A Spatially Resolved Vertical Temperature Gradient in the HD 163296 Disk

Abstract

We analyze sensitive, sub-arcsecond resolution ALMA Science Verification observations of CO emission lines in the protoplanetary disk hosted by the young, isolated Ae star HD 163296. The observed spatial morphology of the 12CO J=3-2 emission line is asymmetric across the major axis of the disk; the 12CO J=2-1 line features a much less pronounced, but similar, asymmetry. The J=2-1 emission from 12CO and its main isotopologues have no resolved spatial asymmetry. We associate this behavior as the direct signature of a vertical temperature gradient and layered molecular structure in the disk. This is demonstrated using both toy models and more sophisticated calculations assuming non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (non LTE) conditions. A model disk structure is developed to reproduce both the distinctive spatial morphology of the 12CO J=3-2 line as well as the J=2-1 emission from the CO isotopologues assuming relative abundances consistent with the interstellar medium. This model disk structure has tau=1 emitting surfaces for the 12CO emission lines that make an angle of about 15 degrees with respect to the disk midplane. Furthermore, we show that the spatial and spectral sensitivity of these data can distinguish between models that have sub-Keplerian gas velocities due to the vertical extent of the disk and its associated radial pressure gradient (a fractional difference in the bulk gas velocity field of approximately greater than 5%).

31 pages, 13 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

References in corpus (8)

• Gas- and dust evolution in protoplanetary disks
• Gas and Dust Emission at the Outer Edge of Protoplanetary Disks
• Millimeter imaging of HD 163296: probing the disk structure and kinematics
• ALMA detection of the rotating molecular disk wind from the young star HD 163296
• Planet gaps in the dust layer of 3D protoplanetary disks. II. Observability with ALMA
• Molecular line radiative transfer in protoplanetary disks: Monte Carlo simulations versus approximate methods
• Tracing large-scale structures in circumstellar disks with ALMA
• Chemical and thermal structure of protoplanetary disks as observed with ALMA

Cited by in corpus (157)

• Ultraluminous X-Ray Sources
• Observations of Protoplanetary Disk Structures
• Spiral Density Waves in a Young Protoplanetary Disk
• A Kinematical Detection of Two Embedded Jupiter Mass Planets in HD 163296
• Kinematic evidence for an embedded protoplanet in a circumstellar disc
• Weak Turbulence in the HD 163296 Protoplanetary Disk Revealed by ALMA CO Observations
• A Three-Dimensional View of Turbulence: Constraints on Turbulent Motions in the HD 163296 Protoplanetary Disk using DCO${}^{+}$
• A Parametric Modeling Approach to Measuring the Gas Masses of Circumstellar Disks
• Towards a Global Evolutionary Model of Protoplanetary Disks
• Turbulence in the TW Hya Disk
• Meridional flows in the disk around a young star
• The Coupled Physical Structure of Gas and Dust in the IM Lup Protoplanetary Disk
• Mass measurements in protoplanetary disks from hydrogen deuteride
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP) - IX. A high definition study of the HD 163296 planet forming disk
• Measuring turbulent motion in planet-forming disks with ALMA: A detection around DM Tau and non-detections around MWC 480 and V4046 Sgr
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): III. Spiral Structures in the Millimeter Continuum of the Elias 27, IM Lup, and WaOph 6 Disks
• Measuring Turbulence in TW Hya with ALMA: Methods and Limitations
• Highly structured disk around the planet host PDS 70 revealed by high-angular resolution observations with ALMA
• Different dust and gas radial extents in protoplanetary disks: consistent models of grain growth and CO emission
• CO and dust properties in the TW Hya disk from high-resolution ALMA observations
• On the Outer Edges of Protoplanetary Dust Disks
• A Multi-Ringed, Modestly-Inclined Protoplanetary Disk around AA Tau
• Chemical Imaging of the CO Snow Line in the HD 163296 Disk
• Determining protoplanetary disk gas masses from CO isotopologues line observations
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) IV: Emission Surfaces and Vertical Distribution of Molecules
• External photoevaporation of protoplanetary discs in sparse stellar groups: the impact of dust growth
• Transport of CO in Protoplanetary Disks: Consequences of Pebble Formation, Settling, and Radial Drift
• Evolution of protoplanetary disks from their taxonomy in scattered light: spirals, rings, cavities, and shadows
• The Degree of Alignment Between Circumbinary Disks and Their Binary Hosts
• A Survey of CH3CN and HC3N in Protoplanetary Disks
• Multiple Disk Gaps and Rings Generated by a Single Super-Earth: II. Spacings, Depths, and Number of Gaps, with Application to Real Systems
• Direct imaging of the water snow line at the time of planet formation using two ALMA continuum bands
• Molecular gas in debris disks around young A-type stars
• Misaligned Protoplanetary Disks in a Young Binary System
• Systematic Variations of CO Gas Abundance with Radius in Gas-rich Protoplanetary Disks
• On the Commonality of 10-30AU Sized Axisymmetric Dust Structures in Protoplanetary Disks
• Temperature, Mass and Turbulence: A Spatially Resolved Multi-Band Non-LTE Analysis of CS in TW~Hya
• A cavity and further radial substructures in the disk around HD~97048
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): X. Multiple rings, a misaligned inner disk, and a bright arc in the disk around the T Tauri star HD 143006
• A survey of C2H, HCN, and C18O in protoplanetary disks
• A multi-frequency ALMA characterization of substructures in the GM Aur protoplanetary disk
• Relating jet structure to photometric variability: the Herbig Ae star HD 163296
• An ALMA survey of DCN/H${}^{13}$CN and DCO${}^{+}$/H${}^{13}$CO${}^{+}$ in protoplanetary disks
• Inclined Massive Planets in a Protoplanetary Disc: Gap Opening, Disc Breaking, and Observational Signatures
• Spiral arms in the proto-planetary disc HD100453 detected with ALMA: evidence for binary-disc interaction and a vertical temperature gradient
• Observations of Solids in Protoplanetary Disks
• Fast Radial Flows in Transition Disk Holes
• Kinematic detections of protoplanets: a Doppler-flip in the disk of HD100546
• HL Tau disk in HCO+ (3-2) and (1-0) with ALMA: gas density, temperature, gap, and one-arm spiral
• Estimate on dust scale height from ALMA dust continuum image of the HD 163296 protoplanetary disk
• Observations of Infalling and Rotational Motions on a 1,000-AU Scale around 17 Class 0 and 0/I Protostars: Hints of Disk Growth and Magnetic Braking?
• Comparison of the dust and gas radial structure in the transition disk [PZ99] J160421.7-213028
• Empirical Temperature Measurement in Protoplanetary Disks
• Chemistry in Disks. IX. Observations and modeling of HCO+ and DCO+ in DM Tau
• Evidence For A Vertical Dependence on the Pressure Structure in AS 209
• New constraints on turbulence and embedded planet mass in the HD 163296 disk from planet-disk hydrodynamic simulations
• Spiral Arms and a Massive Dust Disk with non-Keplerian Kinematics: Possible Evidence for Gravitational Instability in the Disk of Elias 2-27
• A new planet candidate detected in a dust gap of the disc around HD 163296 through localised kinematic signatures. An observational validation of the Discminer
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) VI: Distribution of the small organics HCN, C2H, and H2CO
• Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Program (DSHARP): VIII. The Rich Ringed Substructures in the AS 209 Disk
• The Flying Saucer: Tomography of the thermal and density gas structure of an edge-on protoplanetary disk
• An ALMA Survey of H${}_2$CO in Protoplanetary Disks
• The Disc Miner I: A statistical framework to detect and quantify kinematical perturbations driven by young planets in discs
• Spiral Structure in the Gas Disk of TW Hya
• Evidence for a CO desorption front in the outer AS 209 disk
• Shadows and cavities in protoplanetary disks: HD163296, HD141569A, and HD150193A in polarized light
• ALMA reveals the anatomy of the mm-sized dust and molecular gas in the HD 97048 disk
• Signatures of MRI-Driven Turbulence in Protoplanetary Disks: Predictions for ALMA Observations
• Midplane temperature and outer edge of the protoplanetary disk around HD 163296
• CO emission tracing a warp or radial flow within $\lesssim$ 100 au in the HD 100546 protoplanetary disk
• Stacking Spectra in Protoplanetary Disks: Detecting Intensity Profiles from Hidden Molecular Lines in HD 163296
• The structure of disks around Herbig Ae/Be stars as traced by CO ro-vibrational emission
• The TW Hya Rosetta Stone Project III: Resolving the Gaseous Thermal Profile of the Disk
• The determination of protoplanetary disk masses
• The Mass of Stirring Bodies in the AU Mic Debris Disk Inferred from Resolved Vertical Structure
• Directly tracing the vertical stratification of molecules in protoplanetary disks
• ALMA Measurements of Circumstellar Material in the GQ Lup System
• On the secular evolution of the ratio between gas and dust radii in protoplanetary discs
• An unbiased ALMA spectral survey of the LkCa 15 and MWC 480 protoplanetary disks
• Upper limits on CH${}_3$OH in the HD 163296 protoplanetary disk: evidence for a low gas-phase CH${}_3$OH/H${}_2$CO ratio
• ALMA Observations of the T Tauri Binary System AS 205: Evidence for Molecular Winds and/or Binary Interactions
• Origin of Weak Turbulence in the Outer Regions of Protoplanetary Disks
• Increased H${}_2$CO production in the outer disk around HD 163296
• Mass constraints for 15 protoplanetary disks from HD 1-0
• Dust properties across the CO snowline in the HD 163296 disk from ALMA and VLA observations
• New millimeter CO observations of the gas-rich debris disks 49 Cet and HD 32297
• Excess C/H in Protoplanetary Disk Gas from Icy Pebble Drift across the CO Snowline
• 13C17O suggests gravitational instability in the HL Tau disc
• Radial variations in grain sizes and dust scale heights in the protoplanetary disk around HD 163296 revealed by ALMA polarization observation
• High-contrast imaging of HD 163296 with the Keck/NIRC2 L'-band vortex coronograph
• The Disc Miner II: Revealing Gas substructures and Kinematic signatures from Planet-disc interaction through line profile analysis
• The hybrid disks: a search and study to better understand evolution of disks
• Observational Signatures of Tightly Wound Spirals Driven by Buoyancy Resonances in Protoplanetary Disks
• A highly non-Keplerian protoplanetary disc: Spiral structure in the gas disc of CQ Tau
• Probing the accretion-ejection connection with VLTI/AMBER: High spectral resolution observations of the Herbig Ae star HD163296
• Spiral arms in thermally stratified protoplanetary discs
• A 80 au cavity in the disk around HD 34282
• Turbulent-diffusion Mediated CO Depletion in Weakly Turbulent Protoplanetary disks
• From scattered-light to millimeter emission: A comprehensive view of the Gyr-old system of HD 202628 and its eccentric debris ring
• Early Planet Formation in Embedded Disks (eDisk) III: A first high-resolution view of sub-mm continuum and molecular line emission toward the Class 0 protostar L1527 IRS
• Interpreting high spatial resolution line observations of planet-forming disks with gaps and rings -- The case of HD 163296
• Tracing planet-induced structures in circumstellar disks using molecular lines
• Multi-epoch Direct Imaging and Time-Variable Scattered Light Morphology of the HD 163296 Protoplanetary Disk
• Determining the mid-plane conditions of circumstellar discs using gas and dust modelling: a study of HD 163296
• Measuring protoplanetary disk gas surface density profiles with ALMA
• Mapping Protoplanetary Disk Vertical Structure with CO Isotopologue Line Emission
• Rotation curves in protoplanetary disks with thermal stratification
• exoALMA V: Gaseous Emission Surfaces and Temperature Structures
• exoALMA XII: Weighing and sizing exoALMA disks with rotation curve modelling
• Herbig Stars: A Quarter Century of Progress
• Validating Scattering-Induced (Sub)millimeter Disk Polarization through the Spectral Index, Wavelength-Dependent Polarization Pattern, and Polarization Spectrum: The Case of HD 163296
• Resolved Multifrequency Radio Observations of GG Tau
• Mapping the Planetary Wake in HD 163296 with Kinematics
• Resolved Gas Interior to the Dust Rings of the HD 141569 Disk
• Inferring (Sub)millimeter Dust Opacities and Temperature Structure in Edge-on Protostellar Disks From Resolved Multi-Wavelength Continuum Observations: The Case of the HH 212 Disk
• The Excitation Conditions of CN in TW Hya
• The Architecture of the GW Ori Young Triple Star System and Its Disk: Dynamical Masses, Mutual Inclinations, and Recurrent Eclipses
• A "Rosetta Stone" for protoplanetary disks: The synergy of multi-wavelength observations
• Asymmetric mid-plane gas in ALMA images of HD~100546
• The Architecture of the V892 Tau System: the Binary and its Circumbinary Disk
• ALMA Observations of the HD~110058 debris disk
• Chemistry in a forming protoplanetary disk: main accretion phase
• exoALMA. VI. Rotating under Pressure: Rotation curves, azimuthal velocity substructures, and pressure variations
• Investigating Protoplanetary Disk Cooling through Kinematics: Analytical GI Wiggle
• New constraints on the dust and gas distribution in the LkCa 15 disk from ALMA
• Resolving Structure in the Debris Disk around HD 206893 with ALMA
• The Flared Gas Structure of the Transitional Disk around Sz 91
• Observing substructure in circumstellar discs around massive young stellar objects
• Kinematic Analysis of a Protostellar Multiple System: Measuring the Protostar Masses and Assessing Gravitational Instability in the Disks of L1448 IRS3B and L1448 IRS3A
• A Three Dimensional View of Gomez's Hamburger
• An ALMA Survey of Chemistry in Disks around M4-M5 Stars
• A global two-layer radiative transfer model for axisymmetric, shadowed protoplanetary disks
• Observational signatures of eccentric Jupiters inside gas cavities in protoplanetary discs
• Detection of N${}_2$D${}^{+}$ in a protoplanetary disk
• Early Planet Formation in Embedded Disks (eDisk) V: Possible Annular Substructure in a Circumstellar Disk in the Ced110 IRS4 System
• Interpreting molecular hydrogen and atomic oxygen line emission of T Tauri disks with photoevaporative disk-wind models
• An ALMA Dynamical Mass Estimate of the Proposed Planetary-mass Companion FW Tau C
• Kinematical signs of dust trapping and feedback in a local pressure bump in the protoplanetary disk around HD 142527 revealed with ALMA
• exoALMA XV: Interpreting the height of CO emission layer
• A kinematic excess in the annular gap and gas depleted cavity in the disc around HD 169142
• Probing the Temperature Structure of Optically Thick Disks Using Polarized Emission of Aligned Grains
• PRODIGE -- Planet-forming disks in Taurus with NOEMA. I. Overview and first results for 12CO, 13CO, and C18O
• Vertical and radial distribution of atomic carbon in HD 163296
• The ALMA survey to Resolve exoKuiper belt Substructures (ARKS) III: The vertical structure of debris disks
• Evidence for a Sharp CO Snowline Transition in a Protoplanetary Disk and Implications for Millimeter-wave Observations of CO Isotopologues
• ALMA Observations of Asymmetric Molecular Gas Emission from a Protoplanetary Disk in the Orion Nebula
• The ALMA survey to Resolve exoKuiper belt Substructures (ARKS) VII: Optically thick gas with broad CO gaussian local line profiles in the HD 121617 disc
• Edge-On Disk Study (EODS) II: Thermal Structure of the Flying Saucer Disk
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS XVIII): Kinematic Substructures in the Disks of HD 163296 and MWC 480
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) III: Characteristics of Radial Chemical Substructures
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) XIX. Spiral Arms, a Tail, and Diffuse Structures Traced by CO around the GM Aur Disk
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) XVII: Determining the 2D Thermal Structure of the HD 163296 Disk
• On-sky Demonstration of Subdiffraction-limited Astronomical Measurement Using a Photonic Lantern
• The influence of tight binaries on proto-planetary disk masses
• CO Line Emission Surfaces and Vertical Structure in Mid-Inclination Protoplanetary Disks
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) II: CLEAN Strategies for Synthesizing Images of Molecular Line Emission in Protoplanetary Disks
• The Doppler-flip in HD100546 as a disk eruption: the elephant in the room of kinematic protoplanet searches