A dusty origin for the correlation between protoplanetary disc accretion rates and dust masses

Abstract

Recent observations have uncovered a correlation between the accretion rates (measured from the UV continuum excess) of protoplanetary discs and their masses inferred from observations of the sub-mm continuum. While viscous evolution models predict such a correlation, the predicted values are in tension with data obtained from the Lupus and Upper Scorpius star forming regions; for example, they underpredict the scatter in accretion rates, particularly in older regions. Here we argue that since the sub-mm observations trace the discs' dust, by explicitly modelling the dust grain growth, evolution, and emission, we can better understand the correlation. We show that for turbulent viscosities with $\alpha \lesssim 10^{-3}$, the depletion of dust from the disc due to radial drift means we can reproduce the range of masses and accretion rates seen in the Lupus and Upper Sco datasets. One consequence of this model is that the upper locus of accretion rates at a given dust mass does not evolve with the age of the region. Moreover, we find that internal photoevaporation is necessary to produce the lowest accretion rates observed. In order to replicate the correct dust masses at the time of disc dispersal, we favour relatively low photoevaporation rates $\lesssim 10^{-9}{M}_{\odot }\mathrm{y}{\mathrm{r}}^{-1}$ for most sources but cannot discriminate between EUV or X-ray driven winds. A limited number of sources, particularly in Lupus, are shown to have higher masses than predicted by our models which may be evidence for variations in the properties of the dust or dust trapping induced in substructures.

Accepted to MNRAS

References in corpus (81)

• Spectral Energy Distributions of T Tauri Stars With Passive Circumstellar Disks
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): I. Motivation, Sample, Calibration, and Overview
• Circumstellar Dust Disks in Taurus-Auriga: The Submillimeter Perspective
• A simple model for the evolution of the dust population in protoplanetary disks
• The Mass Dependence Between Protoplanetary Disks and their Stellar Hosts
• ALMA Survey of Lupus Protoplanetary Disks I: Dust and Gas Masses
• The Origin of T Tauri X-ray Emission: New Insights from the Chandra Orion Ultradeep Project
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): II. Characteristics of Annular Substructures
• Photoevaporation of protoplanetary discs II: evolutionary models and observable properties
• X-Shooter spectroscopy of young stellar objects in Lupus: Accretion properties of class II and transitional objects
• A Steeper than Linear Disk Mass-Stellar Mass Scaling Relation
• Timescale of Mass Accretion in Pre-Main-Sequence Stars
• The Star-formation History and Accretion-Disk Fraction Among the K-Type Members of the Scorpius-Centaurus OB Association
• X-Shooter spectroscopy of young stellar objects: IV -- Accretion in low-mass stars and sub-stellar objects in Lupus
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): VII. The Planet-Disk Interactions Interpretation
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP) VI: Dust trapping in thin-ringed protoplanetary disks
• Photoevaporation of Circumstellar Disks by FUV, EUV and X-ray Radiation from the Central Star
• Trapping dust particles in the outer regions of protoplanetary disks
• The XMM-Newton Extended Survey of the Taurus Molecular Cloud (XEST)
• ALMA Survey of Lupus Protoplanetary Disks II: Gas Disk Radii
• The stickiness of micrometer-sized water-ice particles
• On the theory of disc photoevaporation
• ALMA Observations of Circumstellar Disks in the Upper Scorpius OB Association
• Photoevaporation of protoplanetary discs I: hydrodynamic models
• A Three-Dimensional View of Turbulence: Constraints on Turbulent Motions in the HD 163296 Protoplanetary Disk using DCO${}^{+}$
• Time-Evolution of Viscous Circumstellar Disks due to Photoevaporation by FUV, EUV and X-ray Radiation from the Central Star
• Photoevaporation of Circumstellar Disks around Young Stars
• Chemical enrichment of giant planets and discs due to pebble drift
• Planets opening dust gaps in gas disks
• Dust dynamics during protoplanetary disc clearing
• Dust Growth and Settling in Protoplanetary Disks and Disk Spectral Energy Distributions. I. Laminar Disks
• A Millimeter Continuum Size-Luminosity Relationship for Protoplanetary Disks
• Evidence for a correlation between mass accretion rates onto young stars and the mass of their protoplanetary disks
• Dust masses of young disks: constraining the initial solid reservoir for planet formation
• Lupus disks with faint CO isotopologues: low gas/dust or large carbon depletion?
• A multi-wavelength analysis for interferometric (sub-)mm observations of protoplanetary disks: radial constraints on the dust properties and the disk structure
• The Coupled Physical Structure of Gas and Dust in the IM Lup Protoplanetary Disk
• Measuring turbulent motion in planet-forming disks with ALMA: A detection around DM Tau and non-detections around MWC 480 and V4046 Sgr
• ALMA continuum observations of the protoplanetary disk AS 209. Evidence of multiple gaps opened by a single planet
• Measuring Turbulence in TW Hya with ALMA: Methods and Limitations
• Formation of TRAPPIST-1 and other compact systems
• Evidence for Disk Photoevaporation Driven by the Central Star
• Physical properties of dusty protoplanetary disks in Lupus: evidence for viscous evolution?
• The dispersal of protoplanetary discs I: A new generation of X-ray photoevaporation models
• The Dispersal of Protoplanetary Disks
• CO destruction in protoplanetary disk midplanes: inside versus outside the CO snow surface
• Accretion in protoplanetary disks: the imprint of core properties
• Homogeneous Analysis of the Dust Morphology of Transition Disks Observed with ALMA: Investigating dust trapping and the origin of the cavities
• The interplay between X-ray photoevaporation and planet formation
• Age Determination in Upper Scorpius with Eclipsing Binaries
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): X. Multiple rings, a misaligned inner disk, and a bright arc in the disk around the T Tauri star HD 143006
• Protoplanetary disc `isochrones' and the evolution of discs in the $\dot{M}-M_{\mathrm{d}}$ plane
• The Differential Lifetimes of Protostellar Gas and Dust Disks
• The stellar population of Sco OB2 revealed by Gaia DR2 data
• Frankenstein: Protoplanetary disc brightness profile reconstruction at sub-beam resolution with a rapid Gaussian process
• The evolution of dust in discs influenced by external photoevaporation
• Constraints from Dust Mass and Mass Accretion Rate Measurements on Angular Momentum Transport in Protoplanetary Disks
• The stellar mass-accretion rate relation in T Tauri stars and brown dwarfs
• Protoplanetary Disks as (Possibly) Viscous Disks
• Observed sizes of planet-forming disks trace viscous evolution
• Hydrodynamic Photoevaporation of Protoplanetary Disks with Consistent Thermochemistry
• First evidence of external disc photoevaporation in a low mass star forming region: the case of IM Lup
• Dust and gas mixtures with multiple grain species - a one-fluid approach
• Hints on the origins of particle traps in protoplanetary disks given by the $M_{\mathrm{dust}}-M_{\star }$ relation
• Gas and multi-species dust dynamics in viscous protoplanetary discs: the importance of the dust back-reaction
• Mass ratios of the components in T Tauri binary systems and implications for multiple star formation
• Constraining proto-planetary disc evolution using accretion rate and disc mass measurements: the usefulness of the dimensionless accretion parameter
• New Constraints From Dust Lines On The Surface Densities Of Protoplanetary Disks
• X-ray Photoevaporation-starved T Tauri Accretion
• Fingerprints of giant planets in the composition of solar twins
• HST spectra reveal accretion in MY Lupi
• The evolution of photo-evaporating viscous discs in binaries
• The Relationship between Accretion Disc Age and Stellar Age and its Consequences for Proto-Stellar Discs
• On the Effects of Self-Obscuration in the (Sub-)Millimeter Spectral Indices and Appearance of Protostellar Disks
• On the millimetre continuum flux-radius correlation of proto-planetary discs
• The Mdot - M* relation of pre-main sequence stars: a consequence of X-ray driven disc evolution
• X-ray photoevaporation's limited success in the formation of planetesimals by the streaming instability
• Dust clearing by radial drift in evolving protoplanetary discs
• Effects of photoevaporation on protoplanetary disc `isochrones'
• Planet gap opening across stellar masses
• Hints of a Population of Solar System Analog Planets from ALMA

Cited by in corpus (31)

• Empirical constraints on turbulence in proto-planetary discs
• A stellar mass dependence of structured disks: a possible link with exoplanet demographics
• The protoplanetary disk population in the rho-Ophiuchi region L1688 and the time evolution of Class II YSOs
• Bridging the gap between protoplanetary and debris disks: separate evolution of millimeter and micrometer-sized dust
• PENELLOPE: the ESO data legacy program to complement the Hubble UV Legacy Library of Young Stars (ULLYSES) I. Survey presentation and accretion properties of Orion OB1 and $\sigma$-Orionis
• Measuring the ratio of the gas and dust emission radii of protoplanetary disks in the Lupus star-forming region
• On the secular evolution of the ratio between gas and dust radii in protoplanetary discs
• The evolution of protoplanetary discs in star formation and feedback simulations
• An ALMA Survey of Protoplanetary Disks in Lynds 1641
• Population study on MHD wind-driven disc evolution -- Confronting theory and observation
• Photoevaporation of protoplanetary discs with PLUTO+PRIZMO I. Lower X-ray-driven mass-loss rates due to enhanced cooling
• Disc population synthesis: Decrease in the solid mass reservoir through pebble drift
• Testing external photoevaporation in the $\sigma$-Orionis cluster with spectroscopy and disk mass measurements
• Towards a population synthesis of discs and planets. II. Confronting disc models and observations at the population level
• CO2-rich protoplanetary discs as a probe of dust radial drift & trapping
• The distribution of accretion rates as a diagnostic of protoplanetary disc evolution
• The impact of pre-main sequence stellar evolution on midplane snowline locations and C/O in planet forming discs
• The importance of X-ray frequency in driving photoevaporative winds
• Stellar multiplicity affects the correlation between proto-planetary disc masses and accretion rates: binaries explain high-accretors in Upper Sco
• On the time evolution of the $M_{\mathrm{d}}-M_{\star }$ and $\dot{M}-M_{\star }$ correlations for protoplanetary discs: the viscous timescale increases with stellar mass
• A Novel Method to Estimate the FUV Flux and a Catalogue for Star-Hosting Discs in Nearby Star-Forming Regions
• Modeling JWST MIRI-MRS Observations of T Cha: Mid-IR Noble Gas Emission Tracing a Dense Disk Wind
• An analytic solution to measure the gas size in protoplanetary discs in the viscous self-similar scenario
• Migration of pairs of giant planets in low-viscosity discs
• Disks in close binary stars: γ-Cephei revisited
• The general applicability of self-similar solutions for thermal disc winds
• Chemical transformation of CO in evolving protoplanetary discs across stellar masses: a route to C-rich inner regions
• Hidden under a warm blanket: If planets existed in protostellar disks, they would hardly produce observable substructures
• An upper limit for the growth of inner planets?
• MHD disc winds can reproduce fast disc dispersal and the correlation between accretion rate and disc mass in Lupus
• Modelling the secular evolution of proto-planetary disc dust sizes -- A comparison between the viscous and magnetic wind case