Astrochemistry and compositions of planetary systems

Abstract

Planets form and obtain their compositions in disks of gas and dust around young stars. The chemical compositions of these planet-forming disks regulate all aspects of planetary compositions from bulk elemental inventories to access to water and reactive organics, i.e. a planet's hospitality to life and its chemical origins. Disk chemical structures are in their turn governed by a combination of {\it in situ} chemical processes, and inheritance of molecules from the preceding evolutionary stages of the star formation process. In this review we present our current understanding of the chemical processes active in pre- and protostellar environments that set the initial conditions for disks, and the disk chemical processes that evolve the chemical conditions during the first million years of planet formation. We review recent observational, laboratory and theoretical discoveries that have led to the present view of the chemical environment within which planets form, and their effects on the compositions of nascent planetary systems. We also discuss the many unknowns that remain and outline some possible pathways to addressing them.

arXiv commentAuthors' version of review to appear in Physics Reports. 47 pages, 20 figures

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• The Galactic Interstellar Object Population: A Framework for Prediction and Inference
• Investigating the role of magnetic fields in star formation using molecular line profiles
• Streamers feeding the SVS13-A protobinary system: astrochemistry reveals accretion shocks?
• The Molecular Composition of Shadowed Protosolar Disk Midplanes beyond the Water Snowline
• Radial and vertical constraints on the icy origin of H${}_2$CO in the HD 163296 Protoplanetary Disk
• Classification of X-ray Flare Driven Chemical Variability in Protoplanetary Disks
• Chemical post-processing of magneto-hydrodynamical simulations of star-forming regions: robustness and pitfalls
• FAUST XX. The chemical structure and temperature profile of the IRAS 4A2 hot corino at 20-50 au
• Ices in planet-forming disks: Self-consistent ice opacities in disk models
• The Radial Distribution and Excitation of H2 around Young Stars in the HST-ULLYSES Survey
• Linking ice and gas in the Lambda Orionis Barnard 35A cloud
• Tracking the ice mantle history in the Solar-type Protostars of NGC 1333 IRAS 4
• The compositions of the HR 8799 planets reflect accretion of both solids and metal-enriched gas
• The First Detection of CH${}_2$CN in a Protoplanetary Disk
• Interstellar Comet 3I/ATLAS: Evidence for Galactic Cosmic Ray Processing
• Broadband spectroscopy of astrophysical ice analogues: II. Optical constants of CO and CO${}_2$ ices in the terahertz and infrared ranges
• Cold Deuterium Fractionation in the Nearest Planet-Forming Disk
• CO${}_2$ ocean bistability on terrestrial exoplanets
• Understanding JWST water spectra: what can thermochemical models tell us about the (cold) water in protoplanetary disks?
• A High-Resolution Spectroscopic Survey of Directly Imaged Companion Hosts: I. Determination of diagnostic stellar abundances for planet formation and composition
• Planet formation in chemically diverse and evolving discs -- I. Composition of planetary building blocks
• Radiative Nonideal MHD Simulations of Inner Protoplanetary Disks: Temperature Structures, Asymmetric Winds, and Episodic Surface Accretion
• Planetesimal formation via the streaming instability in simulations of infall dominated young disks
• Meteorites and the RNA World: Synthesis of Nucleobases in Carbonaceous Planetesimals and the Role of Initial Volatile Content
• The ESO SupJup Survey VIII. Chemical fingerprints of young L dwarf twins
• Multi-frequency analysis of the ALMA and VLA high resolution continuum observations of the substructured disc around CI Tau. Preference for sub-mm-sized low-porosity amorphous carbon grains
• HD 163296 and its Giant Planets: Creation of Exo-comets, Interstellar Objects and Transport of Volatile Material
• Binding energies of ethanol and ethylamine on interstellar water ices: synergy between theory and experiments
• Collisional excitation of PO${}^{+}$ by $para$-H${}_2$
• Computational Estimation of the Binding Energies of POx and HPOx (x=2,3) Species
• The first interferometric measurements of NH${}_2$D/NH${}_3$ ratio in hot corinos
• Mapping the aliphatic hydrocarbon content of interstellar dust in the Galactic plane
• Carbon-Chain Chemistry vs. Complex-Organic-Molecule Chemistry in Envelopes around Three Low-Mass Young Stellar Objects in the Perseus Region
• Nascent chemical complexity in prestellar core IRAS 16293E: complex organics and deuterated methanol
• A deep search for Complex Organic Molecules toward the protoplanetary disk of V883 Ori
• High-contrast spectroscopy with the new VLT/ERIS instrument: Molecular maps and radial velocity of the gas giant AF Lep b
• Chemical compositions in the vicinity of protostars in Ophiuchus
• Catalytic role of HI in the interstellar synthesis of complex organic molecule
• Protostars at Subsolar Metallicity: First Detection of Large Solid-state Complex Organic Molecules in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• A Possible Chemical Clock in High-mass Star-forming Regions: N(HC3N)/N(N2H+)?
• Radial variations in nitrogen, carbon, and hydrogen fractionation in the PDS 70 planet-hosting disk
• Infrared action spectroscopy as tool for probing gas-phase dynamics: Protonated Dimethyl Ether, (CH${}_3$)${}_2$OH${}^{+}$, formed by the reaction of CH${}_3$OH${}_2^{+}$ with CH${}_3$OH
• Sulfuric acid as a cryofluid and oxygen isotope reservoir of planetesimals
• Interpebble contact radius in a comet nucleus
• SHAMPOO: A stochastic model for tracking dust particles under the influence of non-local disk processes
• Oxygen Isotope Exchange Between Molten Silicate Spherules and Ambient Water Vapor with Nonzero Relative Velocity: Implication for Chondrule Formation Environment
• Gas-phase and Surface Chemistry in the Massive Star-Forming Region RCW\,120
• Early Planet Formation in Embedded Disks (eDisk). XX. Constraining the Chemical Tracers of Young Protostellar Sources
• Impact of ice growth on the physical and chemical properties of dense cloud cores
• Zooming into the water snowline: high resolution water observations of the HL Tau disk
• Low-Energy Cosmic Rays and Associated MeV Gamma-Ray Emissions in the Protoplanetary System
• A Pathway for Collisional Planetesimal Growth in the Ice-Dominant Regions of Protoplanetary Disks
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) XII: Inferring the C/O and S/H ratios in Protoplanetary Disks with Sulfur Molecules
• Icy Volatile Enhancements in Evolving Protoplanetary Disks
• Hidden water in magma ocean exoplanets
• Experimental investigation of O2 diffusion and entrapment in interstellar amorphous solid water (ASW)
• Dispersal of protoplanetary discs: How stellar properties and the local environment determine the pathway of evolution
• Modelling the secular evolution of proto-planetary disc dust sizes -- A comparison between the viscous and magnetic wind case
• Setting the Stage: The Early History of the Solar System
• Chemical Abundances Shape History (CASH). I. A Link between Giant Planets Orbital Periods and Host Stellar C/O Ratios
• Molecular Similarity and Water Diversity in Coeval Binary Disks: JWST/MIRI Observations of Sz 65 and Sz 66
• The Multiband Imaging Survey for High-Alpha PlanetS (MISHAPS) I: Preliminary Constraints on the Occurrence Rate of Hot Jupiters in 47 Tucanae
• Protoplanetary Disk Chemistry
• Linking Outer Disk Pebble Dynamics and Gaps to Inner Disk Water Enrichment
• Spatial distribution of organics in the Horsehead nebula: Signposts of chemistry driven by atomic carbon
• Tidal Rock Grinding as a Source of H2 on Enceladus
• Dust-driven vortex cascades originating at water snow regions: A pathway to planetesimal formation
• First Detection of HC5N in a Class II Disk around TW Hya
• CO Diffusion on Interstellar Amorphous Solid Water: A Computational Study