ALMA 870 $\mu$m continuum observations of HD 100546. Evidence of a giant planet on a wide orbit

Abstract

This paper reports on a new analysis of archival ALMA $870\mu$m dust continuum observations. Along with the previously observed bright inner ring ($r\sim 20-40$au), two addition substructures are evident in the new continuum image: a wide dust gap, $r\sim 40-150$au, and a faint outer ring ranging from $r\sim 150$au to $r\sim 250$au and whose presence was formerly postulated in low-angular-resolution ALMA cycle 0 observations but never before observed. Notably, the dust emission of the outer ring is not homogeneous, and it shows two prominent azimuthal asymmetries that resemble an eccentric ring with eccentricity $e=0.07$. The characteristic double-ring dust structure of HD 100546 is likely produced by the interaction of the disk with multiple giant protoplanets. This paper includes new smoothed-particle-hydrodynamic simulations with two giant protoplanets, one inside of the inner dust cavity and one in the dust gap. The simulations qualitatively reproduce the observations, and the final masses and orbital distances of the two planets in the simulations are 3.1 $M_J$ at 15 au and 8.5 $M_J$ at 110 au, respectively. The massive outer protoplanet substantially perturbs the disk surface density distribution and gas dynamics, producing multiple spiral arms both inward and outward of its orbit. This can explain the observed perturbed gas dynamics inward of 100 au as revealed by ALMA observations of CO. Finally, the reduced dust surface density in the $\sim 40-150$au dust gap can nicely clarify the origin of the previously detected H${}_2$O gas and ice emission.

Accepted for publication

References in corpus (19)

• Monte Carlo radiative transfer in protoplanetary disks
• Cavity opening by a giant planet in a protoplanetary disc and effects on planetary migration
• Water in star-forming regions (WISH): Physics and chemistry from clouds to disks as probed by Herschel spectroscopy
• The newborn planet population emerging from ring-like structures in discs
• ALMA hints at the presence of two companions in the disk around HD 100546
• Global MHD simulations of stratified and turbulent protoplanetary discs. II. Dust settling
• Tracing the inner edge of the disk around HD 100546 with Ro-vibrational CO Emission Lines
• A cavity and further radial substructures in the disk around HD~97048
• Gas and dust structures in protoplanetary disks hosting multiple planets
• An opening criterion for dust gaps in protoplanetary discs
• NIR Spectroscopy of the HAeBe Star HD 100546: III. Further Evidence of an Orbiting Companion?
• HD100546 Multi-Epoch Scattered-Light Observations
• ALMA reveals the anatomy of the mm-sized dust and molecular gas in the HD 97048 disk
• CO emission tracing a warp or radial flow within $\lesssim$ 100 au in the HD 100546 protoplanetary disk
• Resolved images of the protoplanetary disk around HD 100546 with ALMA
• On the millimetre continuum flux-radius correlation of proto-planetary discs
• Long lived dust rings around HD169142
• Asymmetric mid-plane gas in ALMA images of HD~100546
• On the asymmetry of the OH ro-vibrational lines in HD 100546

Cited by in corpus (18)

• Sulphur monoxide emission tracing an embedded planet in the HD 100546 protoplanetary disk
• The mass and size of Herbig disks as seen by ALMA
• The Giant Accreting Protoplanet Survey (GAPlanetS) -- Results from a Six Year Campaign to Image Accreting Protoplanets
• Investigating the asymmetric chemistry in the disk around the young star HD 142527
• The role of the drag force in the gravitational stability of dusty planet forming disc -- I. Analytical theory
• The Origin of the Doppler-flip in HD 100546: a large scale spiral arm generated by an inner binary companion
• Wide Dust Gaps in Protoplanetary Disks Induced by Eccentric Planets: A Mass-Eccentricity Degeneracy
• H${}_2$O distribution in the disc of HD 100546 and HD 163296: the role of dust dynamics and planet--disc interaction
• External or internal companion exciting the spiral arms in CQ Tau?
• ALMA reveals thermal and non-thermal desorption of methanol ice in the HD 100546 protoplanetary disk
• Observing Circumplanetary Disks with METIS
• Distributions of gas and small and large grains in the LkH$\alpha 330$ disk trace a young planetary system
• Substructures in protoplanetary disks imprinted by compact planetary systems
• ALMA Reveals an Eccentricity Gradient in the Fomalhaut Debris Disk
• Water vapor emission at the warm cavity wall of the HD 100546 disk as revealed by ALMA
• Single Fluid vs. Multifluid: Comparison between single fluid and multifluid dust models for disc planet interactions
• CO Line Emission Surfaces and Vertical Structure in Mid-Inclination Protoplanetary Disks
• Constraining the properties of the potential embedded planets in the disk around HD 100546