Millimetre spectral indices of transition disks and their relation to the cavity radius

Abstract

Transition disks are protoplanetary disks with inner depleted dust cavities and excellent candidates to investigate the dust evolution under the existence of a pressure bump. A pressure bump at the outer edge of the cavity allows dust grains from the outer regions to stop their rapid inward migration towards the star and efficiently grow to millimetre sizes. Dynamical interactions with planet(s) have been one of the most exciting theories to explain the clearing of the inner disk. We look for evidence of the presence of millimetre dust particles in transition disks by measuring their spectral index with new and available photometric data. We investigate the influence of the size of the dust depleted cavity on the disk integrated millimetre spectral index. We present the 3mm photometric observations carried out with PdBI of four transition disks: LkHa330, UXTauA, LRLL31, and LRLL67. We use available values of their fluxes at 345GHz to calculate their spectral index, as well as the spectral index for a sample of twenty transition disks. We compare the observations with two kind of models. In the first set of models, we consider coagulation and fragmentation of dust in a disk in which a cavity is formed by a massive planet located at different positions. The second set of models assumes disks with truncated inner parts at different radius and with power-law dust size distributions, where the maximum size of grains is calculated considering turbulence as the source of destructive collisions. We show that the integrated spectral index is higher for transition disks than for regular protoplanetary disks. For transition disks, the probability that the measured spectral index is positively correlated with the cavity radius is 95%. High angular resolution imaging of transition disks is needed to distinguish between the dust trapping scenario and the truncated disk case.

Accepted for publication in A&A, including language edition

References in corpus (10)

• Some Aspects of Measurement Error in Linear Regression of Astronomical Data
• Gas- and dust evolution in protoplanetary disks
• Ring shaped dust accumulation in transition disks
• Dust filtration at gap edges: Implications for the spectral energy distributions of discs with embedded planets
• LkH$\alpha$ 330: Evidence for dust clearing through resolved submillimeter imaging
• Survival of the mm-cm size grain population observed in protoplanetary disks
• Millimeter imaging of HD 163296: probing the disk structure and kinematics
• Testing the theory of grain growth and fragmentation by millimeter observations of protoplanetary disks
• Investigating grain growth in disks around southern T Tauri stars at millimetre wavelengths
• Large grains in disks around young stars: ATCA observations of WW Cha, RU Lup, and CS Cha

Cited by in corpus (34)

• The Impact of Dust Evolution and Photoevaporation on Disk Dispersal
• Five steps in the evolution from protoplanetary to debris disk
• A multi-frequency ALMA characterization of substructures in the GM Aur protoplanetary disk
• Estimate on dust scale height from ALMA dust continuum image of the HD 163296 protoplanetary disk
• Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon in Protoplanetary Disks around Herbig Ae/Be and T Tauri Stars
• The chemical inventory of the planet-hosting disk PDS 70
• Ongoing flyby in the young multiple system UX Tauri
• Protoplanetary Disk Masses from Radiative Transfer Modeling: A Case Study in Taurus
• The first ALMA survey of protoplanetary discs at 3 mm: demographics of grain growth in the Lupus region
• Growing and Trapping Pebbles with Fragile Collisions of Particles in Protoplanetary Disks
• Transition disks: the observational revolution from SEDs to imaging
• Accreting planets as dust dams in `transition' discs
• Dust continuum emission and the upper limit fluxes of sub-millimeter water lines of the protoplanetary disk around HD 163296 observed by ALMA
• Herbig Stars: A Quarter Century of Progress
• Gas inside the 97 au cavity around the transition disk Sz\,91
• Strongly misaligned triple system in SR 24 revealed by ALMA
• The Giant Accreting Protoplanet Survey (GAPlanetS) -- Results from a Six Year Campaign to Image Accreting Protoplanets
• A bright inner disk and structures in the transition disk around the very low-mass star CIDA 1
• What happened before? -- The disks around the precursors of young Herbig Ae/Be stars
• Asymmetric mid-plane gas in ALMA images of HD~100546
• An Inner Disk in the Large Gap of the Transition Disk SR 24S
• The effects of dust evolution on disks in the mid-IR
• Disk Masses and Dust Evolution of Protoplanetary Disks Around Brown Dwarfs
• ALMA Super-resolution Imaging of T Tau: r = 12 au Gap in the Compact Dust Disk around T Tau N
• Effects of Ringed Structures and Dust Size Growth on Millimeter Observations of Protoplanetary Disks
• Millimeter Spectral Indices and Dust Trapping By Planets in Brown Dwarf Disks
• The centimeter emission from planet-forming disks in Taurus
• Wide Dust Gaps in Protoplanetary Disks Induced by Eccentric Planets: A Mass-Eccentricity Degeneracy
• 3.3 cm JVLA observations of transitional disks: searching for centimeter pebbles
• Infrared Variability due to Magnetic Pressure Driven Jets, Dust Ejection and Quasi-Puffed-Up Inner Rims
• ALMA Observations of the Inner Cavity in the Protoplanetary Disk around Sz 84
• Confirmation of a ring structure in the disk around MP Mus (PDS 66) with ALMA Band 7 observations
• Characterization of the dust content in the ring around Sz 91: indications for planetesimal formation?
• Linking Outer Disk Pebble Dynamics and Gaps to Inner Disk Water Enrichment