Water in star-forming regions (WISH): Physics and chemistry from clouds to disks as probed by Herschel spectroscopy

Abstract

(abridged) Data and results from the WISH key program are summarized, designed to provide a legacy data set to address its physics and chemistry. WISH targeted ~80 sources along the two axes of luminosity and evolutionary stage: from low- to high-mass protostars and from pre-stellar cores to protoplanetary disks. Lines of H2O, HDO, OH, CO and [O I] were observed with the HIFI and PACS instruments, complemented by molecules that probe UV, X-ray or grain chemistry. Most of the far-infrared water emission from protostars is found to be compact, originating from warm outflowing and shocked gas at high density and temperature in at least two physical components. This gas is not probed by low-J CO lines, only by J>14. Water is a significant, but not dominant, coolant. Its abundance is universally low, of order H2O/H2=2E-6, pointing to shock and outflow cavity models that include UV radiation at 100-1000 times the ISRF. In cold quiescent pre-stellar cores and envelopes, the water abundance structure is accurately probed through velocity-resolved line profiles, confirming basic chemistry networks. The gaseous HDO/H2O ratio of 0.025, much higher than that of bulk ice, is representative of the outer photodesorbed ice layers and cold chemistry. Water abundances in the inner hot cores are high, but with variations from 5E-6 to 2E-4. Combined analyses of water gas and ice show that up to 50% of the oxygen budget may be missing, with possible explanations discussed. Water vapor emission from disks is weak, indicating that water ice is locked up in larger pebbles early on and that these pebbles have settled and drifted inward by the Class II stage. Quantitatively, many oceans of water ice are available. Extragalactic low-J H2O emission is mostly compact and collisionally excited. Prospects for future mid- to far-infrared missions are given.

arXiv comment58 pages, 39 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

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• Nature of shocks revealed by SOFIA OI observations in the Cepheus E protostellar outflow
• Water destruction by X-rays in young stellar objects
• The water line emission and ortho-to-para ratio in the Orion Bar photon-dominated region
• L1448-MM observations by the Herschel Key program, "Dust, Ice, and Gas In Time" (DIGIT)
• A 10-$M_{\odot }$ YSO with a Keplerian disk and a nonthermal radio jet
• Discovery of water vapour in the carbon star V Cygni from observations with Herschel/HIFI
• Oxygen budget in low-mass protostars: the NGC1333-IRAS4A R1 shock observed in [OI] at 63 um with SOFIA-GREAT
• Formation of cometary O${}_2$ ice and related ice species on grain surfaces in the midplane of the pre-Solar nebula
• Astrochemical confirmation of the rapid evolution of massive YSOs and explanation for the inferred ages of hot cores
• Outflow forces in intermediate mass star formation
• Water emission from the high-mass star-forming region IRAS 17233-3606. High water abundances at high velocities
• Data processing pipeline for Herschel HIFI
• Gas and dust in the star-forming region rho Oph A: II. The gas in the PDR and in the dense cores
• HERSCHEL-HIFI spectroscopy of the intermediate mass protostar NGC7129 FIRS 2
• Steady Wind-Blown Cavities within Infalling Rotating Envelopes: Application to the Broad Velocity Component in Young Protostars
• Possible Counter Rotation between the Disk and Protostellar Envelope around the Class I Protostar IRAS 04169+2702
• Herschel/HIFI observations of spectrally resolved methylidyne signatures toward the high-mass star-forming core NGC6334I
• The Herschel-HIFI view of mid-IR quiet massive protostellar objects
• Search for Interstellar Water in the Translucent Molecular Cloud toward HD 154368
• On the accretion process in a high-mass star forming region - A multitransitional THz Herschel-HIFI study of ammonia toward G34.26+0.15
• Diagnosing shock temperature with NH${}_3$ and H${}_2$O profiles
• First spectrally-resolved H${}_2$ observations towards HH 54 / Low H${}_2$O abundance in shocks
• Modeling water emission from low-mass protostellar envelopes
• Herschel spectral-line mapping of the HH211 protostellar system
• Disk evolution and the fate of water
• Far infrared CO and H${}_2$O emission in intermediate-mass protostars
• Multi-line Herschel/HIFI observations of water reveal infall motions and chemical segregation around high-mass protostars
• The physical conditions in IRDC clumps from Herschel HIFI observations of H2O
• A gas-phase primordial origin of O2 in comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
• Herschel -PACS observations of [OI] and H2O in Cha II
• Observations of water with Herschel/HIFI toward the high-mass protostar AFGL 2591
• Distribution of Water Vapor in Molecular Clouds. II
• Structure and kinematics of the clouds surrounding the Galactic mini-starburst W43 MM1
• Distribution of water in the G327.3-0.6 massive star-forming region
• Low-temperature chemistry between water and hydroxyl radicals: H/D isotopic effects
• The origin of organic emission in NGC 2071

Cited by in corpus (90)

• Photodissociation and X-Ray Dominated Regions
• MINDS. The detection of ${}^{13}$CO${}_2$ with JWST-MIRI indicates abundant CO${}_2$ in a protoplanetary disk
• Breaking Degeneracies in Formation Histories by Measuring Refractory Content in Gas Giants
• MINDS. Abundant water and varying C/O across the disk of Sz 98 as seen by JWST/MIRI
• The diverse chemistry of protoplanetary disks as revealed by JWST
• Modeling accretion shocks at the disk-envelope interface -- Sulfur chemistry
• Sulphur monoxide emission tracing an embedded planet in the HD 100546 protoplanetary disk
• JOYS: JWST Observations of Young protoStars: Outflows and accretion in the high-mass star-forming region IRAS23385+605
• Hydrogenation of accreting C-atoms and CO molecules -- simulating ketene and acetaldehyde formation under dark and translucent cloud conditions
• ALMA observations of doubly deuterated water: Inheritance of water from the prestellar environment
• JWST Observations of Young protoStars (JOYS): overview of program and early results
• X-ray induced chemistry of water and related molecules in low-mass protostellar envelopes
• Herbig Stars: A Quarter Century of Progress
• Survey of Orion Disks with ALMA (SODA) I: Cloud-level demographics of 873 protoplanetary disks
• ALMA 870 $\mu$m continuum observations of HD 100546. Evidence of a giant planet on a wide orbit
• JWST Observations of Young protoStars (JOYS). Overview of gaseous molecular emission and absorption in low-mass protostars
• JWST detections of amorphous and crystalline HDO ice toward massive protostars
• A comprehensive view of the interstellar medium in a quasar host galaxy at z~6.4
• MINDS. A multi-instrument investigation into the molecule-rich JWST-MIRI spectrum of the DF Tau binary system
• Early planet formation in embedded protostellar disks: Setting the stage for the first generation of planetesimals
• Importance of source structure on complex organics emission II. Can disks explain lack of methanol emission from some low-mass protostars?
• ATOMIUM: Probing the inner wind of evolved O-rich stars with new, highly excited H${}_2$O and OH lines
• CO2-rich protoplanetary discs as a probe of dust radial drift & trapping
• H2CS deuteration maps towards the pre-stellar core L1544
• Resolved ALMA observations of water in the inner astronomical units of the HL Tau disk
• Self-generated ultraviolet radiation in molecular shock waves II. CH+ and the interpretation of emission from shock ensembles
• Detection of HC18O+ in a protoplanetary disk: exploring oxygen isotope fractionation of CO
• PDRs4All. X. ALMA and JWST detection of neutral carbon in the externally irradiated disk d203-506: Undepleted gas-phase carbon
• Refractive index and extinction coefficient of vapor-deposited water ice in the UV-Vis range
• SUNRISE: The rich molecular inventory of high-redshift dusty galaxies revealed by broadband spectral line surveys
• Disentangling protoplanetary disk gas mass and carbon depletion through combined atomic and molecular tracers
• OH mid-infrared emission as a diagnostic of H${}_2$O UV photodissociation. II. Application to interstellar PDRs
• The Molecular Composition of Shadowed Protosolar Disk Midplanes beyond the Water Snowline
• H${}_2$O distribution in the disc of HD 100546 and HD 163296: the role of dust dynamics and planet--disc interaction
• Unveiling the warm dense ISM in $z>6$ quasar host galaxies via water vapor emission
• Water ice: temperature-dependent refractive indexes and their astrophysical implications
• A high HDO/H${}_2$O ratio in the Class I protostar L1551 IRS5
• The importance of radiative pumping on the emission of the H_2O submillimeter lines in galaxies
• Reimagining the water snowline
• Simple molecules and complex chemistry in a protoplanetary disk: A JWST investigation of the highly inclined disk d216-0939
• HDO ice detected toward an isolated low-mass protostar with JWST
• Final stage of merging binaries of supermassive black holes: observational signatures
• Ice Age : Chemo-dynamical modeling of Cha-MMS1 to predict new solid-phase species for detection with JWST
• The Detection of Deuterated Water in the Large Magellanic Cloud with ALMA
• Understanding JWST water spectra: what can thermochemical models tell us about the (cold) water in protoplanetary disks?
• The physical and chemical structure of Sagittarius B2, VIII. Full molecular line survey of hot cores
• SOFIA/GREAT observations of OD and OH rotational lines towards high-mass star forming regions
• We Drink Good 4.5-Billion-Year-Old Water
• Signatures of UV radiation in low-mass protostars I. Origin of HCN and CN emission in the Serpens Main region
• Pristine ices in a planet-forming disk revealed by heavy water
• Atomic Shocks in the Outflow of L1551 IRS 5 Identified with SOFIA-upGREAT Observations of [OI]
• IRFEL Selective Irradiation of Amorphous Solid Water: from Dangling to Bulk Modes
• Revealing the Physical Conditions around Sgr A* using Bayesian Inference -- I. Observations and Radiative Transfer
• Towards a better understanding of ice mantle desorption by cosmic rays
• High-resolution SOFIA/EXES Spectroscopy of Water Absorption Lines in the Massive Young Binary W3 IRS 5
• Laser Scheme for Doppler Cooling of the Hydroxyl Cation (OH${}^{+}$)
• Gas dynamics around a Jupiter mass planet: II. Chemical evolution of circumplanetary material
• Interstellar carbonaceous dust erosion induced by X-ray irradiation of water ice in star-forming regions
• A rich molecular chemistry in the gas of the IC 348 star cluster of the Perseus Molecular Cloud
• A Herschel study of the high-mass protostar IRAS20126+4104
• UV-irradiated outflows from low-mass protostars in Ophiuchus with JWST/MIRI
• The Japanese Vision for the Black Hole Explorer Mission
• Atomic oxygen abundance toward Sagittarius B2
• An impact-free mechanism to deliver water to terrestrial planets and exoplanets
• The Way of Water: ALMA resolves H2O emission lines in a strongly lensed dusty star-forming galaxy at z $\sim$ 3.1
• Gas phase Elemental abundances in Molecular cloudS (GEMS). IX. Deuterated compounds of H2S in starless cores
• Water emission tracing active star formation from the Milky Way to high-$z$ galaxies
• Protostellar Interferometric Line Survey of the Cygnus-X region (PILS-Cygnus) -- The role of the external environment in setting the chemistry of protostars
• Velocity-resolved high-J CO emission from massive star-forming clumps
• Observational studies on S-bearing molecules in massive star forming regions
• SOFIA FIFI-LS spectroscopy of DR21 Main: energetics of the spatially-resolved outflow from a high-mass protostar
• Water vapor emission at the warm cavity wall of the HD 100546 disk as revealed by ALMA
• Branching ratio for $\text{O}+{\text{H}}_3^{+}$ forming ${\text{OH}}^{+}+{\text{H}}_2$ and ${\text{H}}_2{\text{O}}^{+}+\text{H}$
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) VIII: CO Gap in AS 209--Gas Depletion or Chemical Processing?
• Inelastic Triatom-Atom Quantum Close-Coupling Dynamics in Full Dimensionality: all rovibrational mode quenching of water due to H impact on a six-dimensional potential energy surface
• Gas-phase and Surface Chemistry in the Massive Star-Forming Region RCW\,120
• Star-formation-rate estimates from water emission
• Zooming into the water snowline: high resolution water observations of the HL Tau disk
• Protoplanetary Disk Science with the Orbiting Astronomical Satellite Investigating Stellar Systems (OASIS) Observatory
• H3+ in irradiated protoplanetary disks: Linking far-ultraviolet radiation and water vapor
• Weak, extended water vapor emission in the Horsehead nebula
• Photometric Mapping of Carbonaceous/Siliceous Dust and Water Ice in the ISM with JWST: Applications to the Dense Sightlines
• Formation of phosphorus monoxide (PO) in the interstellar medium: insights from quantum-chemical and kinetic calculations
• Jets in Low-Mass Protostars
• Far-infrared line emission from the outer Galaxy cluster Gy 3-7 with SOFIA/FIFI-LS: Physical conditions and UV fields
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) XII: Inferring the C/O and S/H ratios in Protoplanetary Disks with Sulfur Molecules
• Chemistry of Dark Molecular Clouds
• Protoplanetary Disk Chemistry
• Neural network ensemble for computing cross sections for rotational transitions in H${}_2$O + H${}_2$O collisions
• Quantum nature of molecular vibrational quenching: Water - molecular hydrogen collisions