Mapping Protoplanetary Disk Vertical Structure with CO Isotopologue Line Emission

Abstract

High spatial resolution observations of CO isotopologue line emission in protoplanetary disks at mid-inclinations ($\approx$30-75°) allow us to characterize the gas structure in detail, including radial and vertical substructures, emission surface heights and their dependencies on source characteristics, and disk temperature profiles. By combining observations of a suite of CO isotopologues, we can map the 2D (r, z) disk structure from the disk upper atmosphere, as traced by CO, to near the midplane, as probed by less abundant isotopologues. Here, we present high angular resolution ($\lesssim$0."1 to $\approx$0."2; $\approx$15-30 au) observations of CO, ${}^{13}$CO, and C${}^{18}$O in either or both J=2-1 and J=3-2 lines in the transition disks around DM Tau, Sz 91, LkCa 15, and HD 34282. We derived line emission surfaces in CO for all disks and in ${}^{13}$CO for the DM Tau and LkCa 15 disks. With these observations, we do not resolve the vertical structure of C${}^{18}$O in any disk, which is instead consistent with C${}^{18}$O emission originating from the midplane. Both the J=2-1 and J=3-2 lines show similar heights. Using the derived emission surfaces, we computed radial and vertical gas temperature distributions for each disk, including empirical temperature models for the DM Tau and LkCa 15 disks. After combining our sample with literature sources, we find that ${}^{13}$CO line emitting heights are also tentatively linked with source characteristics, e.g., stellar host mass, gas temperature, disk size, and show steeper trends than seen in CO emission surfaces.

arXiv comment31 pages, 15 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ. Image cubes available at https://zenodo.org/record/7430257

References in corpus (87)

• SciPy 1.0--Fundamental Algorithms for Scientific Computing in Python
• Astropy: A Community Python Package for Astronomy
• emcee: The MCMC Hammer
• The NumPy array: a structure for efficient numerical computation
• The Astropy Project: Building an inclusive, open-science project and status of the v2.0 core package
• scikit-image: Image processing in Python
• Estimating distances from parallaxes. V: Geometric and photogeometric distances to 1.47 billion stars in Gaia Early Data Release 3
• Some Aspects of Measurement Error in Linear Regression of Astronomical Data
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): II. Characteristics of Annular Substructures
• ALMA Survey of Lupus Protoplanetary Disks II: Gas Disk Radii
• Disks ARound TTauri Stars with Sphere (DARTTS-S) I: Sphere / IRDIS Polarimetric Imaging of 8 prominent TTauri Disks
• Probing the structure of protoplanetary disks: a comparative study of DM Tau, LkCa 15 and MWC 480
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) I: Program Overview and Highlights
• The warm gas atmosphere of the HD 100546 disk seen by Herschel (Evidence of a gas-rich, carbon-poor atmosphere?)
• A Spatially Resolved Vertical Temperature Gradient in the HD 163296 Disk
• Meridional flows in the disk around a young star
• A Millimeter Continuum Size-Luminosity Relationship for Protoplanetary Disks
• Direct mapping of the temperature and velocity gradients in discs. Imaging the vertical CO snow line around IM Lupi
• Unveiling the gas and dust disk structure in HD 163296 using ALMA observations
• Chemical evolution of turbulent protoplanetary disks and the Solar nebula
• Gaia DR2 study of Herbig Ae/Be stars
• Kinematic detection of a planet carving a gap in a protoplanetary disc
• Measuring turbulent motion in planet-forming disks with ALMA: A detection around DM Tau and non-detections around MWC 480 and V4046 Sgr
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) V: CO gas distributions
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): III. Spiral Structures in the Millimeter Continuum of the Elias 27, IM Lup, and WaOph 6 Disks
• Highly structured disk around the planet host PDS 70 revealed by high-angular resolution observations with ALMA
• Direct detection of scattered light gaps in the transitional disk around HD 97048 with VLT/SPHERE
• Meridional circulation of gas into gaps opened by giant planets in three-dimensional low-viscosity disks
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) IV: Emission Surfaces and Vertical Distribution of Molecules
• A highly settled disk around Oph 163131
• Planet formation signposts: observability of circumplanetary disks via gas kinematics
• The Ophiuchus DIsc Survey Employing ALMA (ODISEA)-III: the evolution of substructures in massive discs at 3-5 au resolution
• No Clear, Direct Evidence for Multiple Protoplanets Orbiting LkCa 15: LkCa 15 bcd are Likely Inner Disk Signals
• A Close-up View of the Young Circumbinary Disk HD 142527
• Polarized disk emission from Herbig Ae/Be stars observed using Gemini Planet Imager: HD 144432, HD 150193, HD 163296, and HD 169142
• Optical imaging polarimetry of the LkCa 15 protoplanetary disk with SPHERE ZIMPOL
• Homogeneous study of Herbig Ae/Be stars from spectral energy distributions and Gaia EDR3
• Kinematic detections of protoplanets: a Doppler-flip in the disk of HD100546
• Disks Around T Tauri Stars with SPHERE (DARTTS-S) II: Twenty-one new polarimetric images of young stellar disks
• Resolving the planet-hosting inner regions of the LkCa 15 disk
• Observability of planet-disc interactions in CO kinematics
• Empirical Temperature Measurement in Protoplanetary Disks
• The Nature of Transition Circumstellar Disks II. Southern Molecular Clouds
• Spiral Arms and a Massive Dust Disk with non-Keplerian Kinematics: Possible Evidence for Gravitational Instability in the Disk of Elias 2-27
• A new planet candidate detected in a dust gap of the disc around HD 163296 through localised kinematic signatures. An observational validation of the Discminer
• Annular substructures in the transition disks around LkCa 15 and J1610
• The Flying Saucer: Tomography of the thermal and density gas structure of an edge-on protoplanetary disk
• Gas Disk Sizes from CO Line Observations: A Test of Angular Momentum Evolution
• An ALMA Survey of H${}_2$CO in Protoplanetary Disks
• The Disc Miner I: A statistical framework to detect and quantify kinematical perturbations driven by young planets in discs
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS). IX. Distribution and Properties of the Large Organic Molecules HC${}_3$N, CH${}_3$CN, and $c$-C${}_3$H${}_2$
• Long Baseline Observations of the HD100546 Protoplanetary Disk with ALMA
• ALMA chemical survey of disk-outflow sources in Taurus (ALMA-DOT) II: Vertical stratification of CO, CS, CN, H${}_2$CO, and CH${}_3$OH in a Class I disk
• Midplane temperature and outer edge of the protoplanetary disk around HD 163296
• The magnetic propeller accretion regime of LkCa 15
• A dynamical measurement of the disk mass in Elias 2-27
• Directly tracing the vertical stratification of molecules in protoplanetary disks
• A ring-like concentration of mm-sized particles in Sz 91
• A Spatially Resolved AU-scale Inner Disk around DM Tau
• Observational Signatures of Tightly Wound Spirals Driven by Buoyancy Resonances in Protoplanetary Disks
• A highly non-Keplerian protoplanetary disc: Spiral structure in the gas disc of CQ Tau
• Gas temperature structure across transition disk cavities
• A 80 au cavity in the disk around HD 34282
• The theory of kinks -- I. A semi-analytic model of velocity perturbations due to planet-disc interaction
• Probing the 2D temperature structure of protoplanetary disks with Herschel observations of high-J CO lines
• Interpreting high spatial resolution line observations of planet-forming disks with gaps and rings -- The case of HD 163296
• Gas inside the 97 au cavity around the transition disk Sz\,91
• Investigating the Relative Gas and Small Dust Grain Surface Heights in Protoplanetary Disks
• ALMA Observations of the Asymmetric Dust Disk around DM Tau
• Observational Signatures of Planets in Protoplanetary Disks: Planet-Induced Line Broadening in Gaps
• Mapping the Planetary Wake in HD 163296 with Kinematics
• A single-armed spiral in the protoplanetary disk around HD34282 ?
• The Anatomy of an Unusual Edge-on Protoplanetary Disk. II. Gas temperature and a warm outer region
• The Flared Gas Structure of the Transitional Disk around Sz 91
• New constraints on the dust and gas distribution in the LkCa 15 disk from ALMA
• A Three Dimensional View of Gomez's Hamburger
• Dynamical Masses and Stellar Evolutionary Model Predictions of M-Stars
• Near-Infrared Imaging Polarimetry of LkCa 15: A Possible Warped Inner Disk
• Vertically extended and asymmetric CN emission in the Elias 2-27 protoplanetary disk
• High resolution observations of molecular emission lines toward the CI Tau proto-planetary disc: planet-carved gaps or shadowing?
• The Appearance of Vortices in Protoplanetary Disks in Near-Infrared Scattered Light
• Tracing Molecular Stratification within an Edge-on Protoplanetary Disk
• Improving Planet Detection with Disk Modeling: Keck/NIRC2 Imaging of the HD 34282 Single-armed Protoplanetary Disk
• A dichotomy in group II Herbig disks: ALMA gas disk height measurements show both shadowed large vertically extended disks and compact flat disks
• The physical conditions in Gomez's Hamburger (IRAS 18059-3211), a pre-MS rotating disk
• NaCo polarimetric observations of Sz 91 transitional disk: a remarkable case of dust filtering
• Mapping the 3D Kinematical Structure of the Gas Disk of HD 169142

Cited by in corpus (11)

• exoALMA V: Gaseous Emission Surfaces and Temperature Structures
• exoALMA. VI. Rotating under Pressure: Rotation curves, azimuthal velocity substructures, and pressure variations
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS). Complex Kinematics in the AS 209 Disk Induced by a Forming Planet and Disk Winds
• exoALMA XV: Interpreting the height of CO emission layer
• Probing the Temperature Structure of the Inner Region of a Protoplanetary Disk
• Vertical CO surfaces as a probe for protoplanetary disk mass and carbon depletion
• PRODIGE -- Planet-forming disks in Taurus with NOEMA. I. Overview and first results for 12CO, 13CO, and C18O
• V892 Tau: A tidally perturbed circumbinary disc in a triple stellar system
• A question of personalities: evolution of viscous and wind-driven protoplanetary discs in the presence of dead zones
• The 12CO Gas Structures of Protoplanetary Disks in the Upper Scorpius Region
• Gravito-turbulent bi-fluid protoplanetary discs: 1. An analytical perspective to stratification