Formation of Comets
arXiv:2207.12731 · doi:10.3390/universe8070381
Abstract
Questions regarding how primordial or pristine the comets of the solar system are have been an ongoing controversy. In this review, we describe comets' physical evolution from dust and ice grains in the solar nebula to the contemporary small bodies in the outer solar system. This includes the phases of dust agglomeration, the formation of planetesimals, their thermal evolution and the outcomes of collisional processes. We use empirical evidence about comets, in particular from the Rosetta Mission to comet 67P/Churyumov--Gerasimenko, to draw conclusions about the possible thermal and collisional evolution of comets.
arXiv commentReview
References in corpus (127)
- The chemical composition of the Sun
- Protoplanetary Disks and Their Evolution
- Rapid planetesimal formation in turbulent circumstellar discs
- Streaming Instabilities in Protoplanetary Disks
- The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): I. Motivation, Sample, Calibration, and Overview
- ALMA Survey of Lupus Protoplanetary Disks I: Dust and Gas Masses
- A Major Asymmetric Dust Trap in a Transition Disk
- The outcome of protoplanetary dust growth: pebbles, boulders, or planetesimals? I. Mapping the zoo of laboratory collision experiments
- Gaps and Rings in an ALMA Survey of Disks in the Taurus Star-forming Region
- A Steeper than Linear Disk Mass-Stellar Mass Scaling Relation
- Turbulence in Accretion Disks. Vorticity Generation and Angular Momentum Transport via the Global Baroclinic Instability
- Particle Clumping and Planetesimal Formation Depend Strongly on Metallicity
- Effects of Dust Growth and Settling in T Tauri Disks
- The Mass and Size Distribution of Planetesimals Formed by the Streaming Instability. I. The Role of Self-Gravity
- An ALMA Survey of Protoplanetary Disks in the Orionis Cluster
- The stickiness of micrometer-sized water-ice particles
- Evolution of protoplanetary disks: Constraints from DM Tauri and GM Aurigae
- ALMA Observations of Circumstellar Disks in the Upper Scorpius OB Association
- How to form planetesimals from mm-sized chondrules and chondrule aggregates
- Constraints on the Radial Variation of Grain Growth in the AS 209 Circumstellar Disk
- Formation of Kuiper Belt Binaries by Gravitational Collapse
- Dust grain growth in rho-Ophiuchi protoplanetary disks
- Electric charging of dust aggregates and its effect on dust coagulation in protoplanetary disks
- The Ophiuchus DIsc Survey Employing ALMA (ODISEA) - I : project description and continuum images at 28 au resolution
- A Millimeter Continuum Size-Luminosity Relationship for Protoplanetary Disks
- Bifurcation of planetary building blocks during Solar System formation
- Dust Evolution in Protoplanetary Disks
- Free Collisions in a Microgravity Many-Particle Experiment. I. Dust Aggregate Sticking at Low Velocities
- Dust release and tensile strength of the non-volatile layer of cometary nuclei
- A multi-wavelength analysis for interferometric (sub-)mm observations of protoplanetary disks: radial constraints on the dust properties and the disk structure
- Initial mass function of planetesimals formed by the streaming instability
- Trapping Solids at the Inner Edge of the Dead Zone: 3-D Global MHD Simulations
- Evidence for the formation of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko through gravitational collapse of a bound clump of pebbles
- Adding particle collisions to the formation of asteroids and Kuiper belt objects via streaming instabilities
- Standing on the shoulders of giants: Trojan Earths and vortex trapping in low mass self-gravitating protoplanetary disks of gas and solids
- Planetesimal formation by the streaming instability in a photoevaporating disk
- Particle-Gas Dynamics with Athena: Method and Convergence
- Thresholds for Particle Clumping by the Streaming Instability
- On the Evolution of the Snow Line in Protoplanetary Discs
- CO and dust properties in the TW Hya disk from high-resolution ALMA observations
- High-resolution simulations of planetesimal formation in turbulent protoplanetary discs
- Synthesis of the Morphological Description of Cometary Dust at Comet 67P
- Dust evolution in protoplanetary discs and the formation of planetesimals. What have we learned from laboratory experiments?
- The Physics of Protoplanetesimal Dust Agglomerates. III. Compaction in Multiple Collisions
- Testing the theory of grain growth and fragmentation by millimeter observations of protoplanetary disks
- Outgassing of icy bodies in the Solar System - II. Heat transport in dry, porous surface dust layers
- Comets formed in solar-nebula instabilities! -- An experimental and modeling attempt to relate the activity of comets to their formation process (corrigendum included)
- Evidence for universality in the initial planetesimal mass function
- The evolution of dust-disk sizes from a homogeneous analysis of 1-10 Myr-old stars
- Grain Growth in the Circumstellar Disks of the Young Stars CY Tau and DoAr 25
- Turbulence sets the length scale for planetesimal formation: Local 2D simulations of streaming instability and planetesimal formation
- Embryos grown in the dead zone: Assembling the first protoplanetary cores in low mass self-gravitating circumstellar disks of gas and solids
- High Velocity Dust Collisions: Forming Planetesimals in a Fragmentation Cascade with Final Accretion
- Low-velocity collisions of centimeter-sized dust aggregates
- The solar nebula origin of (486958) Arrokoth, a primordial contact binary in the Kuiper belt
- The Mass and Size Distribution of Planetesimals Formed by the Streaming Instability. II. The Effect of the Radial Gas Pressure Gradient
- The baroclinic instability in the context of layered accretion. Self-sustained vortices and their magnetic stability in local compressible unstratified models of protoplanetary disks
- Erosion and the limits to planetesimal growth
- Analysis of the Potential Field and Equilibrium Points of Irregular-shaped Minor Celestial Bodies
- Collisional evolution of dust aggregates. From compaction to catastrophic destruction
- The outcome of protoplanetary dust growth: pebbles, boulders, or planetesimals? III. Sedimentation driven coagulation inside the snow-line
- Electrostatic Barrier against Dust Growth in Protoplanetary Disks. I. Classifying the Evolution of Size Distribution
- The multifaceted planetesimal formation process
- Streaming Instability in Turbulent Protoplanetary Disks
- Collisions of CO Ice Grains in Planet Formation
- Free Collisions in a Microgravity Many-Particle Experiment III: The Collision Behavior of sub-Millimeter-Sized Dust Aggregates
- On the Feeding Zone of Planetesimal Formation by the Streaming Instability
- Formation of bi-lobed shapes by sub-catastrophic collisions: A late origin of comet 67P/C-G's structure
- Surface localization of gas sources on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko based on DFMS/COPS data
- Electrostatic Barrier against Dust Growth in Protoplanetary Disks. II. Measuring the Size of the "Frozen" Zone
- A Tale of Planet Formation: From Dust to Planets
- Turbulence Regulates the Rate of Planetesimal Formation via Gravitational Collapse
- Coupling dynamical and collisional evolution of small bodies II : Forming the Kuiper Belt, the Scattered Disk and the Oort Cloud
- Streaming Instability with Multiple Dust Species: I. Favourable Conditions for the Linear Growth
- The Physics of Protoplanetesimal Dust Agglomerates. Vi. Erosion of Large Aggregates as a Source of Micrometer-Sized Particles
- Requirements for gravitational collapse in planetesimal formation --- the impact of scales set by Kelvin-Helmholtz and nonlinear streaming instability
- Constraints on the radial distribution of the dust properties in the CQ Tau protoplanetary disk
- Binary Survival in the Outer Solar System
- Preplanetary scavengers: Growing tall in dust collisions
- Tensile Strength of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko Nucleus Material from Overhangs
- Comet formation in collapsing pebble clouds. What cometary bulk density implies for the cloud mass and dust-to-ice ratio
- Polydisperse Streaming Instability I. Tightly coupled particles and the terminal velocity approximation
- Macroscopic Dust in Protoplanetary Disks - From Growth to Destruction
- The role of pebble fragmentation in planetesimal formation I. Experimental study
- Debris Disc Constraints on Planetesimal Formation
- Impact Angle Influence in High Velocity Dust Collisions during Planetesimal Formation
- Submillimetre-sized dust aggregate collision and growth properties
- The stratification of regolith on celestial objects
- The tensile strength of dust aggregates consisting of small elastic grains: Constraints on the size of condensates in protoplanetary disks
- The properties of the inner disk around HL Tau: Multi-wavelength modeling of the dust emission
- Electrical properties and porosity of the first meter of the nucleus of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. As constrained by the Permittivity Probe SESAME-PP/Philae/Rosetta
- Colliding Decimetre Dust
- The dual origin of the nitrogen deficiency in comets: selective volatile trapping in the nebula and postaccretion radiogenic heating
- Polydisperse Streaming Instability III. Dust evolution encourages fast instability
- Streaming instability of multiple particle species II -- Numerical convergence with increasing particle number
- Decimetre dust aggregates in protoplanetary discs
- Crossing barriers in planetesimal formation: The growth of mm-dust aggregates with large constituent grains
- Sticky or not sticky? Measurements of the tensile strength of micro-granular organic materials
- The role of pebble fragmentation in planetesimal formation II. Numerical simulations
- Tensile & shear strength of porous dust agglomerates
- The physics of protoplanetesimal dust agglomerates. X. High-velocity collisions between small and large dust agglomerates as growth barrier
- Thermal processing of Jupiter Family Comets during their chaotic orbital evolution
- Polydisperse Streaming Instability II. Methods for solving the linear stability problem
- On the stickiness of CO and HO ice particles
- Impact of radiogenic heating on the formation conditions of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
- Resilience of Planetesimal Formation in Weakly-Reinforced Pressure Bumps
- Learning about comets from the study of mass distributions and fluxes of meteoroid streams
- Radially resolved simulations of collapsing pebble clouds in protoplanetary discs
- 2D condensation model for the inner Solar Nebula: an enstatite-rich environment
- Dust Condensation in Evolving Discs and the Composition of Planetary Building Blocks
- Inhibited Coagulation of Micron-size Dust Due to the Electrostatic Barrier
- Collision Probabilities in the Edgeworth-Kuiper belt
- Effects of disc midplane evolution on CO snowline location
- Collisional heating and compaction of small bodies: Constraints for their origin and evolution
- Are there any pristine comets? Constraints from pebble structure
- Why are Jupiter-family comets active and asteroids in cometary-like orbits inactive?
- Low-velocity collision behaviour of clusters composed of sub-mm sized dust aggregates
- A Possible Mechanism for Overcoming the Electrostatic Barrier Against Dust Growth in Protoplanetary disks
- Modification of icy planetesimals by early thermal evolution and collisions: Constraints for formation time and initial size of comets and small KBOs
- Planetesimal Formation at the Boundary Between Steady Super/Sub-Keplerian Flow Created by Inhomogeneous Growth of Magnetorotational Instability
- The tensile strength of compressed dust samples and the catastrophic disruption threshold of pre-planetary matter
- Streaming instability on different scales. I. Planetesimal mass distribution variability
- A method to distinguish between micro- and macro-granular surfaces of small Solar System bodies
- Detailed Model of the Growth of Fluffy Dust Aggregates in a Protoplanetary Disk: Effects of Nebular Conditions
- Analysis of layering-related linear features on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
- Experimental Studies on the Aggregation Properties of Ice and Dust in Planet-Forming Regions
- Hamiltonian Formulation and Perturbations for Dust Motion around Cometary Nuclei
Cited by in corpus (13)
- Porous Dust Particles in Protoplanetary Disks: Application to the HL Tau Disk
- The rapid formation of macromolecules in irradiated ice of protoplanetary disk dust traps
- A quantitative description of comet 67P's dust and gas production remains enigmatic
- Low NH/HO ratio in comet C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE) at 0.7 au from the Sun
- On the dust of tailless Oort-cloud comet C/2020 T2 (Palomar)
- The 18 May 2024 Iberian superbolide from a sunskirting orbit: USG space sensors and ground-based independent observations
- Dynamics and potential origins of decimeter-sized particles around comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
- Survivability of Amorphous Ice in Comets Depends on the Latent Heat of Crystallization of Impure Water Ice
- Properties of outer solar system pebbles during planetesimal formation from meteor observations
- Interpebble contact radius in a comet nucleus
- Oxygen Isotope Exchange Between Dust Aggregates and Ambient Nebular Gas
- Icy Volatile Enhancements in Evolving Protoplanetary Disks
- Numerical Investigation on the Compressive Behavior of Hierarchical Granular Piles