Gaps, Rings, and Non-Axisymmetric Structures in Protoplanetary Disks - From Simulations to ALMA Observations

Abstract

Recent observations by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) of disks around young stars revealed distinct asymmetries in the dust continuum emission. In this work we want to study axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric structures, evocated by the magneto-rotational instability in the outer regions of protoplanetary disks. We combine the results of state-of-the-art numerical simulations with post-processing radiative transfer (RT) to generate synthetic maps and predictions for ALMA. We performed non-ideal global 3D MHD stratified simulations of the dead-zone outer edge using the FARGO MHD code PLUTO. The stellar and disk parameters are taken from a parameterized disk model applied for fitting high-angular resolution multi-wavelength observations of circumstellar disks. The 2D temperature and density profiles are calculated consistently from a given surface density profile and Monte-Carlo radiative transfer. The 2D Ohmic resistivity profile is calculated using a dust chemistry model. The magnetic field is a vertical net flux field. The resulting dust reemission provides the basis for the simulation of observations with ALMA. The fiducial model develops a large gap followed by a jump in surface density located at the dead-zone outer edge. The jump in density and pressure is strong enough to stop the radial drift of particles. In addition, we observe the generation of vortices by the Rossby wave instability (RWI) at the jumps location close to 60 AU. The vortices are steadily generated and destroyed at a cycle of 40 local orbits. The RT results and simulated ALMA observations predict the feasibility to observe such large scale structures appearing in magnetized disks without having a planet.

Language update, added comments, added citations, in press. (A&A)

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• Primordial dust rings, hidden dust mass, and the first generation of planetesimals in gravitationally unstable protoplanetary disks
• Hidden under a warm blanket: If planets existed in protostellar disks, they would hardly produce observable substructures
• Emerging population of gap-opening planets around type-A stars -- Long-term evolution of the forming planets around HD 163296
• ALMA Observations of Asymmetric Molecular Gas Emission from a Protoplanetary Disk in the Orion Nebula
• A Large Double-ring Disk around the Taurus M Dwarf J04124068+2438157
• Gas distribution in ODISEA sources from ALMA long-baseline observations in ${}^{12}$CO(2-1)
• On the origin of transition disk cavities: Pebble-accreting protoplanets vs Super-Jupiters
• Accretion of aerodynamically large pebbles
• Stability of Dusty Rings in Protoplanetary Discs
• From traffic jams to roadblocks: The outer regions of TW Hya with ALMA Band 8
• Changing disc compositions via internal photoevaporation II: M dwarf systems
• Restoration of the Parameters of a Gas-Dust Disk Based on Its Synthetic Images
• The role of detailed gas and dust opacities in shaping the evolution of the inner disc edge subject to episodic accretion
• The Circumbinary Disk of HD 34700A: I. CO gas kinematics indicate spirals, infall, and vortex motions
• An upper limit for the growth of inner planets?
• Confirmation of a ring structure in the disk around MP Mus (PDS 66) with ALMA Band 7 observations
• Exploring the Grain Properties in the Disk of HL Tau with an Evolutionary Model
• Planet-driven spirals in protoplanetary discs: limitations of the semi-analytical theory for observations
• Planetesimal formation by the gravitational instability of dust ring structures
• Fundamental stellar parameters for selected T-Tauri stars in the Chamaeleon and Rho Ophiuchus star-forming regions
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS XVIII): Kinematic Substructures in the Disks of HD 163296 and MWC 480
• The ALMA survey to Resolve exoKuiper belt Substructures (ARKS) VIII: A dust arc and non-Keplerian gas kinematics in HD 121617
• Rossby Vortices in Thin Magnetized Accretion Discs
• Starlight-driven flared-staircase geometry in radiation hydrodynamic models of protoplanetary disks
• exoALMA XXI: The Morphology and Dynamics of Vertical Flows
• Callisto's Nonresonant Orbit as an Outcome of Circum-Jovian Disk Substructure
• Models and Observational Predictions of Dust Traps in Protoplanetary Discs
• Observability of the Vertical Shear Instability in protoplanetary disk CO kinematics
• exoALMA XX: Tomographic Detection of Embedded Planets in Protoplanetary Disks
• Gaps and Rings: A Near-Universal Trait of Extended Protoplanetary Discs
• Characterization of the dust content in the ring around Sz 91: indications for planetesimal formation?
• A VLA View of the Flared, Asymmetric Disk Around the Class 0 Protostar L1527 IRS
• Linking Outer Disk Pebble Dynamics and Gaps to Inner Disk Water Enrichment
• Direct Imaging of Irregular Satellite Disks in Scattered Light
• Reading between the rings: observed dust ring properties as probes of planet masses
• Dust traps and gas kinematic signatures in a crescent structure of a planet-forming disk
• Mapping the 3D Kinematical Structure of the Gas Disk of HD 169142