
• Characterizing star formation activity in infrared dark cloud MSXDC G048.65-00.29
• Dense Molecular Cores Being Externally Heated
• High-mass star formation toward southern infrared bubble S10
• A multiwavelength view of the protostellar binary IRAS04325+2402: a case for turbulent fragmentation
• Molecular gas and star formation towards the IR dust bubble S24 and its environs
• Sample of optically unidentified X-ray binaries in the Galactic bulge. Constraints on the physical nature from infrared photometric surveys
• Spitzer's mid-infrared view on an outer Galaxy Infrared Dark Cloud candidate toward NGC 7538
• Circumstellar disk accretion across the Lagoon Nebula: the influence of environment and stellar mass
• A Study of Six Extreme Low Mass Ratio Contact Binary Systems
• Fullerenes in the circumstellar medium of Herbig Ae/Be stars: Insights from the Spitzer mid-infrared spectral catalog
• Diagnosing Triggered Star Formation in the Galactic H II region Sh 2-142
• New eruptive variable in the massive star-forming region associated with IRAS 18507+0121 source
• Two compact HII regions at the remote outskirts of the Magellanic Clouds
• Discovery of a Long-Lived, High Amplitude Dusty Infrared Transient
• The Ages of Optically Bright Sub-Clusters in the Serpens Star-Forming Region
• First Science Observations with SOFIA/FORCAST: 6 to 37 micron Imaging of the Central Orion Nebula
• Massive star-formation toward G28.87+0.07 (IRAS 18411-0338) investigated by means of maser kinematics and radio to infrared, continuum observations
• Testing Models of Triggered Star Formation with Young Stellar Objects in Cepheus OB4
• Study of the dense molecular gas surrounding the "Extended Green Object" G35.03+0.35
• Constraining the Movement of the Spiral Features and the Locations of Planetary Bodies within the AB Aur System
• HD 54272, a classical lambda Bootis star and gamma Doradus pulsator
• IPHAS A-type Stars with Mid-IR Excesses in Spitzer Surveys
• Sejong open cluster survey (SOS) - V. The active star forming region Sh 2-255 -- 257
• The infrared and molecular environment surrounding the Wolf-Rayet star WR130
• Iris: an Extensible Application for Building and Analyzing Spectral Energy Distributions
• The nature of the compact HII region Sh 2-89 and its stellar content
• A Comparison of Approaches in Fitting Continuum SEDs
• Sustaining Star Formation in the Galactic Star Cluster M 36?
• Modeling the arc and ring structures in the HD 143006 disk
• Deep optical survey of the stellar content of Sh2-311 region
• Searching for further evidence for cloud-cloud collisions in L1188
• Restoration of the Parameters of a Gas-Dust Disk Based on Its Synthetic Images
• The circumstellar environment of the YSO TMR-1 and a revisit to the candidate very low-mass object TMR-1C
• Rosette nebula globules: Seahorse giving birth to a star
• A Parsec-scale Bipolar H${}_2$ Outflow in the Massive Star Forming Infrared Dark Cloud Core MSXDC G053.11+00.05 MM1
• SABOCA 350-micron and LABOCA 870-micron dust continuum imaging of IRAS 05399-0121: mapping the dust properties of a pre- and protostellar core system
• A census of young stellar objects in two line-of-sight star forming regions toward IRAS 22147+5948 in the outer Galaxy
• A multi-transition molecular line study of infrared dark cloud G331.71+00.59
• AFGL 5157 NH${}_3$: A new stellar cluster in the forming
• Fast Photometric Variability of Very Low Mass Stars in IC 348: Detection of Superflare in an M-dwarf
• Study of young stellar objects and associated filamentary structures in the inner Galaxy
• Imaging of HH80-81 jet in the NIR shock tracers H${}_2$ and [Fe II]
• Star formation in the luminous YSO IRAS 18345-0641
• Molecular gas associated with IRAS 10361-5830
• Exploring the Grain Properties in the Disk of HL Tau with an Evolutionary Model
• Variability of the Great Disk Shadow in Serpens
• HII region G46.5-0.2: the interplay between ionizing radiation, molecular gas and star formation
• Mid-infrared interferometry of massive young stellar objects
• The discovery based on GLIMPSE data of a protostar driving a bipolar outflow
• Candidate Coronagraphic Detections of Protoplanetary Disks around Four Young Stars
• Variability of Ha emission in young stellar objects in the cluster IC 348
• Herschel Far IR observations of the giant HII region NGC 3603
• Comparison of three Statistical Classification Techniques for Maser Identification
• Mid-Infrared and Maser Flux Variability Correlation in Massive Young Stellar Object G036.70+00.09
• Spectral study of V565 Mon: Probable FU Ori-like or chemically peculiar star
• Discovery of two embedded massive YSOs and an outflow in IRAS 18144-1723
• Massive Young Stellar Objects and Outflow in the Infrared-Dark Cloud G79.3+0.3
• Fundamental stellar parameters for selected T-Tauri stars in the Chamaeleon and Rho Ophiuchus star-forming regions
• The Interaction of Supernova Remnant G357.7+0.3 with the Interstellar Medium
• CS emission near MIR-bubbles
• Twisted magnetic field in star formation processes of L1521 F revealed by submillimeter dual band polarimetry using James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
• The southern molecular environment of SNR G18.8+0.3
• Discovering a misaligned CO outflow related to the red MSX source G034.5964-01.0292
• Photometric variability of the pre-main sequence stars towards the Sh 2-190 region
• Star forming regions linked to RCW78 and the discovery of a new IR bubble
• Star formation around three co-moving HAeBe stars in the Cepheus Flare
• G305.136+0.068: A massive and dense cold core in an early stage of evolution
• Star Formation Near Photodissociation Regions: Detection of a Peculiar Protostar Near Ced 201
• A search for peculiar stars in the open cluster Hogg 16
• The spectral energy distribution of protoplanetary diss around Massive Young Stellar Objects
• Massive Star Formation in the LMC. I. N159 and N160 Complexes
• Wavelength-dependent far-infrared polarization of HL Tau observed with SOFIA/HAWC+
• Magnetic field dispersion in the neighbourhood of Bok Globules
• Gas and Dust Absorption in the DoAr 24E System
• The nature of G52.381-0.849 and G56.240-0.345: young stellar objects associated with extended mid-infrared emission?
• Generating on-the-fly large samples of theoretical spectra through N-dimensional grid
• Zooming into the water snowline: high resolution water observations of the HL Tau disk
• Infrared observations of the flaring maser source G358.93-0.03 -- SOFIA confirms an accretion burst from a massive young stellar object
• YSO search toward the boundary of the Central Molecular Zone with near-infrared polarimetry
• Evidence of triggered star formation in the Pillars of Creation from JWST observations
• Near-Infrared Polarimetry and H${}_2$ emission toward Massive Young Stars: Discovery of a Bipolar Outflow associated to S235 e2s3
• A framework for modeling the evolution of young stellar objects
• Millimeter and far-IR study of the IRCD SDC 341.232-0.268
• The Bok Globule BHR 160: structure and star formation
• The Planck submillimeter properties of Galactic high-mass star forming regions: dust temperatures, luminosities, masses and Star Formation Efficiency
• High-Resolution Observations of the Molecular Clouds Associated with the Huge HII Region CTB 102
• An X-ray and Infrared Survey of the Lynds 1228 Cloud Core
• Multiple outflows from the luminous YSO IRAS 07422-2001
• Towards an observationally motivated AGN dusty torus model -- II. The roles of density distribution and chemical composition of the dust
• Near-Infrared Monitoring and Modelling of V1647 Ori in its On-going 2008-12 Outburst Phase
• FGK 22 $\mu$m Excess Stars in LAMOST DR2 Stellar Catalog
• An infrared study of the high-mass, multi-stage star-forming region IRAS~12272-6240
• Semi-analytic calculations for extended mid-Infrared emission associated with FU Ori-type objects
• Far-infrared line emission from the outer Galaxy cluster Gy 3-7 with SOFIA/FIFI-LS: Physical conditions and UV fields
• High CO/H2 ratios supports an exocometary origin for a CO-rich debris disk
• Organic Acid Chemistry in ISM: Detection of Formic Acid and its Prebiotic Chemistry in Hot Core G358.93$-$0.03 MM1
• The infrared environments of masers associated with star formation
• The properties of the high-mass star formation region IRAS22475+5939
• Physical Conditions in the LMC's Quiescent Molecular Ridge: Fitting Non-LTE Models to CO Emission
• Star Formation at milli-arcsecond resolution
• On the nature of V2282 Sgr
• Linking Young Stellar Object Morphology to Evolutionary Stages with Self-Organizing Maps
• The WIYN Open Cluster Study Photometric Binary Survey: Initial Findings for NGC 188
• Fundamental properties of protoplanetary discs determined from simultaneous fits to thermal dust images and spectral energy distributions
• Studying the Molecular Ambient towards the Young Stellar Object EGO G35.04-0.47