Constraining the physical structure of the inner few 100 AU scales of deeply embedded low-mass protostars

Abstract

(Abridged) The physical structure of deeply-embedded low-mass protostars (Class 0) on scales of less than 300 AU is still poorly constrained. Determining this is crucial for understanding the physical and chemical evolution from cores to disks. In this study two models of the emission, a Gaussian disk intensity distribution and a parametrized power-law disk model, are fitted to sub-arcsecond resolution interferometric continuum observations of five Class 0 sources, including one source with a confirmed Keplerian disk. For reference, a spherically symmetric single power-law envelope is fitted to the larger scale ($\sim$1000 AU) emission and investigated further for one of the sources on smaller scales. A thin disk model can approximate the emission and physical structure in the inner few 100 AU scales of the studied deeply-embedded low-mass protostars and paves the way for analysis of a larger sample with ALMA. While the disk radii agree with previous estimates the masses are different for some of the sources studied. Assuming a typical temperature distribution, the fractional amount of mass in the disk above 100 K varies in between 7% to 30%. Kinematic data are needed to determine the presence of any Keplerian disk. Using previous observations of p-H${}_2^{18}$O, we estimate the relative gas phase water abundances roughly an order of magnitude higher than previously inferred when both warm and cold H${}_2$ was used as reference. A spherically symmetric single power-law envelope model fails to simultaneously reproduce both the small and large scale emission.

arXiv commentAuthor affiliation updated & language corrections. 16 pages, 18 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

References in corpus (61)

• Astropy: A Community Python Package for Astronomy
• A Survey of Stellar Families: Multiplicity of Solar-Type Stars
• Spectral Energy Distributions of T Tauri Stars With Passive Circumstellar Disks
• Protoplanetary Disks and Their Evolution
• First Results from High Angular Resolution ALMA Observations Toward the HL Tau Region
• Circumstellar Dust Disks in Taurus-Auriga: The Submillimeter Perspective
• Gas- and dust evolution in protoplanetary disks
• MAMBO Mapping of Spitzer c2d Small Clouds and Cores
• 2-D Radiative Transfer in Protostellar Envelopes: I. Effects of Geometry on Class I Sources
• Unveiling the Circumstellar Envelope and Disk: A Sub-Arcsecond Survey of Circumstellar Structures
• Dynamical Masses of T Tauri Stars and Calibration of PMS Evolution
• Magnetic Fields in the Formation of Sun-Like Stars
• The locality of transport in self-gravitating accretion discs
• Physical structure and CO abundance of low-mass protostellar envelopes
• Thermal Desorption of Water-Ice in the Interstellar Medium
• The Runts of the Litter: Why planets formed through gravitational instability can only be failed binary stars
• Spectral Energy Distributions of T Tauri and Herbig Ae Disks: Grain Mineralogy, Parameter Dependences, and Comparison with ISO LWS Observations
• PROSAC: A Submillimeter Array Survey of Low-Mass Protostars. I. Overview of Program: Envelopes, Disks, Outflows and Hot Cores
• The TW Hya Disk at 870 microns: Comparison of CO and Dust Radial Structures
• A 0.2 solar mass protostar with a Keplerian disk in the very young L1527 IRS system
• Water in star-forming regions with Herschel (WISH): II. Evolution of 557 GHz 110-101 emission in low-mass protostars
• PROSAC: A Submillimeter Array survey of low-mass protostars. II. The mass evolution of envelopes, disks, and stars from the Class 0 through I stages
• Astrometry of Water Maser Sources in Nearby Molecular Clouds with VERA - II. SVS 13 in NGC 1333
• A Keplerian disk around a Class 0 source: ALMA observations of VLA1623A
• Near-arcsecond resolution observations of the hot corino of the solar type protostar IRAS 16293-2422
• Formation of a Keplerian disk in the infalling envelope around L1527 IRS: transformation from infalling motions to Kepler motions
• Vertical structure models of T Tauri and Herbig Ae/Be disks
• An Inner Hole in the Disk around TW Hydrae Resolved in 7 Millimeter Dust Emission
• Probing the inner 200 AU of low-mass protostars with the Submillimeter Array: Dust and organic molecules in NGC1333-IRAS2A
• Rotationally-supported disks around Class I sources in Taurus: disk formation constraints
• Complex Structure in Class 0 Protostellar Envelopes
• A recent accretion burst in the low-mass protostar IRAS 15398-3359: ALMA imaging of its related chemistry
• Envelope structure of deeply embedded young stellar objects in the Serpens Molecular Cloud
• Continuum and CO/HCO+ Emission from the Disk Around the T Tauri Star LkCa 15
• First results from the CALYPSO IRAM-PdBI survey. II. Resolving the hot corino in the Class 0 protostar NGC 1333-IRAS2A
• Spiral Arms in Gravitationally Unstable Protoplanetary Disks as Imaged in Scattered Light
• APEX-CHAMP+ high-J CO observations of low-mass young stellar objects: III. NGC 1333 IRAS 4A/4B envelope, outflow and UV heating
• A Sub-arcsecond Survey Toward Class 0 Protostars in Perseus: Searching for Signatures of Protostellar Disks
• Envelope Emission in Young Stellar Systems: A Sub-Arcsecond Survey of Circumstellar Structure
• ALMA Results of the Pseudodisk, Rotating disk, and Jet in Continuum and HCO+ in the Protostellar System HH 212
• Volatile snowlines in embedded disks around low-mass protostars
• Observations of Infalling and Rotational Motions on a 1,000-AU Scale around 17 Class 0 and 0/I Protostars: Hints of Disk Growth and Magnetic Braking?
• Disentangling the entangled: Observations and analysis of the triple non-coeval protostellar system VLA1623
• On the reliability of protostellar disc mass measurements and the existence of fragmenting discs
• Subarcsecond resolution observations of warm water towards three deeply embedded low-mass protostars
• The structure of the NGC1333-IRAS2 protostellar system on 500 AU scales: an infalling envelope, a circumstellar disk, multiple outflows, and chemistry
• Warm water deuterium fractionation in IRAS 16293-2422 - The high-resolution ALMA and SMA view
• Water in star forming regions with Herschel (WISH) III. Far-infrared cooling lines in low-mass young stellar objects
• Disk Properties and Density Structure of the Star-Forming Dense Core B335
• ALMA observations of the kinematics and chemistry of disc formation
• The VLA Nascent Disk And Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey of Perseus Protostars. Resolving the Sub-Arcsecond Binary System in NGC 1333 IRAS2A
• Kinematics of the Ammonia Disk around the Protostar NGC 1333 IRAS 4A2
• The kinematics of NGC1333-IRAS2A - a true Class 0 protostar
• Water Vapor in the Inner 25 AU of a Young Disk around a Low-Mass Protostar
• Constraining the physical structure of the inner few 100 AU scales of deeply embedded low-mass protostars
• A low-mass protostar's disk-envelope interface: disk-shadowing evidence from ALMA DCO+ observations of VLA1623
• Hot water in the inner 100 AU of the Class 0 protostar NGC1333 IRAS2A
• First results from the CALYPSO IRAM-PdBI survey. I. Kinematics of the inner envelope of NGC1333-IRAS2A
• Complex organic molecules during low-mass star formation: Pilot survey results
• First results from the CALYPSO IRAM-PdBI survey - III. Monopolar jets driven by a proto-binary system in NGC1333-IRAS2A
• Radio Imaging of the NGC 1333 IRAS 4B Region

Cited by in corpus (34)

• Astrochemistry and compositions of planetary systems
• A Triple Protostar System Formed via Fragmentation of a Gravitationally Unstable Disk
• The ALMA-PILS survey: Isotopic composition of oxygen-containing complex organic molecules toward IRAS 16293-2422B
• Water in star-forming regions (WISH): Physics and chemistry from clouds to disks as probed by Herschel spectroscopy
• Complex organic molecules in low-mass protostars on solar system scales -- I. Oxygen-bearing species
• The VLA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity Survey of Perseus Protostars (VANDAM). V. 18 Candidate Disks around Class 0 and I Protostars in the Perseus Molecular Cloud
• ALMA Observations of the Protostar L1527 IRS: Probing Details of the Disk and the Envelope Structures
• Complex organic molecules in low-mass protostars on Solar System scales -- II. Nitrogen-bearing species
• Unveiling the physical conditions of the youngest disks: A warm embedded disk in L1527
• Physical and chemical fingerprint of protostellar disc formation
• OH mid-infrared emission as a diagnostic of H${}_2$O UV photodissociation. I. Model and application to the HH 211 shock
• Constraining the physical structure of the inner few 100 AU scales of deeply embedded low-mass protostars
• Tracing the cold and warm physico-chemical structure of deeply embedded protostars: IRAS 16293-2422 versus VLA 1623-2417
• ALMA observations of doubly deuterated water: Inheritance of water from the prestellar environment
• JWST Observations of Young protoStars (JOYS): overview of program and early results
• X-ray induced chemistry of water and related molecules in low-mass protostellar envelopes
• The Mass Evolution of Protostellar Disks and Envelopes in the Perseus Molecular Cloud
• Temperature profiles of young disk-like structures: The case of IRAS 16293A
• Missing water in Class I protostellar disks
• Importance of source structure on complex organics emission. I. Observations of CH${}_3$OH from low-mass to high-mass protostars
• Importance of source structure on complex organics emission II. Can disks explain lack of methanol emission from some low-mass protostars?
• The evolution of temperature and density structures of OB cluster-forming molecular clumps
• Imaging the water snowline in a protostellar envelope with H${}^{13}$CO${}^{+}$
• Centrifugally driven winds from protostellar accretion discs. I - Formulation and initial results
• Tracing the atomic nitrogen abundance in star-forming regions with ammonia deuteration
• The Infall Motion in the Low-Mass Protostellar Binary NGC 1333 IRAS 4A1/4A2
• Importance of source structure on complex organics emission III. Effect of disks around massive protostars
• Revised SED of the triple protostellar system VLA 1623-2417
• Dust cleansing of star-forming gas: II. Did late accretion flows change the chemical composition of the solar atmosphere?
• A deep search for large complex organic species toward IRAS16293-2422 B at 3 mm with ALMA
• Modeling snowline locations in protostars: The impact of the structure of protostellar cloud cores
• Pristine ices in a planet-forming disk revealed by heavy water
• The first interferometric measurements of NH${}_2$D/NH${}_3$ ratio in hot corinos
• The Nature of Class I Sources: Periodic Variables in Orion