The Disc Miner I: A statistical framework to detect and quantify kinematical perturbations driven by young planets in discs

Abstract

[Abridged] The study of disc kinematics has recently opened up as a promising method to detect unseen planets. However, a systematic, statistically meaningful analysis of such an approach remains missing. The aim of this work is to devise an automated, statistically robust technique to identify kinematical perturbations induced by the presence of planets in a gas disc, and to accurately infer their location. For this purpose, we produce hydro simulations of planet-disc interactions with different planet masses, 0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 $M_{Jup}$, at a radius of $R=100$ au in the disc, and perform radiative transfer calculations of CO to simulate observables for 13 planet azimuths. Using the DISCMINER package, we fit the synthetic data cubes with a Keplerian model of the channel-by-channel emission to study line profile differences, including deviations from Keplerian rotation. The detection technique, based on line centroid differences, captures localised planet-driven perturbations, and can distinguish them from axisymmetric velocity perturbations. The method can detect all three simulated planets, at all azimuths, with an average accuracy of $\pm 3^{\circ }$ in azimuth and $\pm 8$ au in radius. Owing to disc structure and line-of-sight projection effects, planets at azimuths close to $\pm 45^{\circ }$ yield the highest velocity fluctuations, whereas those at limiting cases, $0^{\circ }$ and $\pm 90^{\circ }$, drive the lowest. The observed peak velocities range within 40$-$70, 70$-$170 and 130$-$450 m s${}^{-1}$ for 0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 $M_{Jup}$ planets. Our analysis indicates that the variance of peak velocities is boosted near planets due to organised gas motions prompted by their localised gravitational well. We propose an approach that exploits this velocity coherence to provide, for the first time, statistically significant detections of localised planet-driven perturbations in the gas disc kinematics.

arXiv comment20 pages, 17 figures, 1 table. Accepted for publication in A&A

References in corpus (55)

• emcee: The MCMC Hammer
• Dust Grain Size Distributions and Extinction in the Milky Way, LMC, and SMC
• First Results from High Angular Resolution ALMA Observations Toward the HL Tau Region
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): I. Motivation, Sample, Calibration, and Overview
• Discovery of a planetary-mass companion within the gap of the transition disk around PDS 70
• Gaps and Rings in an ALMA Survey of Disks in the Taurus Star-forming Region
• Dynamics of Protoplanetary Disks
• Two accreting protoplanets around the young star PDS 70
• Observations of Protoplanetary Disk Structures
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): VII. The Planet-Disk Interactions Interpretation
• Spiral Density Waves in a Young Protoplanetary Disk
• A Kinematical Detection of Two Embedded Jupiter Mass Planets in HD 163296
• Probing the structure of protoplanetary disks: a comparative study of DM Tau, LkCa 15 and MWC 480
• Asymmetric features in the protoplanetary disk MWC758
• Kinematic evidence for an embedded protoplanet in a circumstellar disc
• A Parametric Modeling Approach to Measuring the Gas Masses of Circumstellar Disks
• On planet formation in HL Tau
• The warm gas atmosphere of the HD 100546 disk seen by Herschel (Evidence of a gas-rich, carbon-poor atmosphere?)
• FARGO3D: A new GPU-oriented MHD code
• Astrochemistry and compositions of planetary systems
• Resolved gas cavities in transitional disks inferred from CO isotopologues with ALMA
• A Spatially Resolved Vertical Temperature Gradient in the HD 163296 Disk
• Meridional flows in the disk around a young star
• Direct mapping of the temperature and velocity gradients in discs. Imaging the vertical CO snow line around IM Lupi
• Protoplanetary disk masses from CO isotopologues line emission
• The gas temperature in the surface layers of protoplanetary disks
• Kinematic detection of a planet carving a gap in a protoplanetary disc
• Circumbinary, not transitional: On the spiral arms, cavity, shadows, fast radial flows, streamers and horseshoe in the HD142527 disc
• Radiative transfer with POLARIS: I. Analysis of magnetic fields through synthetic dust continuum polarization measurements
• Gas density drops inside dust cavities of transitional disks around young stars observed with ALMA
• Nine localised deviations from Keplerian rotation in the DSHARP circumstellar disks: Kinematic evidence for protoplanets carving the gaps
• Determining protoplanetary disk gas masses from CO isotopologues line observations
• Gas structure inside dust cavities of transition disks: Oph IRS 48 observed by ALMA
• Treating gravity in thin disk simulations
• Planet formation signposts: observability of circumplanetary disks via gas kinematics
• The gas temperature in flaring disks around pre-main sequence stars
• CO gas inside the protoplanetary disk cavity in HD 142527: disk structure from ALMA
• Spiral arms in the proto-planetary disc HD100453 detected with ALMA: evidence for binary-disc interaction and a vertical temperature gradient
• Kinematic detections of protoplanets: a Doppler-flip in the disk of HD100546
• Observability of planet-disc interactions in CO kinematics
• Evidence For A Vertical Dependence on the Pressure Structure in AS 209
• Annular substructures in the transition disks around LkCa 15 and J1610
• Long Term Evolution of Planet-Induced Vortices in Protoplanetary Disks
• The Flying Saucer: Tomography of the thermal and density gas structure of an edge-on protoplanetary disk
• Slowly-growing gap-opening planets trigger weaker vortices
• Midplane temperature and outer edge of the protoplanetary disk around HD 163296
• A dust and gas cavity in the disc around CQ Tau revealed by ALMA
• Radiative transfer modelling of W33A MM1: 3-D structure and dynamics of a complex massive star forming region
• A highly non-Keplerian protoplanetary disc: Spiral structure in the gas disc of CQ Tau
• Detectability of embedded protoplanets from hydrodynamical simulations
• The theory of kinks -- I. A semi-analytic model of velocity perturbations due to planet-disc interaction
• Hunting for planets in the HL Tau disk
• Constraining Protoplanetary Disk Accretion and Young Planets Using ALMA Kinematic Observations
• Resolved millimeter-dust continuum cavity around the very low mass young star CIDA 1
• A Three Dimensional View of Gomez's Hamburger

Cited by in corpus (39)

• A new planet candidate detected in a dust gap of the disc around HD 163296 through localised kinematic signatures. An observational validation of the Discminer
• Directly tracing the vertical stratification of molecules in protoplanetary disks
• Dynamical mass measurements of two protoplanetary discs
• The Disc Miner II: Revealing Gas substructures and Kinematic signatures from Planet-disc interaction through line profile analysis
• Transition disks: the observational revolution from SEDs to imaging
• Kinematics and brightness temperatures of transition discs -- A survey of gas substructures as seen with ALMA
• Mapping the Complex Kinematic Substructure in the TW Hya Disk
• Mapping Protoplanetary Disk Vertical Structure with CO Isotopologue Line Emission
• exoALMA V: Gaseous Emission Surfaces and Temperature Structures
• exoALMA III: Line-intensity Modeling and System Property Extraction from Protoplanetary Disks
• Rotation curves in protoplanetary disks with thermal stratification
• A kinematically detected planet candidate in a transition disk
• exoALMA XII: Weighing and sizing exoALMA disks with rotation curve modelling
• exoALMA. VI. Rotating under Pressure: Rotation curves, azimuthal velocity substructures, and pressure variations
• Vertical evolution of exocometary gas: I. How vertical diffusion shortens the CO lifetime
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS). Complex Kinematics in the AS 209 Disk Induced by a Forming Planet and Disk Winds
• exoALMA XV: Interpreting the height of CO emission layer
• Probing the eccentricity in protostellar discs -- Modeling kinematics and morphologies
• exoALMA. XVII. Characterizing the Gas Dynamics around Dust Asymmetries
• PGNets: Planet mass prediction using convolutional neural networks for radio continuum observations of protoplanetary disks
• A giant planet shaping the disk around the very low-mass star CIDA 1
• exoALMA. VIII. Probabilistic Moment Maps and Data Products using Non-parametric Linear Models
• The steady-state hydrodynamics of a long-lived disc: planetary system architecture and prospects of observing a circumplanetary disc shadow in V4046Sgr
• Vertical and radial distribution of atomic carbon in HD 163296
• Constraining giant planet formation with synthetic ALMA images of the Solar System's natal protoplanetary disk
• Kinematical signatures: Distinguishing between warps and radial flows
• V892 Tau: A tidally perturbed circumbinary disc in a triple stellar system
• Circumplanetary Disk Candidate in the Disk of HD 163296 Traced by Localized Emission from Simple Organics
• Directly Detecting the Envelopes of Low-mass Planets Embedded In Protoplanetary Discs and The Case For TW Hydrae
• The 12CO Gas Structures of Protoplanetary Disks in the Upper Scorpius Region
• Planet-driven spirals in protoplanetary discs: limitations of the semi-analytical theory for observations
• The Circumbinary Disk of HD 34700A: I. CO gas kinematics indicate spirals, infall, and vortex motions
• exoALMA XXI: The Morphology and Dynamics of Vertical Flows
• exoALMA XIX: Confirmation of Non-thermal Line Broadening in the DM Tau Protoplanetary Disk
• Probing dust and grain growth in the optically thick circumbinary ring of V892 Tau
• exoALMA XX: Tomographic Detection of Embedded Planets in Protoplanetary Disks
• Spiral formation caused by late infall onto protoplanetary disks
• The Circumbinary Disc of HD 34700A II. Analysis of a strong dust asymmetry
• Protoplanetary Disk Chemistry