Modeling snowline locations in protostars: The impact of the structure of protostellar cloud cores

Abstract

Abridged Context: Snowlines during star and disk formation are responsible for a range of effects during the evolution of protostars, such as setting the chemical composition of the envelope and disk. This in turn influences the formation of planets by changing the elemental compositions of solids and affecting the collisional properties and outcomes of dust grains. Snowlines can also reveal accretion bursts, providing insight into the formation process of stars. Methods: A numerical chemical network coupled with a grid of cylindrical-symmetric physical models was used to identify what physical parameters alter the CO and H${}_2$O snowline locations. The investigated parameters are the initial molecular abundances, binding energies of CO and H${}_2$O, heating source, cloud core density, outflow cavity opening angle, and disk geometry. Simulated molecular line emission maps were used to quantify the change in the snowline location with each parameter. Conclusions: The models presented in this work show that the CO and H${}_2$O snowline locations do not occur at a single, well-defined temperature as is commonly assumed. Instead, the snowline position depends on luminosity, cloud core density, and whether a disk is present or not. Inclination and spatial resolution affect the observability and successful measurement of snowline locations. We note that N${}_2$H${}^{+}$ and HCO${}^{+}$ emission serve as good observational tracers of CO and H${}_2$O snowline locations. However, constraints on whether or not a disk is present, the observation of additional molecular tracers, and estimating envelope density will help in accurately determining the cause of the observed snowline position. Plots of the N${}_2$H${}^{+}$ and HCO${}^{+}$ peak emission radius versus luminosity are provided to compare the models with observations of deeply embedded protostars aiming to measure the CO and H${}_2$O snowline locations.

arXiv comment29 pages, 21 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

References in corpus (93)

• Spectral Energy Distributions of T Tauri Stars With Passive Circumstellar Disks
• Protoplanetary Disks and Their Evolution
• The effects of snowlines on C/O in planetary atmospheres
• The UMIST database for astrochemistry 2012
• Formation of methyl formate and other organic species in the warm-up phase of hot molecular cores
• 2-D Radiative Transfer in Protostellar Envelopes: II. An Evolutionary Sequence
• The ALMA Protostellar Interferometric Line Survey (PILS): First results from an unbiased submillimeter wavelength line survey of the Class 0 protostellar binary IRAS 16293-2422 with ALMA
• Consistent dust and gas models for protoplanetary disks. I. Disk shape, dust settling, opacities, and PAHs
• Interstellar water chemistry: from laboratory to observations
• The VLA/ALMA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey of Orion Protostars. A Statistical Characterization of Class 0 and I Protostellar Disks
• Thermal Desorption of Water-Ice in the Interstellar Medium
• The Effects of Radiative Transfer on Low-Mass Star Formation
• The Evolution of Outflow-Envelope Interactions in Low-Mass Protostars
• Water in star-forming regions with Herschel (WISH): II. Evolution of 557 GHz 110-101 emission in low-mass protostars
• Astrochemistry During the Formation of Stars
• PROSAC: A Submillimeter Array survey of low-mass protostars. II. The mass evolution of envelopes, disks, and stars from the Class 0 through I stages
• A Keplerian disk around a Class 0 source: ALMA observations of VLA1623A
• Desorption rates and sticking coefficients for CO and N2 interstellar ices
• The molecular composition of the planet-forming regions of protoplanetary disks across the luminosity regime
• Direct mapping of the temperature and velocity gradients in discs. Imaging the vertical CO snow line around IM Lupi
• Dust masses of young disks: constraining the initial solid reservoir for planet formation
• Setting the volatile composition of (exo)planet-building material. Does chemical evolution in disk midplanes matter?
• The VLA Nascent Disk And Multiplicity Survey of Perseus Protostars (VANDAM). IV. Free-Free Emission from Protostars: Links to Infrared Properties, Outflow Tracers, and Protostellar Disk Masses
• Characterizing young protostellar disks with the CALYPSO IRAM-PdBI survey: large Class 0 disks are rare
• The Gould's Belt Distances Survey (GOBELINS). V. Distances and Kinematics of the Perseus molecular cloud
• Signs of Early-Stage Disk Growth Revealed with ALMA
• Chemical Imaging of the CO Snow Line in the HD 163296 Disk
• The ice composition in the disk around V883 Ori revealed by its stellar outburst
• Rotationally-supported disks around Class I sources in Taurus: disk formation constraints
• Formation and recondensation of complex organic molecules during protostellar luminosity outbursts
• Characterizing the nature of embedded young stellar objects through silicate, ice and millimeter observations
• A recent accretion burst in the low-mass protostar IRAS 15398-3359: ALMA imaging of its related chemistry
• Mapping Distances Across the Perseus Molecular Cloud Using CO Observations, Stellar Photometry, and Gaia DR2 Parallax Measurements
• ALMA imaging of the CO snowline of the HD 163296 disk with DCO+
• APEX-CHAMP+ high-J CO observations of low-mass young stellar objects: IV. Mechanical and radiative feedback
• Robustness of N2H+ as tracer of the CO snowline
• Evidence for the start of planet formation in a young circumstellar disk
• HOPS 383: An Outbursting Class 0 Protostar in Orion
• Brown dwarf disks with ALMA: evidence for truncated dust disks in Ophiuchus
• The outburst and nature of two young eruptive stars in the North America/Pelican Nebula Complex
• Disk and Envelope Structure in Class 0 Protostars: II. High Resolution Millimeter Mapping of the Serpens Sample
• APEX-CHAMP+ high-J CO observations of low-mass young stellar objects: I. The HH 46 envelope and outflow
• Volatile snowlines in embedded disks around low-mass protostars
• Observations of Infalling and Rotational Motions on a 1,000-AU Scale around 17 Class 0 and 0/I Protostars: Hints of Disk Growth and Magnetic Braking?
• The VLA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity Survey of Perseus Protostars (VANDAM). V. 18 Candidate Disks around Class 0 and I Protostars in the Perseus Molecular Cloud
• ALMA Observations of the Protostar L1527 IRS: Probing Details of the Disk and the Envelope Structures
• Probing CO and N${}_2$ Snow Surfaces in Protoplanetary Disks with N${}_2$H${}^{+}$ Emission
• Chemical tracers of episodic accretion in low-mass protostars
• Unveiling the physical conditions of the youngest disks: A warm embedded disk in L1527
• How do stars gain their mass? A JCMT/SCUBA-2 Transient Survey of Protostars in Nearby Star Forming Regions
• PTF10nvg: An Outbursting Class I Protostar in the Pelican/North American Nebula
• Chronology of Episodic Accretion in Protostars -- an ALMA survey of the CO and H${}_2$O snowlines
• Jupiter formed as a pebble pile around the N${}_2$ ice line
• The outburst of the eruptive young star OO Serpentis between 1995 and 2006
• HiRes Deconvolved Spitzer Images of 89 Protostellar Jets and Outflows: New Data on Evolution of Outflow Morphology
• Chemical and kinematic structure of extremely high-velocity molecular jets in the Serpens Main star-forming region
• IRAM-PdBI Observations of Binary Protostars I: The Hierarchical System SVS13 in NGC1333
• Chemical Evolution in VeLLOs
• Chemical Signatures of the FU Ori Outbursts
• Herschel-HIFI observations of high-J CO lines in the NGC 1333 low-mass star-forming region
• The outburst of an embedded low-mass YSO in L1641
• The chemistry of episodic accretion in embedded objects. 2D radiation thermo-chemical models of the post-burst phase
• Protostellar accretion traced with chemistry. High resolution C18O and continuum observations towards deeply embedded protostars in Perseus
• Observation of rotation in star forming regions: clouds, cores, disks, and jets
• Probing the CO and methanol snow lines in young protostars. Results from the CALYPSO IRAM-PdBI survey
• A Submillimeter Burst of S255IR~SMA1 - The Rise And Fall Of Its Luminosity
• Mid-Infrared and Submillimeter Observations of the Illuminating Source of McNeil's Variable Nebula
• Long-term evolution of FU Orionis objects at infrared wavelengths
• Constraining the physical structure of the inner few 100 AU scales of deeply embedded low-mass protostars
• The JCMT Transient Survey: Detection of sub-mm variability in a Class I protostar EC 53 in Serpens Main
• Tracing the cold and warm physico-chemical structure of deeply embedded protostars: IRAS 16293-2422 versus VLA 1623-2417
• Luminosity outburst chemistry in protoplanetary discs: going beyond standard tracers
• A low-mass protostar's disk-envelope interface: disk-shadowing evidence from ALMA DCO+ observations of VLA1623
• Optical and infrared properties of V1647 Orionis during the 2003-2006 outburst. II. Temporal evolution of the eruptive source
• A cold accretion flow onto one component of a multiple protostellar system
• Evidence for DCO+ as a probe of ionization in the warm disk surface
• Snow-lines can be thermally unstable
• Probing Episodic Accretion in Very Low Luminosity Objects
• X-ray induced chemistry of water and related molecules in low-mass protostellar envelopes
• V1647 Orionis: Optical Photometric and Spectroscopic Monitoring Through the 2003-2006 Outburst
• Do siblings always form and evolve simultaneously? Testing the coevality of multiple protostellar systems through SEDs
• An HST Survey of Protostellar Outflow Cavities: Does Feedback Clear Envelopes?
• Water around IRAS15398-3359 observed with ALMA
• ALMA observations of the protostellar disk around the VeLLO IRAS 16253-2429
• Widening of Protostellar Outflows: an Infrared Outflow Survey in Low Luminosity Objects
• Imaging the water snowline in a protostellar envelope with H${}^{13}$CO${}^{+}$
• The evolutionary status of dense cores in the NGC 1333 IRAS 4 region
• Role of environment and gas temperature in the formation of multiple protostellar systems: molecular tracers
• The Envelope Kinematics and a Possible Disk Around the Class 0 Protostar within BHR7
• Exploring DCO${}^{+}$ as a tracer of thermal inversion in the disk around the Herbig Ae star HD163296
• Revealing the chemical structure of the Class I disc Oph-IRS 67
• Evolution and Kinematics of Protostellar Envelopes in the Perseus Molecular Cloud
• Impact of Size-dependent Grain Temperature on Gas-Grain Chemistry in Protoplanetary Disks: the case of low mass star disks

Cited by in corpus (4)

• A deep search for large complex organic species toward IRAS16293-2422 B at 3 mm with ALMA
• Shaping the CO snowline in protoplanetary disks
• Resolved Gas Temperatures and 12C/13C ratios in SVS13A from ALMA Observations of CH3CN and CH3-13-CN
• The factors that influence protostellar multiplicity I: Gas temperature, density, and mass in Perseus with Nobeyama