13C17O suggests gravitational instability in the HL Tau disc

Abstract

We present the first detection of the 13C17O J=3-2 transition toward the HL Tau protoplanetary disc. We find significantly more gas mass (at least a factor of ten higher) than has been previously reported using C18O emission. This brings the observed total disc mass to 0.2 M, which we consider to be a conservative lower limit. Our analysis of the Toomre Q profile suggests that this brings the disc into the regime of gravitational instability. The radial region of instability (50-110 au) coincides with the location of a proposed planet-carved gap in the dust disc and a spiral in the gas. We, therefore, propose that if the origin of the gap is confirmed to be due to a forming giant planet, then it is likely to have formed via the gravitational fragmentation of the protoplanetary disc.

arXiv commentAccepted 2020 January 21. Received 2020 January 21; in original form 2019 November 27

References in corpus (47)

• First Results from High Angular Resolution ALMA Observations Toward the HL Tau Region
• Interpreting Spectral Energy Distributions from Young Stellar Objects. II. Fitting observed SEDs using a large grid of pre-computed models
• The photodissociation and chemistry of CO isotopologues: applications to interstellar clouds and circumstellar disks
• Dust and Gas in the disc of HL Tauri: Surface density, dust settling, and dust-to-gas ratio
• Can giant planets form by direct gravitational instability?
• On the Evolutionary Status of Class I Stars and Herbig-Haro Energy Sources in Taurus-Auriga
• Evidence of fast pebble growth near condensation fronts in the HL Tau protoplanetary disk
• A dual-frequency sub-arcsecond study of proto-planetary disks at mm wavelengths: First evidence for radial variations of the dust properties
• Sintering-induced Dust Ring Formation in Protoplanetary Disks: Application to the HL Tau Disk
• On planet formation in HL Tau
• A Spatially Resolved Vertical Temperature Gradient in the HD 163296 Disk
• Accelerated planetesimal growth in self-gravitating protoplanetary discs
• Lupus disks with faint CO isotopologues: low gas/dust or large carbon depletion?
• Protoplanetary disk masses from CO isotopologues line emission
• Mass measurements in protoplanetary disks from hydrogen deuteride
• The Radial Distribution of Dust Particles in the HL Tau Disk from ALMA and VLA Observations
• Amplification, Saturation, and Q Thresholds for Runaway: Growth of Self-Gravitating Structures in Models of Magnetized Galactic Gas Disks
• Formation of Giant Planets by Disk Instability on Wide Orbits Around Protostars with Varied Masses
• CO destruction in protoplanetary disk midplanes: inside versus outside the CO snow surface
• Modeling Dust Emission of HL Tau Disk Based on Planet-Disk Interactions
• Giant Planet Formation, Evolution, and Internal Structure
• Unlocking CO Depletion in Protoplanetary Disks I. The Warm Molecular Layer
• Multiple Disk Gaps and Rings Generated by a Single Super-Earth: II. Spacings, Depths, and Number of Gaps, with Application to Real Systems
• High resolution millimetre imaging of the CI Tau protoplanetary disc - a massive ensemble of protoplanets from 0.1 - 100 au
• Evidence for the start of planet formation in a young circumstellar disk
• An Origin of Multiple Ring Structure and Hidden Planets in HL Tau: A Unified Picture by Secular Gravitational Instability
• Dust trapping by spiral arms in gravitationally unstable protostellar discs
• HL Tau disk in HCO+ (3-2) and (1-0) with ALMA: gas density, temperature, gap, and one-arm spiral
• Resolving the Circumstellar Disk of HL Tauri at Millimeter Wavelengths
• The First Detection of 13C17O in a Protoplanetary Disk: a Robust Tracer of Disk Gas Mass
• Did Fomalhaut, HR 8799, and HL Tauri Form Planets via the Gravitational Instability? Placing Limits on the Required Disk Masses
• Resolving Protoplanetary Disks at Millimeter Wavelengths by CARMA
• Spatially Extended Brackett Gamma Emission in the Environments of Young Stars
• The determination of protoplanetary disk masses
• Chemistry in a gravitationally unstable protoplanetary disc
• Limits on the location of planetesimal formation in self-gravitating protostellar discs
• Simulated Observations of Young Gravitationally Unstable Protoplanetary Discs
• Enhanced Dust Emission in the HL Tau Disc: A Low-Mass Companion in Formation?
• Gas Gaps in the Protoplanetary Disk around the Young Protostar HL Tau
• Heterogeneity in ${}^{12}$CO/${}^{13}$CO Ratios Toward Solar-Type Young Stellar Objects
• Magnetically Induced Disk Winds and Transport in the HL Tau Disk
• Planetary System Formation in Protoplanetary Disk around HL Tauri
• Hunting for planets in the HL Tau disk
• CO Detected in CI Tau b: Hot Start Implied by Planet Mass and M${}_K$
• High Angular Resolution Radio Observations of the HL/XZ Tau Region: Mapping the 50 AU Protoplanetary Disk around HL Tau and Resolving XZ Tau S into a 13 AU Binary
• On the fragmentation boundary in magnetised self-gravitating discs
• Physical and Chemical Conditions of the Protostellar Envelope and the Protoplanetary Disk in HL Tau

Cited by in corpus (29)

• Rapid Evolution of Volatile CO from the Protostellar Disk Stage to the Protoplanetary Disk Stage
• Chemically tracing the water snowline in protoplanetary disks with HCO${}^{+}$
• ALMA chemical survey of disk-outflow sources in Taurus (ALMA-DOT) V: Sample, overview, and demography of disk molecular emission
• Puffed up Edges of Planet-opened Gaps in Protoplanetary Disks. I. hydrodynamic simulations
• Formation and evolution of protostellar accretion discs. I. Angular-momentum budget, gravitational self-regulation, and numerical convergence
• Survey of Orion Disks with ALMA (SODA) I: Cloud-level demographics of 873 protoplanetary disks
• An ALMA survey of $\lambda$ Orionis disks: from supernovae to planet formation
• Exploring the link between star and planet formation with Ariel
• Tracing pebble drift and trapping using radial carbon depletion profiles in protoplanetary disks
• Into the thick of it: ALMA 0.45 mm observations of HL Tau at 2 au resolution
• Kinematic Analysis of a Protostellar Multiple System: Measuring the Protostar Masses and Assessing Gravitational Instability in the Disks of L1448 IRS3B and L1448 IRS3A
• A Three Dimensional View of Gomez's Hamburger
• Planet Migration in Self-Gravitating Discs: Survival of Planets
• Dust dynamics and vertical settling in gravitoturbulent protoplanetary discs
• Observing protoplanetary discs with the Square Kilometre Array -- I. Characterising pebble substructure caused by forming planets
• Gravitoviscous Protoplanetary Discs with a Dust Component. IV. Disc Outer Edges, Spectral Indices, and Opacity Gaps
• Hiding Signatures of Gravitational Instability in Protoplanetary Discs with Planets
• Gap-opening Planets Make Dust Rings Wider
• Warping Away Gravitational Instabilities in Protoplanetary Discs
• Filling in the Gaps: Can Gravitationally Unstable Discs Form the Seeds of Gas Giant Planets?
• Turbulent Disk Viscosity and the Bifurcation of Planet Formation Histories
• ALMA chemical survey of disk-outflow sources in Taurus (ALMA-DOT). IV. Thioformaldehyde (H${}_2$CS) in protoplanetary disks: spatial distributions and binding energies
• Planetesimal formation via the streaming instability in simulations of infall dominated young disks
• Formation of free-floating planetary mass objects via circumstellar disk encounters
• The Effect of the Approach to Gas Disk Gravitational Instability on the Rapid Formation of Gas Giant Planets. II. Quadrupled Spatial Resolution
• Continuing to Hide Signatures of Gravitational Instability in Protoplanetary Discs with Planets
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales. XX. The Massive Disk Around GM Aurigae
• Zooming into the water snowline: high resolution water observations of the HL Tau disk
• The formation of planetary systems with SPICA