Hints of a Population of Solar System Analog Planets from ALMA

Abstract

The recent ALMA DSHARP survey provided illuminating results on the diversity of substructures in planet forming disks. These substructures trace pebble-sized grains accumulated at local pressure maxima, possibly due to planet-disk interactions or other planet formation processes. DSHARP sources are heavily biased to large and massive disks that only represent the high (dust flux) tail end of the disk population. Thus it is unclear whether similar substructures and corresponding physical processes also occur in the majority of disks which are fainter and more compact. Here we explore the presence and characteristics of features in a compact disk around GQ Lup A, the effective radius of which is 1.5 to 10 times smaller than those of DSHARP disks. We present our analysis of ALMA 1.3mm continuum observations of the GQ Lup system. By fitting visibility profiles of the continuum emission, we find substructures including a gap at ~ 10 au. The compact disk around GQ Lup exhibits similar substructures to those in the DSHARP sample, suggesting that mechanisms of trapping pebble-sized grains are at work in small disks as well. Characteristics of the feature at ~ 10 au, if due to a hidden planet, are evidence of planet formation at Saturnian distances. Our results hint at a rich world of substructures to be identified within the common population of compact disks, and subsequently a population of solar system analogs within these disks. Such study is critical to understanding the formation mechanisms and planet populations in the majority of protoplanetary disks.

arXiv comment8 pages, 3 figures, accepted to be published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters (May 18, 2020)

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• Measuring the ratio of the gas and dust emission radii of protoplanetary disks in the Lupus star-forming region
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• Emission line variability of young 10-30 Mjup companions : I. The case of GQ Lup b and GSC 06214-00210 b
• Characterizing the protolunar disk of the accreting companion GQ Lupi B
• Substructures in Compact Disks of the Taurus Star-forming Region
• ALMA Super-resolution Imaging of T Tau: r = 12 au Gap in the Compact Dust Disk around T Tau N
• Stellar multiplicity affects the correlation between proto-planetary disc masses and accretion rates: binaries explain high-accretors in Upper Sco