A Steeper than Linear Disk Mass-Stellar Mass Scaling Relation

Abstract

The disk mass is among the most important input parameter for every planet formation model to determine the number and masses of the planets that can form. We present an ALMA 887micron survey of the disk population around objects from 2 to 0.03Msun in the nearby 2Myr-old Chamaeleon I star-forming region. We detect thermal dust emission from 66 out of 93 disks, spatially resolve 34 of them, and identify two disks with large dust cavities of about 45AU in radius. Assuming isothermal and optically thin emission, we convert the 887micron flux densities into dust disk masses, hereafter Mdust. We find that the Mdust-Mstar relation is steeper than linear with power law indices 1.3-1.9, where the range reflects two extremes of the possible relation between the average dust temperature and stellar luminosity. By re-analyzing all millimeter data available for nearby regions in a self-consistent way, we show that the 1-3 Myr-old regions of Taurus, Lupus, and Chamaeleon I share the same Mdust-Mstar relation, while the 10Myr-old Upper Sco association has a steeper relation. Theoretical models of grain growth, drift, and fragmentation reproduce this trend and suggest that disks are in the fragmentation-limited regime. In this regime millimeter grains will be located closer in around lower-mass stars, a prediction that can be tested with deeper and higher spatial resolution ALMA observations.

ApJ, in press

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• X-Shooter Survey of Young Intermediate Mass Stars -- I. Stellar Characterization and Disc Evolution
• ALMA observations of the early stages of substellar formation in the Lupus 1 and 3 molecular clouds
• There is no disk mass budget problem of planet formation
• Vertical CO surfaces as a probe for protoplanetary disk mass and carbon depletion
• A transiting giant planet in orbit around a 0.2-solar-mass host star
• An SMA Survey of Chemistry in Disks around Herbig AeBe Stars
• Chemical enrichment of the planet forming region as probed by accretion
• An SMA Continuum Survey of Circumstellar Disks in the Serpens Star-Forming Region
• The ALMA Survey of Gas Evolution of PROtoplanetary Disks (AGE-PRO): VI. Comparison of Dust Evolution Models to AGE-PRO Observations
• An imaged 15Mjup companion within a hierarchical quadruple system
• High resolution ALMA and HST imaging of $\kappa$CrB: a broad debris disc around a post-main sequence star with low-mass companions
• Accretion and extinction variations in the low-mass pre-main sequence binary system WX Cha
• Zodiacal Exoplanets in Time (ZEIT) XII: A Directly-Imaged Planetary-Mass Companion to a Young Taurus M Dwarf Star
• Dust mass in protoplanetary disks with porous dust opacities
• ALMA observation of the protoplanetary disk around WW Cha: faint double-peaked ring and asymmetric structure
• How to form compact & other longer-lived planet-induced vortices: VSI, planet migration, or re-triggers, but not feedback
• Revealing multiple nested molecular outflows with rotating signatures in HH270mms1-A with ALMA
• Double-peaked OI profile: a likely signature of the gaseous ring around KH 15D
• Characterization of debris disks observed with SPHERE
• How Flow Isolation May Set the Mass Scale for Super-Earth Planets
• Multi-frequency analysis of the ALMA and VLA high resolution continuum observations of the substructured disc around CI Tau. Preference for sub-mm-sized low-porosity amorphous carbon grains
• Excitation of Spin-Orbit Misalignments in Stellar Binaries with Circumbinary Disks: Application to DI Herculis
• COol Companions ON Ultrawide orbiTS (COCONUTS). III. A Very Red L6 Benchmark Brown Dwarf around a Young M5 Dwarf
• A Large Double-ring Disk around the Taurus M Dwarf J04124068+2438157
• SEDBYS: A python-based SED Builder for Young Stars
• Gas distribution in ODISEA sources from ALMA long-baseline observations in ${}^{12}$CO(2-1)
• Under the magnifying glass: A combined 3D model applied to cloudy warm Saturn type exoplanets around M-dwarfs
• GEMS JWST: Transmission spectroscopy of TOI-5205b reveals significant stellar contamination and a metal-poor atmosphere
• JWST/MIRI observations of the young TWA 27 system: hydrocarbon disk chemistry, silicate clouds, evidence for a CPD
• A formation pathway for terrestrial planets with moderate water content involving atmospheric-volatile recycling
• ISO-ChaI 52: a weakly-accreting young stellar object with a dipper light curve
• Mutual Occurrence Ratio of Planets. I. New Clues to Reveal Origins of Hot- and Warm-Jupiter from the RV Sample
• Forming rocky exoplanets around K-dwarf stars
• NIRPS and TESS reveal a peculiar system around the M dwarf TOI-756: A transiting sub-Neptune and a cold eccentric giant
• Investigating the Future Potential of an Upgraded ALMA to Image Planet Forming Disks at Sub-au Scales
• Planet-forming disks and their environment across regions and time from the full NIR census
• Astrometric view of companions in the inner dust cavities of protoplanetary disks
• Proto-planetary disk composition-dependent element volatility in the context of rocky planet formation
• The evolution of the $M_{\mathrm{d}}-M_{\star }$ and $\dot{M}-M_{\star }$ correlations traces protoplanetary disc dispersal
• The effect of stellar evolution on dispersal of protoplanetary disks: Disk fraction in star-forming regions
• Probabilistic Classification of Infrared-selected targets for SPHEREx mission: In search of YSOs
• An HST/STIS View of Protoplanetary Disks in Upper Scorpius: Observations of Three Young M-Stars
• The evolution of the flux-size relationship in protoplanetary discs by viscous evolution and radial pebble drift
• The influence of dust growth on the observational properties of circumplanetary discs
• Polarimetric differential imaging with VLT/NACO. A comprehensive PDI pipeline for NACO data (PIPPIN)
• Accretion and Outflows in Young Stars with CUBES
• The emergence of the Md-Macc correlation in the MHD wind scenario
• Dust Drift Timescales in Protoplanetary Disks at the Cusp of Gravitational Instability
• Generation of inclined protoplanetary discs and misaligned planets through mass accretion I: Coplanar secondary discs
• Constraining protoplanetary disks with exoplanetary dynamics: Kepler-419 as an example
• Timescales diagnostics for saving viscous and MHD-driven dusty discs from external photoevaporation
• Searching for the nature of stars with debris disks and planets
• ALMA detections of circumstellar disks in the giant Hii region M17. Probing the intermediate- to high-mass pre-main-sequence population
• Forming Earth-like and Low-Mass Rocky Exoplanets Through Pebble and Planetesimal Accretion
• New constraints on the presence of debris disks around G 196-3 B and VHS J125601.92-125723.9 b
• How stellar mass and disc size shape the formation and migration of super-Earths
• Survey of Orion Disks with ALMA (SODA) III: Disks in wide binary systems in L1641 and L1647
• The Disk Population in a Distant Massive Protocluster
• Discovery of carbon monoxide emission from five debris disks around young A-type stars
• Gaps and Rings: A Near-Universal Trait of Extended Protoplanetary Discs
• Measuring Dust Masses of Protoplanetary Disks in Serpens and L1641/L1647 with ALMA
• A SPHERE survey of self-shadowed planet-forming disks
• Densities of small planets around the M dwarfs TOI-4336 A and TOI-4342 with ESPRESSO: Three sub-Neptunes, one super-Earth, and a Neptune-mass candidate
• Probing inner and outer disk misalignments in transition disks
• The Mass Budgets and Spatial Scales of Exoplanet Systems and Protoplanetary Disks
• Compact CO emission and no evidence of radial drift. ALMA observations of the faintest planet-forming disks in Lupus
• Diversity in planetary architectures from pebble accretion: Water delivery to the habitable zone with pebble snow
• The influence of tight binaries on proto-planetary disk masses
• Revisiting the exoplanet radius valley with host stars from SWEET-Cat
• Planet formation in intermediate-separation binary systems
• The dispersal of protoplanetary discs -- III: Influence of stellar mass on disc photoevaporation
• The formation of planetary systems with SPICA
• Identification and spectroscopic characterization of 128 new Herbig stars
• Resolving the large exoKuiper belt of the HD 126062 debris disc and extended gas emission in its vicinity
• Searching for GEMS: Three warm Saturns and a super-Jupiter orbiting four early M-dwarfs
• MHD disc winds can reproduce fast disc dispersal and the correlation between accretion rate and disc mass in Lupus
• Benchmarking pre-main sequence stellar evolutionary tracks using disk-based dynamical stellar masses
• The VLA/ALMA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey of Orion Protostars VI. Insights from Radiative Transfer Modeling
• Molecular Similarity and Water Diversity in Coeval Binary Disks: JWST/MIRI Observations of Sz 65 and Sz 66
• Modelling the secular evolution of proto-planetary disc dust sizes -- A comparison between the viscous and magnetic wind case
• A large sub-Neptune transiting the thick-disk M4V TOI-2406