Porous Dust Particles in Protoplanetary Disks: Application to the HL Tau Disk

Abstract

Dust particle sizes constrained from dust continuum and polarization observations by radio interferometry are inconsistent by at least an order of magnitude. Motivated by porous dust observed in small Solar System bodies (e.g., from the Rosetta mission), we explore how the dust particle's porosity affects the estimated particle sizes from these two methods. Porous particles have lower refractive indices, which affect both opacity and polarization fraction. With weaker Mie interference patterns, the porous particles have lower opacity at mm wavelengths than the compact particles if the particle size exceeds several hundred microns. Consequently, the inferred dust mass using porous particles can be up to a factor of six higher. The most significant difference between compact and porous particles is their scattering properties. The porous particles have a wider range of particle sizes with high linear polarization from dust self-scattering, allowing mm-cm-sized particles to explain polarization observations. With a Bayesian approach, we use porous particles to fit HL Tau disk's multi-wavelength continuum and mm-polarization observations from ALMA and VLA. The moderately porous particles with sizes from 1 mm-1 m can explain both continuum and polarization observations, especially in the region between 20-60 au. If the particles in HL Tau are porous, the porosity should be from 70% to 97% from current polarization observations. We also predict that future observations of the self-scattering linear polarization at longer wavelengths (e.g., ALMA B1 and ngVLA) have the potential to further constrain the particle's porosity and size.

arXiv comment39 pages, 18 figures, 1 table, accepted to be published in The Astrophysical Journal

References in corpus (105)

• SciPy 1.0--Fundamental Algorithms for Scientific Computing in Python
• Array Programming with NumPy
• Interstellar Dust Grains
• Infrared Emission from Interstellar Dust. II. The Diffuse Interstellar Medium
• Streaming Instabilities in Protoplanetary Disks
• A simple model for the evolution of the dust population in protoplanetary disks
• The Mass Dependence Between Protoplanetary Disks and their Stellar Hosts
• Coagulation, fragmentation and radial motion of solid particles in protoplanetary disks
• Particle Stirring in Turbulent Gas Disks: Including Orbital Oscillations
• ALMA Survey of Lupus Protoplanetary Disks I: Dust and Gas Masses
• Extrapolation of Galactic Dust Emission at 100 Microns to CMBR Frequencies Using FIRAS
• The outcome of protoplanetary dust growth: pebbles, boulders, or planetesimals? II. Introducing the bouncing barrier
• The outcome of protoplanetary dust growth: pebbles, boulders, or planetesimals? I. Mapping the zoo of laboratory collision experiments
• Evidence for a developing gap in a 10 Myr old protoplanetary disk
• Accretion Disks Around Young Objects. III. Grain Growth
• On the Submillimeter Opacity of Protoplanetary Disks
• A Steeper than Linear Disk Mass-Stellar Mass Scaling Relation
• Dust and Gas in the disc of HL Tauri: Surface density, dust settling, and dust-to-gas ratio
• Rapid Coagulation of Porous Dust Aggregates Outside the Snow Line: A Pathway to Successful Icy Planetesimal Formation
• Observations of Protoplanetary Disk Structures
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): V. Interpreting ALMA maps of protoplanetary disks in terms of a dust model
• Fluffy dust forms icy planetesimals by static compression
• Dust size distributions in coagulation/fragmentation equilibrium: Numerical solutions and analytical fits
• Millimeter-wave polarization of protoplanetary disks due to dust scattering
• The Ophiuchus DIsc Survey Employing ALMA (ODISEA) - I : project description and continuum images at 28 au resolution
• One Solution to the Mass Budget Problem for Planet Formation: Optically Thick Disks with Dust Scattering
• Free Collisions in a Microgravity Many-Particle Experiment. I. Dust Aggregate Sticking at Low Velocities
• Dust release and tensile strength of the non-volatile layer of cometary nuclei
• A multi-wavelength analysis for interferometric (sub-)mm observations of protoplanetary disks: radial constraints on the dust properties and the disk structure
• Evidence for the formation of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko through gravitational collapse of a bound clump of pebbles
• The Radial Distribution of Dust Particles in the HL Tau Disk from ALMA and VLA Observations
• Aggregate dust particles at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
• Dust retention in protoplanetary disks
• CO and dust properties in the TW Hya disk from high-resolution ALMA observations
• The evidence of radio polarization induced by the radiative grain alignment and self-scattering of dust grains in a protoplanetary disk
• Synthesis of the Morphological Description of Cometary Dust at Comet 67P
• Opacity of fluffy dust aggregates
• Inclination-Induced Polarization of Scattered Millimeter Radiation from Protoplanetary Disks: The Case of HL Tau
• Dust evolution in protoplanetary discs and the formation of planetesimals. What have we learned from laboratory experiments?
• The Physics of Protoplanetesimal Dust Agglomerates. III. Compaction in Multiple Collisions
• The anomalously low (sub)millimeter spectral indices of some protoplanetary disks may be explained by dust self-scattering
• A highly settled disk around Oph 163131
• Spatially Resolved Magnetic Field Structure in the Disk of a T Tauri Star
• ALMA Reveals Transition of Polarization Pattern with Wavelength in HL Tau's Disk
• Grain size constraints on HL Tau with polarization signature
• Characterizing the dust content of disk substructures in TW Hya
• Submillimeter polarization observation of the protoplanetary disk around HD 142527
• The VLA view of the HL Tau Disk - Disk Mass, Grain Evolution, and Early Planet Formation
• ALMA observations of polarized emission toward the CW Tau and DG Tau protoplanetary disks: constraints on dust grain growth and settling
• Erosion and the limits to planetesimal growth
• The thermal, mechanical, structural, and dielectric properties of cometary nuclei after Rosetta
• Particle dynamics in discs with turbulence generated by the vertical shear instability
• Light scattering by fractal dust aggregates: I. Angular dependence of scattering
• A multi-frequency ALMA characterization of substructures in the GM Aur protoplanetary disk
• CO gas inside the protoplanetary disk cavity in HD 142527: disk structure from ALMA
• Gas and dust dynamics in starlight-heated protoplanetary disks
• ALMA observations of polarization from dust scattering in the IM Lup protoplanetary disk
• Scattering-Produced (Sub)millimeter Polarization in Inclined Disks: Optical Depth Effects, Near-Far Side Asymmetry, and Dust Settling
• Submillimetre dust polarisation and opacity in the HD163296 protoplanetary ring system
• Two Different Grain Size Distributions within the Protoplanetary Disk around HD 142527 Revealed by ALMA Polarization Observation
• Dust of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko collected by Rosetta/MIDAS: classification and extension to the nanometre scale
• Formation of bi-lobed shapes by sub-catastrophic collisions: A late origin of comet 67P/C-G's structure
• Dust settling against hydrodynamic turbulence in protoplanetary discs
• Distribution of solids in the rings of the HD 163296 disk: a multiwavelength study
• Global Modeling of Nebulae with Particle Growth, Drift and Evaporation Fronts. I: Methodology and Typical Results
• Unveiling Dust Aggregate Structure in Protoplanetary Disks by Millimeter-wave Scattering Polarization
• Modeling protoplanetary disk SEDs with artificial neural networks: Revisiting the viscous disk model and updated disk masses
• Effect of dust size and structure on scattered light images of protoplanetary discs
• Light Scattering by Fractal Dust Aggregates. II. Opacity and Asymmetry Parameter
• Effects of scattering, temperature gradients, and settling on the derived dust properties of observed protoplanetary disks
• Radial variations in grain sizes and dust scale heights in the protoplanetary disk around HD 163296 revealed by ALMA polarization observation
• An analytical model of radial dust trapping in protoplanetary disks
• Fractal aggregates of sub-micron-sized grains in the young planet-forming disk around IM Lup
• Scattering-induced intensity reduction: large mass content with small grains in the inner region of the TW Hya disk
• Does HL Tau Disk Polarization in ALMA Band 3 Come from Radiatively Aligned Grains?
• The role of pebble fragmentation in planetesimal formation I. Experimental study
• Intrinsic polarisation of elongated porous dust grains
• Effect of dust grain porosity on the appearance of protoplanetary disks
• Razor-thin dust layers in protoplanetary disks: Limits on the vertical shear instability
• An ALMA Survey of Protoplanetary Disks in Lynds 1641
• On the underestimation of dust mass in protoplanetary disks: Effects of disk structure and dust properties
• Measuring the Dust Masses of Protoplanetary Disks in Lupus with ALMA: Evidence that Disks can be Optically Thick at 3 mm
• Validating Scattering-Induced (Sub)millimeter Disk Polarization through the Spectral Index, Wavelength-Dependent Polarization Pattern, and Polarization Spectrum: The Case of HD 163296
• Formation of Comets
• The role of pebble fragmentation in planetesimal formation II. Numerical simulations
• Impact of Differential Dust Settling on the SED and Polarization: Application to the Inner Region of the HL Tau Disk
• Self-scattering of non-spherical dust grains
• System-level fractionation of carbon from disk and planetesimal processing
• An Observational Study for Grain Dynamics in the AS 209 Disk with Submillimeter Polarization
• Determining Dust Properties in Protoplanetary Disks: SED-derived Masses and Settling With ALMA
• Impact of Local Pressure Enhancements on Dust Concentration inTurbulent Protoplanetary Discs
• Massive compact dust disk with a gap around CW Tau revealed by ALMA multi-band observations
• Impact of radiogenic heating on the formation conditions of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
• Polarized emission by aligned grains in the Mie regime : application to protoplanetary disks observed by ALMA
• Analysing the SEDs of protoplanetary disks with machine learning
• Modeling of the ALMA HL Tau Polarization by Mixture of Grain Alignment and Self-scattering
• (Sub)millimeter Dust Polarization of Protoplanetary Disks from Scattering by Large Millimeter-Sized Irregular Grains
• Modification of icy planetesimals by early thermal evolution and collisions: Constraints for formation time and initial size of comets and small KBOs
• Self-scattering on large, porous grains in protoplanetary disks with dust settling
• Thermal Emission and Scattering by Aligned Grains: Plane-Parallel Model and Application to Multiwavelength Polarization of the HL Tau Disk
• Global Modeling of Nebulae With Particle Growth, Drift, and Evaporation Fronts. II. The Influence of Porosity on Solids Evolution
• Self-consistent ring model in protoplanetary disks: temperature dips and substructure formation
• Polarization reversal of scattered thermal dust emission in protoplanetary disks at (sub-)mm wavelengths
• Sub-mm/mm optical properties of real protoplanetary matter derived from Rosetta/MIRO observations of comet 67P
• Global Modeling of Nebulae With Particle Growth, Drift, and Evaporation Fronts. III. Redistribution of Refractories and Volatiles

Cited by in corpus (16)

• Support for fragile porous dust in a gravitationally self-regulated disk around IM Lup
• Into the thick of it: ALMA 0.45 mm observations of HL Tau at 2 au resolution
• Compaction during fragmentation and bouncing produces realistic dust grain porosities in protoplanetary discs
• IRAS4A1: Multi-wavelength continuum analysis of a very flared Class 0 disk
• Dust mass in protoplanetary disks with porous dust opacities
• FAUST XXVI. The dust opacity spectral indices of protostellar envelopes bridge the gap between interstellar medium and disks
• Investigating the Bouncing Barrier with Collision Simulations of Compressed Dust Aggregates
• Evidence of Grain Alignment by Magnetically Enhanced Radiative Torques from Multiwavelength Dust Polarization Modeling of HL Tau
• Multi-frequency analysis of the ALMA and VLA high resolution continuum observations of the substructured disc around CI Tau. Preference for sub-mm-sized low-porosity amorphous carbon grains
• Resurgence of CO in a warm bubble around accreting protoplanets and its observability
• Sensitivity of Polarization to Grain Shape: II. Aggregates
• Probing dust and grain growth in the optically thick circumbinary ring of V892 Tau
• The Impact of Silicate Grain Coagulation on Millimeter Emission from Massive Protostellar Disks
• A Pathway for Collisional Planetesimal Growth in the Ice-Dominant Regions of Protoplanetary Disks
• Exploring Polarized Millimeter Emission from Protoplanetary Disks with Irregular Dust Grains
• Dust and Water in V883 Ori: Relics of a Retreating Snowline