Formation of methyl formate and other organic species in the warm-up phase of hot molecular cores

Abstract

Aims: The production of saturated organic molecules in hot cores and corinos is not well understood. The standard approach is to assume that, as temperatures heat up during star formation, methanol and other species evaporate from grain surfaces and undergo a warm gas-phase chemistry at 100 K or greater to produce species such as methyl formate, dimethyl ether, and others. But a series of laboratory results shows that protonated ions, typical precursors to final products in ion-molecule schemes, tend to fragment upon dissociative recombination with electrons rather than just ejecting a hydrogen atom. Moreover, the specific proposed reaction to produce protonated methyl formate is now known not to occur at all. Methods: We utilize a gas-grain chemical network to probe the chemistry of the relatively ignored stage of hot core evolution during which the protostar switches on and the temperature of the surrounding gas and dust rises from 10 K to over 100 K. During this stage, surface chemistry involving heavy radicals becomes more important as surface hydrogen atoms tend to evaporate rather than react. Results: Our results show that complex species such as methyl formate, formic acid, and dimethyl ether can be produced in large abundance during the protostellar switch-on phase, but that both grain-surface and gas-phase processes help to produce most species. The longer the timescale for protostellar switch-on, the more important the surface processes.

arXiv commentAccepted for publication in A&A (13 pages, 5 figures)

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• Interstellar Chemistry of CN Radicals on Ices: The formation of CH3CN and CH3NC and potential connection to acetamide
• Modeling snowline locations in protostars: The impact of the structure of protostellar cloud cores
• 3D modelling of HCO${}^{+}$ and its isotopologues in the low-mass proto-star IRAS16293$-$2422
• Towards detecting methanol emission in low-mass protoplanetary discs with ALMA: The role of non-LTE excitation
• Dark cloud-type chemistry in PDRs with moderate UV field
• Carbon Chain Chemistry in Hot-Core Regions around Three Massive Young Stellar Objects Associated with 6.7 GHz Methanol Masers
• The warm-up phase in massive star-forming cores around RCW 120
• Deuterated species in extragalactic star-forming regions
• Chemical enrichment of the planet forming region as probed by accretion
• Ice Age : Chemo-dynamical modeling of Cha-MMS1 to predict new solid-phase species for detection with JWST
• JWST reveals widespread CO ice and gas absorption in the Galactic Center cloud G0.253+0.016
• Chempl: a playable package for modeling interstellar chemistry
• Early-stage star forming cloud cores in GLIMPSE Extended Green Objects (EGOs) as traced by organic species
• Modelling carbon-chain species formation in lukewarm corinos with new multi-phase models
• ALMAGAL IV. Morphological comparison of molecular and thermal dust emission using the histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) method
• Assessing realistic binding energies of some essential interstellar radicals with amorphous solid water. A fully quantum chemical approach
• The physical and chemical structure of Sagittarius B2, VIII. Full molecular line survey of hot cores
• Identification of interstellar cyanamide towards the hot molecular core G358.93-0.03 MM1
• Effect of stochastic grain heating on cold dense clouds chemistry
• Dust mass in protoplanetary disks with porous dust opacities
• On Modelling Sputtering of Interstellar Grain Ices
• The HIFI spectral survey of AFGL 2591 (CHESS). III. Chemical structure of the protostellar envelope
• Carbon Isotope Fractionation of Complex Organic Molecules in Star-Forming Cores
• GGCHEMPY: A pure Python-based gas-grain chemical code for efficient simulation of interstellar chemistry
• Constraints of the formation and abundances of methyl carbamate, a glycine isomer, in hot corinos
• On the Relationship between CH${}_3$OD Abundance and Temperature in the Orion KL Nebula
• Chemical modeling of internal photon-dominated regions surrounding deeply embedded HC/UCHII regions
• Detection of possible glycine precursor molecule methylamine towards the hot molecular core G358.93$-$0.03 MM1
• Investigation of Chemical Differentiation among the NGC2264 Cluster-Forming Clumps
• Determination of the branching ratio of CH${}_3$OH + OH reaction on water ice surface at 10 K
• On the Encounter Desorption of Hydrogen Atoms on Ice Mantle
• Simulation of CH${}_3$OH ice UV photolysis under laboratory conditions
• Chemical variations across the TMC-1 boundary: molecular tracers from translucent phase to dense phase
• Detection of complex nitrogen-bearing molecule ethyl cyanide towards the hot molecular core G10.47+0.03
• Interstellar Complex Organic Molecules in SiO-traced massive outflows
• Chiral Selection, Isotopic Abundance Shifts, and Autocatalysis of Meteoritic Amino Acids
• Interstellar Glycolaldehyde, Methyl Formate, and Acetic Acid. II. Chemical Modeling of the Bimodal Abundance Pattern in NGC 6334I
• Sulphur-Bearing and Complex Organic Molecules in an Infrared Cold Core
• A multigrain-multilayer astrochemical model with variable desorption energy for surface species
• Systems Astrochemistry: A New Doctrine for Experimental Studies
• Investigation of the rotational spectrum of CD${}_3$OD and an astronomical search toward IRAS 16293$-$2422
• Digging into the Interior of Hot Cores with ALMA (DIHCA). V. Deuterium Fractionation of Methanol
• Detection of antifreeze molecule ethylene glycol in the hot molecular core G358.93$-$0.03 MM1
• ALMA Observations of Asymmetric Molecular Gas Emission from a Protoplanetary Disk in the Orion Nebula
• First observations of warm and cold methanol in Class 0/I proto-brown dwarfs
• Thermal Instability behind a Shock Wave in HI and Molecular Clouds
• A deep search for Complex Organic Molecules toward the protoplanetary disk of V883 Ori
• Rotational spectroscopy of the HCCO and DCCO radicals in the millimeter and submillimeter range
• Resolved Gas Temperatures and 12C/13C ratios in SVS13A from ALMA Observations of CH3CN and CH3-13-CN
• Digging into the Interior of Hot Cores with ALMA (DIHCA). VII. Disk candidates around high-mass stars and evidence of anisotropic infall
• Cyanopolyyne line survey towards high-mass star-forming regions with TMRT
• Complex Organic Molecules Formation in Cold Cores on Stochastically Heated Grains
• SMA line observations of the CH${}_3$OH-maser outflow in DR21(OH)
• The Cosmic-Ray Induced Sputtering Process On Icy Grains
• Linking ice and gas in the Coronet cluster in Corona Australis
• New measurement of the diffusion of carbon dioxide on non-porous amorphous solid water
• Circumplanetary disk ices II. Composition
• Study of Complex Nitrogen and Oxygen-bearing Molecules toward the High-mass Protostar IRAS 18089$-$1732
• Detection and prebiotic chemistry of possible glycine precursor molecule methylenimine towards the hot molecular core G10.47+0.03
• Coding Cross Sections of an Electron Charge Transfer Process
• Observational studies on S-bearing molecules in massive star forming regions
• Tracking the evolutionary stage of protostars by the abundances of astrophysical ices
• Mapping Physical Conditions in Neighboring Hot Cores: NOEMA Studies of W3(H${}_2$O) and W3(OH)
• Evolving grain-size distributions embedded in gas flows
• Identifying the most constraining ice observations to infer molecular binding energies
• exoALMA XIX: Confirmation of Non-thermal Line Broadening in the DM Tau Protoplanetary Disk
• Investigating the Efficiency of Explosion Chemistry as a Source of Complex Organic Molecules in TMC-1
• Comparing Complex Chemistry in Neighboring Hot Cores: NOEMA Studies of W3(H${}_2$O) and W3(OH)
• Computational investigation on the thermodynamics of H2CO + NH2 NH2CHO + H on interstellar water ice surfaces
• Molecular complexity on disk-scales uncovered by ALMA: The chemical composition of the high-mass protostar AFGL 4176
• Neural Network Potential Energy Surface for the low temperature Ring Polymer Molecular Dynamics of the H2CO + OH reaction
• Identification of molecular line emission using Convolutional Neural Networks
• JOYS: Linking the molecular ice and gas-phase composition towards the high-mass hot core IRAS 18089-1732
• Relaxation of protostellar accretion shocks using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics
• Isotopomer-Specific Carbon Isotope Ratio of Complex Organic Molecules in Star-Forming Cores
• Fine-tuning the complex organic molecule formation: sulfur and CO ice as regulators of surface chemistry
• Role of NH3 Binding Energy in the Early Evolution of Protostellar Cores
• Post-Outburst Chemistry in a Very Low-Luminosity Object: Peculiar High Abundance of Nitric Oxide
• High deuteration of methanol in L1544
• Effects of grain temperature distribution on organic protostellar envelope chemistry
• Organic Acid Chemistry in ISM: Detection of Formic Acid and its Prebiotic Chemistry in Hot Core G358.93$-$0.03 MM1
• Survival of Molecular Complexity under Recent Supernova Feedback: Detection of Hot Cores in RX J1713.7-3946
• Sub-arcsecond Imaging of the Complex Organic Chemistry in Massive Star-forming Region G10.6-0.4
• Chemistry of Dark Molecular Clouds
• The effect of carbon grain destruction on the chemical structure of protoplanetary disks
• Hunting for methanol in the water rich, planet forming disk around HL Tau
• ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -- X. Chemical differentiation among the massive cores in G9.62+0.19
• Digging into the Massive Protostar S255IR NIRS3: A Study of Nitrogen-Bearing Molecules and Their Prebiotic Chemistry
• First detection of methyl formate in the hot molecular core IRAS 18566+0408
• CO Diffusion on Interstellar Amorphous Solid Water: A Computational Study
• On the Formation of Deuterated Methyl Formate in Hot Corinos
• Theoretical computations on the efficiency of acetaldehyde formation on interstellar icy grains