Sequential planet formation in the HD 100546 protoplanetary disk?

Abstract

Context. The disk around the Herbig Ae star, HD 100546, shows structures that suggest the presence of two companions in the disk at $\sim 10$ and $\sim 70$ AU. The outer companion seems to be in the act of formation. Aims. Our aims are to provide constraints on the age of the planets in HD 100546 and to explore the potential evidence for sequential planet formation in transition disks such as HD 100546. Methods. We compare the recent resolved continuum observations of the disk around HD 100546 with the results of dust evolution simulations using an analytical prescription for the shapes of gaps carved by massive planets. Results. An inner pressure bump must have been present since early in the disk lifetime to have good agreement between the dust evolution models and the continuum observations of HD 100546. This pressure bump may have resulted from the presence of a very massive planet ($\sim 20M_{\mathrm{Jup}}$), which formed early in the inner disk ($r\sim$10 AU). If only this single planet exists, the disk is likely to be old, comparable to the stellar age ($\sim$5-10 Myr). Another possible explanation is an additional massive planet in the outer disk ($r\sim 70$ AU): either a low-mass outer planet ($\lesssim 5M_{\mathrm{Jup}}$) injected at early times, or a higher mass outer planet ($\gtrsim 15M_{\mathrm{Jup}}$) formed very recently, traps the right amount of dust in pressure bumps to reproduce the observations. In the latter case, the disk could be much younger ($\sim 3.0$ Myr). Conclusions. In the case in which two massive companions are embedded in the disk around HD 100546, as suggested in the literature, the outer companion could be at least $\gtrsim$2.5 Myr younger than the inner companion.

Accepted for publication in A&A

References in corpus (19)

• Coagulation, fragmentation and radial motion of solid particles in protoplanetary disks
• Gas- and dust evolution in protoplanetary disks
• Photoevaporation of protoplanetary discs II: evolutionary models and observable properties
• Ring shaped dust accumulation in transition disks
• Gaps, Rings, and Non-Axisymmetric Structures in Protoplanetary Disks - From Simulations to ALMA Observations
• Dust filtration at gap edges: Implications for the spectral energy distributions of discs with embedded planets
• LkH$\alpha$ 330: Evidence for dust clearing through resolved submillimeter imaging
• Protoplanetary disk masses from CO isotopologues line emission
• Dust Trapping by Vortices in Transitional Disks: Evidence for Non-ideal MHD Effects in Protoplanetary Disks
• ALMA hints at the presence of two companions in the disk around HD 100546
• Recovery of the Candidate Protoplanet HD 100546 b with Gemini/NICI and Detection of Additional (Planet-Induced?) Disk Structure at Small Separations
• Gas and dust structures in protoplanetary disks hosting multiple planets
• NIR Spectroscopy of the HAeBe Star HD 100546: III. Further Evidence of an Orbiting Companion?
• HD100546 Multi-Epoch Scattered-Light Observations
• The Structure of Pre-transitional Protoplanetary Disks. II. Azimuthal Asymmetries, Different Radial Distributions of Large and Small Dust Grains in PDS~70
• Comparison of the dust and gas radial structure in the transition disk [PZ99] J160421.7-213028
• Long Term Evolution of Planet-Induced Vortices in Protoplanetary Disks
• Millimetre spectral indices of transition disks and their relation to the cavity radius
• Resolving structure of the disk around HD100546 at 7 mm with ATCA

Cited by in corpus (35)

• Close-in planetesimal formation by pile-up of drifting pebbles
• What is the Mass of a Gap-Opening Planet?
• Fingerprints of giant planets in the photospheres of Herbig stars
• Evolution of protoplanetary disks from their taxonomy in scattered light: spirals, rings, cavities, and shadows
• Homogeneous Analysis of the Dust Morphology of Transition Disks Observed with ALMA: Investigating dust trapping and the origin of the cavities
• The SPHERE view of the planet-forming disk around HD100546
• The circumstellar disk HD169142: gas, dust and planets acting in concert?
• Planetary population synthesis
• An Optical/near-infrared investigation of HD 100546 b with the Gemini Planet Imager and MagAO
• Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon in Protoplanetary Disks around Herbig Ae/Be and T Tauri Stars
• Warping a protoplanetary disc with a planet on an inclined orbit
• ALMA reveals the anatomy of the mm-sized dust and molecular gas in the HD 97048 disk
• CO emission tracing a warp or radial flow within $\lesssim$ 100 au in the HD 100546 protoplanetary disk
• Sulphur monoxide exposes a potential molecular disk wind from the planet-hosting disk around HD100546
• Mass constraints for 15 protoplanetary disks from HD 1-0
• Observability of Forming Planets and their Circumplanetary Disks I. -- Parameter Study for ALMA
• Sulphur monoxide emission tracing an embedded planet in the HD 100546 protoplanetary disk
• High-Contrast study of the candidate planets and protoplanetary disk around HD~100546
• A large population study of protoplanetary disks: Explaining the millimeter size-luminosity relation with or without sub-structure
• Dual-Wavelength ALMA Observations of Dust Rings in Protoplanetary Disks
• ALMA 870 $\mu$m continuum observations of HD 100546. Evidence of a giant planet on a wide orbit
• A bright inner disk and structures in the transition disk around the very low-mass star CIDA 1
• Steepening of the 820 micron continuum surface-brightness profile signals dust evolution in TW Hya's disk
• The protoplanetary system HD 100546 in H$\alpha$ polarized light from SPHERE/ZIMPOL. A bar-like structure across the disk gap?
• Planet gap opening across stellar masses
• ALMA reveals thermal and non-thermal desorption of methanol ice in the HD 100546 protoplanetary disk
• First detections of H13CO+ and HC15N in the disk around HD 97048: Evidence for a cold gas reservoir in the outer disk
• Distributions of gas and small and large grains in the LkH$\alpha 330$ disk trace a young planetary system
• Observing Circumplanetary Disks with METIS
• A transitional disk around an intermediate mass star in the sparse population of the Orion OB1 Association
• Discovery of a jet from the single HAe/Be star HD 100546
• From traffic jams to roadblocks: The outer regions of TW Hya with ALMA Band 8
• Abundance analysis of stars hosting gas-rich debris disks
• Observational evidence for a possible link between PAH emission and dust trap locations in protoplanetary disks
• Constraining the properties of the potential embedded planets in the disk around HD 100546