Dust and Gas in the disc of HL Tauri: Surface density, dust settling, and dust-to-gas ratio

Abstract

The recent ALMA observations of the disc surrounding HL Tau reveal a very complex dust spatial distribution. We present a radiative transfer model accounting for the observed gaps and bright rings as well as radial changes of the emissivity index. We find that the dust density is depleted by at least a factor 10 in the main gaps compared to the surrounding rings. Ring masses range from 10-100 M${}_{\oplus }$ in dust, and, we find that each of the deepest gaps is consistent with the removal of up to 40 M${}_{\oplus }$ of dust. If this material has accumulated into rocky bodies, these would be close to the point of runaway gas accretion. Our model indicates that the outermost ring is depleted in millimetre grains compared to the central rings. This suggests faster grain growth in the central regions and/or radial migration of the larger grains. The morphology of the gaps observed by ALMA - well separated and showing a high degree of contrast with the bright rings over all azimuths - indicates that the millimetre dust disc is geometrically thin (scale height $\approx$ 1 au at 100 au) and that a large amount of settling of large grains has already occurred. Assuming a standard dust settling model, we find that the observations are consistent with a turbulent viscosity coefficient of a few $10^{-4}$. We estimate the gas/dust ratio in this thin layer to be of the order of 5 if the initial ratio is 100. The HCO${}^{+}$ and CO emission is consistent with gas in Keplerian motion around a 1.7 $M_{\odot }$ star at radii from $\le 10-120$au.

12 pages, 8 figures, published in ApJ, same version as before but with slightly extended discussion on temperature and masses to account for literature published since initial submission

References in corpus (21)

• First Results from High Angular Resolution ALMA Observations Toward the HL Tau Region
• Protoplanetary Disk Structures in Ophiuchus
• Monte Carlo radiative transfer in protoplanetary disks
• The XMM-Newton Extended Survey of the Taurus Molecular Cloud (XEST)
• Evidence of fast pebble growth near condensation fronts in the HL Tau protoplanetary disk
• On planet formation in HL Tau
• Dust settling in local simulations of turbulent protoplanetary disks
• The Impact of Dust Evolution and Photoevaporation on Disk Dispersal
• Dust sedimentation and self-sustained Kelvin-Helmholtz turbulence in protoplanetary disk mid-planes. I. Radially symmetric simulations
• An Overview of the 2014 ALMA Long Baseline Campaign
• Testing the theory of grain growth and fragmentation by millimeter observations of protoplanetary disks
• Global MHD simulations of stratified and turbulent protoplanetary discs. II. Dust settling
• Spatially Resolved Magnetic Field Structure in the Disk of a T Tauri Star
• The inner radius of T Tauri disks estimated from near-infrared interferometry: the importance of scattered light
• Turbulent diffusion in protoplanetary discs: the effect of an imposed magnetic field
• The effect of a planet on the dust distribution in a 3D protoplanetary disk
• Planet gaps in the dust layer of 3D protoplanetary disks. II. Observability with ALMA
• Dynamical Stability of Imaged Planetary Systems in Formation: Application to HL Tau
• Resolving Protoplanetary Disks at Millimeter Wavelengths by CARMA
• Enhanced Dust Emission in the HL Tau Disc: A Low-Mass Companion in Formation?
• Diversity in the outcome of dust radial drift in protoplanetary discs

Cited by in corpus (313)

• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): II. Characteristics of Annular Substructures
• Observations of Protoplanetary Disk Structures
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): VII. The Planet-Disk Interactions Interpretation
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP) VI: Dust trapping in thin-ringed protoplanetary disks
• Sintering-induced Dust Ring Formation in Protoplanetary Disks: Application to the HL Tau Disk
• A Three-Dimensional View of Turbulence: Constraints on Turbulent Motions in the HD 163296 Protoplanetary Disk using DCO${}^{+}$
• Formation of planetary systems by pebble accretion and migration: How the radial pebble flux determines a terrestrial-planet or super-Earth growth mode
• Turbulence in the TW Hya Disk
• Shadows and spirals in the protoplanetary disk HD 100453
• Direct mapping of the temperature and velocity gradients in discs. Imaging the vertical CO snow line around IM Lupi
• One Solution to the Mass Budget Problem for Planet Formation: Optically Thick Disks with Dust Scattering
• The Coupled Physical Structure of Gas and Dust in the IM Lup Protoplanetary Disk
• Observations of edge-on protoplanetary disks with ALMA I. Results from continuum data
• Measuring turbulent motion in planet-forming disks with ALMA: A detection around DM Tau and non-detections around MWC 480 and V4046 Sgr
• Formation of planetary systems by pebble accretion and migration: Growth of gas giants
• The Radial Distribution of Dust Particles in the HL Tau Disk from ALMA and VLA Observations
• Protoplanetary disk rings and gaps across ages and luminosities
• Mass constraint for a planet in a protoplanetary disk from the gap width
• The evidence of radio polarization induced by the radiative grain alignment and self-scattering of dust grains in a protoplanetary disk
• Resonant Drag Instabilities in protoplanetary disks: the streaming instability and new, faster-growing instabilities
• Planet-forming material in a protoplanetary disc: the interplay between chemical evolution and pebble drift
• On the formation of multiple concentric rings and gaps in protoplanetary disks
• Contemporary formation of early solar system planetesimals at two distinct radial locations
• A highly settled disk around Oph 163131
• The formation of rings and gaps in magnetically coupled disk-wind systems: ambipolar diffusion and reconnection
• ALMA Reveals Transition of Polarization Pattern with Wavelength in HL Tau's Disk
• Dust growth and evolution in protoplanetary disks
• The Ophiuchus DIsc Survey Employing ALMA (ODISEA)-III: the evolution of substructures in massive discs at 3-5 au resolution
• Radiation Hydrodynamical Turbulence In Protoplanetary Disks: Numerical Models and Observational Constraints
• Super-Earth masses sculpted by pebble isolation around stars of different masses
• Grain size constraints on HL Tau with polarization signature
• How planetary growth outperforms migration
• Characterizing the dust content of disk substructures in TW Hya
• Unlocking CO Depletion in Protoplanetary Disks I. The Warm Molecular Layer
• Multiple Disk Gaps and Rings Generated by a Single Super-Earth: II. Spacings, Depths, and Number of Gaps, with Application to Real Systems
• Empirical constraints on turbulence in proto-planetary discs
• The VLA view of the HL Tau Disk - Disk Mass, Grain Evolution, and Early Planet Formation
• On the Commonality of 10-30AU Sized Axisymmetric Dust Structures in Protoplanetary Disks
• Rings and gaps in the disc around Elias 24 revealed by ALMA
• High resolution millimetre imaging of the CI Tau protoplanetary disc - a massive ensemble of protoplanets from 0.1 - 100 au
• A Gap with a Deficit of Large Grains in the protoplanetary disk around TW Hya
• A multi-frequency ALMA characterization of substructures in the GM Aur protoplanetary disk
• An Origin of Multiple Ring Structure and Hidden Planets in HL Tau: A Unified Picture by Secular Gravitational Instability
• The efficiency of dust trapping in ringed proto-planetary discs
• Gas and dust dynamics in starlight-heated protoplanetary disks
• An opening criterion for dust gaps in protoplanetary discs
• Consistent dust and gas models for protoplanetary disks III. Models for selected objects from the FP7 DIANA project
• Scattering-Produced (Sub)millimeter Polarization in Inclined Disks: Optical Depth Effects, Near-Far Side Asymmetry, and Dust Settling
• Dust settling and rings in the outer regions of protoplanetary discs subject to ambipolar diffusion
• Submillimetre dust polarisation and opacity in the HD163296 protoplanetary ring system
• Primordial Radius Gap and Potentially Broad Core Mass Distributions of Super-Earths and Sub-Neptunes
• Planet formation by pebble accretion in ringed disks
• HL Tau disk in HCO+ (3-2) and (1-0) with ALMA: gas density, temperature, gap, and one-arm spiral
• Estimate on dust scale height from ALMA dust continuum image of the HD 163296 protoplanetary disk
• The VLA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity Survey of Perseus Protostars (VANDAM). V. 18 Candidate Disks around Class 0 and I Protostars in the Perseus Molecular Cloud
• The Boundary between Gas-rich and Gas-poor Planets
• Flybys in protoplanetary discs: II. Observational signatures
• Ring formation and dust dynamics in wind-driven protoplanetary discs: global simulations
• Radiation hydrodynamics simulations of photoevaporation of protoplanetary disks II: Metallicity dependence of UV and X-ray photoevaporation
• How efficient is the streaming instability in viscous protoplanetary disks?
• Rapid Evolution of Volatile CO from the Protostellar Disk Stage to the Protoplanetary Disk Stage
• Dust settling against hydrodynamic turbulence in protoplanetary discs
• Slowing Down Type II Migration of Gas Giants to Match Observational Data
• How dust fragmentation may be beneficial to planetary growth by pebble accretion
• The Ring Structure in the MWC 480 Disk Revealed by ALMA
• Dust traps in the protoplanetary disc MWC 758: two vortices produced by two giant planets?
• Nonsticky Ice at the Origin of the Uniformly Polarized Submillimeter Emission from the HL Tau Disk
• Turbulence Regulates the Rate of Planetesimal Formation via Gravitational Collapse
• Radiation Hydrodynamics Simulations of Photoevaporation of Protoplanetary Disks by Ultra Violet Radiation: Metallicity Dependence
• Growth after the streaming instability: from planetesimal accretion to pebble accretion
• Modelling mid-infrared molecular emission lines from T Tauri stars
• Efficient planet formation by pebble accretion in ALMA rings
• Migrating super-Earths in low-viscosity discs: unveiling the roles of feedback, vortices, and laminar accretion flows
• Spatial segregation of dust grains in transition disks. SPHERE observations of 2MASS J16083070-3828268 and RXJ1852.3-3700
• Dispersal of protoplanetary disks by the combination of magnetically driven and photoevaporative winds
• Dynamical Masses of Low Mass Stars in the Taurus and Ophiuchus Star Forming Regions
• Warping a protoplanetary disc with a planet on an inclined orbit
• Modeling protoplanetary disk SEDs with artificial neural networks: Revisiting the viscous disk model and updated disk masses
• Dawes Review. The tidal downsizing hypothesis of planet formation
• On the coexistence of the streaming instability and the vertical shear instability in protoplanetary disks
• A gap in HD 92945's broad planetesimal disc revealed by ALMA
• Revised description of dust diffusion and a new instability creating multiple rings in protoplanetary disks
• Early Planet Formation in Embedded Disks (eDisk). II. Limited Dust Settling and Prominent Snow Surfaces in the Edge-on Class I Disk IRAS 04302+2247
• Effect of nucleation on icy pebble growth in protoplanetary discs
• Effects of scattering, temperature gradients, and settling on the derived dust properties of observed protoplanetary disks
• The eccentricity distribution of giant planets and their relation to super-Earths in the pebble accretion scenario
• Predicting the observational signature of migrating Neptune-sized planets in low-viscosity disks
• The chemistry of episodic accretion in embedded objects. 2D radiation thermo-chemical models of the post-burst phase
• Where can a Trappist-1 planetary system be produced?
• Origin of Weak Turbulence in the Outer Regions of Protoplanetary Disks
• Gas Gaps in the Protoplanetary Disk around the Young Protostar HL Tau
• Photoevaporative Dispersal of Protoplanetary Disks around Evolving Intermediate-mass Stars
• Effect of wind-driven accretion on planetary migration
• Formation of moon systems around giant planets: Capture and ablation of planetesimals as foundation for a pebble accretion scenario
• A Balanced Budget View on Forming Giant Planets by Pebble Accretion
• 13C17O suggests gravitational instability in the HL Tau disc
• An analytical model of radial dust trapping in protoplanetary disks
• Global Simulations of the Vertical Shear Instability with Non-ideal Magnetohydrodynamical Effects
• Exploring the conditions for forming cold gas giants through planetesimal accretion
• ALMA chemical survey of disk-outflow sources in Taurus (ALMA-DOT) V: Sample, overview, and demography of disk molecular emission
• The composition of hot Jupiter atmospheres assembled within chemically evolved protoplanetary discs
• Magnetically Induced Disk Winds and Transport in the HL Tau Disk
• Alignment of a circumbinary disc around an eccentric binary with application to KH 15D
• A 80 au cavity in the disk around HD 34282
• The End of Runaway: How Gap Opening Limits the Final Masses of Gas Giants
• On the origin of the wide-orbit circumbinary giant planet HD 106906: A dynamical scenario and its impact on the disk
• Dust Transport and Processing in Centrifugally Driven Protoplanetary Disk Winds
• Porous Dust Particles in Protoplanetary Disks: Application to the HL Tau Disk
• Razor-thin dust layers in protoplanetary disks: Limits on the vertical shear instability
• ALMA study of the HD 100453 AB system and the tidal interaction of the companion with the disk
• Puffed up Edges of Planet-opened Gaps in Protoplanetary Disks. I. hydrodynamic simulations
• Interpreting high spatial resolution line observations of planet-forming disks with gaps and rings -- The case of HD 163296
• Early Planet Formation in Embedded Disks (eDisk). IV. The Ringed and Warped Structure of the Disk around the Class I Protostar L1489 IRS
• Identifying Anticyclonic Vortex Features Produced by the Rossby Wave Instability in Protoplanetary Disks
• Misaligned accretion disc formation via Kozai-Lidov oscillations
• Dual-Wavelength ALMA Observations of Dust Rings in Protoplanetary Disks
• Modeling the delivery of dust from discs to ionized winds
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) XVI: Characterizing the impact of the molecular wind on the evolution of the HD 163296 system
• Dust Settling and Clumping in MRI Turbulent Outer Protoplanetary Disks
• The properties of the inner disk around HL Tau: Multi-wavelength modeling of the dust emission
• X-ray radiative transfer in protoplanetary disks - The role of dust and X-ray background fields
• On the structure and mass delivery towards circumplanetary discs
• Multi-GPU maximum entropy image synthesis for radio astronomy
• The impact of non-ideal magnetohydrodynamic processes on discs, outflows, counter-rotation and magnetic walls during the early stages of star formation
• The ALMA Lupus protoplanetary disk survey: evidence for compact gas disks and molecular rings from CN
• Modest dust settling in the IRAS04302+2247 Class I protoplanetary disk
• Herbig Stars: A Quarter Century of Progress
• Jupiter's "Cold" Formation in the Protosolar Disk Shadow: An Explanation for the Planet's Uniformly Enriched Atmosphere
• Pebble drift and planetesimal formation in protoplanetary discs with embedded planets
• Dust continuum emission and the upper limit fluxes of sub-millimeter water lines of the protoplanetary disk around HD 163296 observed by ALMA
• Vortex-like kinematic signal, spirals, and beam smearing effect in the HD 142527 disk
• The growth and migration of massive planets under the influence of external photoevaporation
• Radiation thermo-chemical models of protoplanetary disks. Grain and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon charging
• On the underestimation of dust mass in protoplanetary disks: Effects of disk structure and dust properties
• Solving grain size inconsistency between ALMA polarization and VLA continuum in the Ophiuchus IRS 48 protoplanetary disk
• Inner Super-Earths, Outer Gas Giants: How Pebble Isolation and Migration Feedback Keep Jupiters Cold
• Constraining planetesimal stirring: how sharp are debris disc edges?
• How Consumption and Repulsion Set Planetary Gap Depths and the Final Masses of Gas Giants
• Dust segregation in Hall-dominated turbulent protoplanetary disks
• Destruction of refractory carbon grains drives the final stage of proto-planetary disk chemistry
• ALMA detections of the youngest protostars in Ophiuchus
• On water delivery in the inner solar nebula: Monte Carlo simulations of forsterite hydration
• 1000 AU Exterior Arcs Connected to the Protoplanetary Disk around HL Tau
• A Particle Module for the PLUTO Code: III -- Dust
• Steepening of the 820 micron continuum surface-brightness profile signals dust evolution in TW Hya's disk
• Gravitoviscous protoplanetary disks with a dust component. III. Evolution of gas, dust, and pebbles
• Dust clearing by radial drift in evolving protoplanetary discs
• Impact of Differential Dust Settling on the SED and Polarization: Application to the Inner Region of the HL Tau Disk
• Inferring (Sub)millimeter Dust Opacities and Temperature Structure in Edge-on Protostellar Disks From Resolved Multi-Wavelength Continuum Observations: The Case of the HH 212 Disk
• Disc population synthesis: Decrease in the solid mass reservoir through pebble drift
• Radial Gradients in Dust-to-Gas Ratio Lead to Preferred Region for Giant Planet Formation
• A "Rosetta Stone" for protoplanetary disks: The synergy of multi-wavelength observations
• Kepler-167e as a Probe of the Formation Histories of Cold Giants with Inner Super-Earths
• Survival of ALMA Rings in the Absence of Pressure Maxima
• ALMA observations of the protostellar disk around the VeLLO IRAS 16253-2429
• Early planet formation in embedded protostellar disks: Setting the stage for the first generation of planetesimals
• Spiral structures in gravito-turbulent gaseous disks
• A coplanar circumbinary protoplanetary disk in the TWA 3 triple M dwarf system
• GW Ori: circumtriple rings and planets
• The Anatomy of an Unusual Edge-on Protoplanetary Disk I. Dust Settling in a Cold Disk
• Substructures in Compact Disks of the Taurus Star-forming Region
• Do we need non-ideal magnetohydrodynamics to model protostellar discs?
• Resolved observations of transition disks
• Determining Dust Properties in Protoplanetary Disks: SED-derived Masses and Settling With ALMA
• Meso-scale Instability Triggered by Dust Feedback in Dusty Rings: Origin and Observational Implications
• Periodic Eclipses of the Young Star PDS 110 Discovered with WASP and KELT Photometry
• On the stickiness of CO${}_2$ and H${}_2$O ice particles
• New constraints on the dust and gas distribution in the LkCa 15 disk from ALMA
• Inner rocky super-Earth formation: distinguishing the formation pathways in viscously heated and passive discs
• Into the thick of it: ALMA 0.45 mm observations of HL Tau at 2 au resolution
• Effects of Dust Evolution on the Vertical Shear Instability in the Outer Regions of Protoplanetary Disks
• The Circumstellar Disk and Asymmetric outflow of the EX Lup Outburst System
• The effects of dust evolution on disks in the mid-IR
• Constraining turbulence in protoplanetary discs using the gap contrast: an application to the DSHARP sample
• Turbulent Dust-trapping Rings as Efficient Sites for Planetesimal Formation
• Vertical evolution of exocometary gas: I. How vertical diffusion shortens the CO lifetime
• Spirals, shadows & precession in HD 100453 -- II. The hidden companion
• Peter Pan Discs: finding Neverland's parameters
• Dust Traps and the Formation of Cavities in Transition Discs: A millimetre to sub-millimetre comparison survey
• Effects of Ringed Structures and Dust Size Growth on Millimeter Observations of Protoplanetary Disks
• The viscous evolution of circumstellar discs in young star clusters
• The 3D dust and opacity distribution of protoplanets in multi-fluid global simulations
• The formation of wide exoKuiper belts from migrating dust traps
• Formation of dust clumps with sub-Jupiter mass and cold shadowed region in gravitationally unstable disk around Class 0/I protostar in L1527 IRS
• The water-ice feature in near-infrared disk-scattered light around HD 142527: Micron-sized icy grains lifted up to the disk surface?
• The edge-on protoplanetary disk HH 48 NE I. Modeling the geometry and stellar parameters
• Physics of Planet Trapping with Applications to HL Tau
• Impact of magneto-rotational instability on grain growth in protoplanetary disks: I. Relevant turbulence properties
• Investigating the gas-to-dust ratio in the protoplanetary disk of HD 142527
• Mass-accretion, spectral, and photometric properties of T Tauri stars in Taurus based on TESS and LAMOST
• Revealing dust segregation in protoplanetary discs with the help of multi-frequency spectral index maps
• Intermittent planet migration and the formation of multiple dust rings and gaps in protoplanetary disks
• Millimeter Gap Contrast as a Probe for Turbulence Level in Protoplanetary Disks
• Establishing Dust Rings and Forming Planets Within Them
• Particle Dynamics in 3D Self-gravitating Disks II: Strong Gas Accretion and Thin Dust Disks
• Self-consistent modelling of the dust component in protoplanetary and circumplanetary disks: the case of PDS 70
• Dust dynamics and vertical settling in gravitoturbulent protoplanetary discs
• Impact of magneto-rotational instability on grain growth in protoplanetary disks: II. Increased grain collisional velocities
• Electric heating and angular momentum transport in laminar models of protoplanetary disks
• Physical and Chemical Conditions of the Protostellar Envelope and the Protoplanetary Disk in HL Tau
• Observing protoplanetary discs with the Square Kilometre Array -- I. Characterising pebble substructure caused by forming planets
• (Sub)millimeter Dust Polarization of Protoplanetary Disks from Scattering by Large Millimeter-Sized Irregular Grains
• Morphological signatures induced by dust back reaction in discs with an embedded planet
• Exciting spiral arms in protoplanetary discs from flybys
• Axisymmetric simulations of the convective overstability in protoplanetary discs
• Emergence of vortices at the edges of planet-driven gaps in protoplanetary discs
• Formation of pebbles in (gravito-)viscous protoplanetary disks with various turbulent strengths
• Constraining the turbulence and the dust disk in IM Lup: onset of planetesimal formation
• Two saturated states of the vertical shear instability in protoplanetary disks with vertically varying cooling times
• Mid-infrared spectroscopic observations of comet 17P/Holmes immediately after its great outburst in October 2007
• Vertical shear instability in two-moment radiation-hydrodynamical simulations of irradiated protoplanetary disks II. Secondary instabilities and stability regions
• The time evolution of $M_{\mathrm{d}}/\dot{M}$ in protoplanetary discs as a way to disentangle between viscosity and MHD winds
• Episodic accretion and mergers during growth of massive protostars
• Compound chondrule formation in optically thin shock waves
• Growing the seeds of pebble accretion through planetesimal accretion
• Self-scattering on large, porous grains in protoplanetary disks with dust settling
• Warped Disk Evolution in Grid-Based Simulations
• A strong H- opacity signal in the near-infrared emission spectrum of the ultra-hot Jupiter KELT-9b
• Can Large-Scale Migration Explain the Giant Planet Occurrence Rate?
• IRAS4A1: Multi-wavelength continuum analysis of a very flared Class 0 disk
• PGNets: Planet mass prediction using convolutional neural networks for radio continuum observations of protoplanetary disks
• Constraining the masses of planets in protoplanetary discs from the presence or absence of vortices -- Comparison with ALMA observations
• Thermal Emission and Scattering by Aligned Grains: Plane-Parallel Model and Application to Multiwavelength Polarization of the HL Tau Disk
• Migration of pairs of giant planets in low-viscosity discs
• Demographics of Protoplanetary Disks: A Simulated Population of Edge-on Systems
• A Chemical Map of the Outbursting V883 Ori system: Vertical and Radial Structures
• Three-Dimensional Dust Stirring by a Giant Planet Embedded in a Protoplanetary Disk
• Growth after the streaming instability: The radial distance dependence of the planetary growth
• A potential site for wide-orbit giant planet formation in the IM Lup disk
• Filling in the Gaps: Can Gravitationally Unstable Discs Form the Seeds of Gas Giant Planets?
• Regularized Maximum Likelihood Image Synthesis and Validation for ALMA Continuum Observations of Protoplanetary Disks
• Dust entrainment in photoevaporative winds: Densities and imaging
• Influences of protoplanet-induced three-dimensional gas flow on pebble accretion $\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}$. Headwind regime
• Dust-gas dynamics driven by the streaming instability with various pressure gradients
• A millimeter-multiwavelength continuum study of VLA 1623 West
• Combined Effects of Disk Winds and Turbulence-Driven Accretion on Planet Populations
• Distinguishing Magnetized Disc Winds from Turbulent Viscosity through Substructure Morphology in Planet-forming Discs
• Magnetic disk winds in protoplanetary disks: Description of the model and impact on global disk evolution
• Gone with the wind: the outward migration of eccentric giant planets in windy disks
• Rotational Disruption of Porous Dust Aggregates due to Gas Flow in Protoplanetary Disks
• Turbulent Disk Viscosity and the Bifurcation of Planet Formation Histories
• The influence of metallicity on a combined stellar and disk evolution
• Dust Transport in Protoplanetary Disks with Wind-driven Accretion
• Model of a gap formed by a planet with fast inward migration
• Collisional Elongation: Possible Origin of Extremely Elongated Shape of 1I/`Oumuamua
• Dust rings as a footprint of planet formation in a protoplanetary disk
• Effect of Different Angular Momentum Transport mechanisms on the Distribution of Water in Protoplanetary Disks
• Depletion of Moderately Volatile Elements by Open-System loss in the Early Solar Nebula
• Electron Heating and Saturation of Self-regulating Magnetorotational Instability in Protoplanetary Disks
• ALMA chemical survey of disk-outflow sources in Taurus (ALMA-DOT) VII: the layered molecular outflow from HL Tau and its relationship with the ringed disk
• Dust mass in protoplanetary disks with porous dust opacities
• Massive Protostellar Disks as a Hot Laboratory of Silicate Grain Evolution
• Chemistry During the Gas-rich Stage of Planet Formation
• Disk Evolution Study Through Imaging of Nearby Young Stars (DESTINYS): Characterization of the young star T CrA and its circumstellar environment
• Size and density sorting of dust grains in SPH simulations of protoplanetary disc II: Fragmentation
• Nonlinear Outcome of Coagulation Instability in Protoplanetary Disks II: Dust Ring Formation Mediated by Backreaction and Fragmentation
• Evidence of Grain Alignment by Magnetically Enhanced Radiative Torques from Multiwavelength Dust Polarization Modeling of HL Tau
• On the interaction of pebble accreting embryos with the gaseous disc: importance of thermal forces
• Architecture of three-planet systems predicted from the observed protoplanetary disk of HL Tau
• The gas disk: Evolution and chemistry
• Ejection of Chondrules from Fluffy Matrices
• A smoothed particle hydrodynamics algorithm for multigrain dust with separate sets of particles
• On Secular Gravitational Instability in Vertically Stratified Disks
• Shaping the CO snowline in protoplanetary disks
• Super-Earth formation in systems with cold giants
• Multi-frequency analysis of the ALMA and VLA high resolution continuum observations of the substructured disc around CI Tau. Preference for sub-mm-sized low-porosity amorphous carbon grains
• Early Planet Formation in Embedded Disks (eDisk). XI. A high-resolution view toward the BHR 71 Class 0 protostellar wide binary
• Dust ring and gap formation by gas flow induced by low-mass planets embedded in protoplanetary disks $\mathrm{I}$. Steady-state model
• The evolution of protoplanetary disc radii and disc masses in star-forming regions
• Structure of Protoplanetary Discs with Magnetically-driven Winds
• Size-selective accretion of dust onto CPDs: Low CPD masses and filtration of larger grains
• Testing planet formation from the ultraviolet to the millimeter
• On the evolution of pebble-accreting planets in evolving protoplanetary discs
• On the origin of transition disk cavities: Pebble-accreting protoplanets vs Super-Jupiters
• Constraints on the gas-phase C/O ratio of DR Tau's outer disk from CS, SO, and C${}_2$H observations
• On fragmentation of turbulent self-gravitating discs in the long cooling time regime
• Dust Coagulation in the Vicinity of a Gap-Opening Jupiter-Mass Planet
• Forming short period sub-stellar companions in 47 Tucanae -- II. Analytic expressions for the orbital evolution of planets in dense environments
• Emission from Magnetized Accretion Disks around Young Stars
• A "no-drift" runaway pile-up of pebbles in protoplanetary disks II. Characteristics of the resulting planetesimal belt
• The evolution of the $M_{\mathrm{d}}-M_{\star }$ and $\dot{M}-M_{\star }$ correlations traces protoplanetary disc dispersal
• Exploring the Grain Properties in the Disk of HL Tau with an Evolutionary Model
• Kozai-Lidov oscillations triggered by a tilt instability of detached circumplanetary discs
• The Nature of Turbulence in the Outer Regions of Protoplanetary Disks
• Vortex weighing and dating of planets in protoplanetary discs
• On the formation of multiple dust-trapping rings in the inner Solar system
• Dust enrichment and growth in the earliest stages of protoplanetary disk formation
• exoALMA XIX: Confirmation of Non-thermal Line Broadening in the DM Tau Protoplanetary Disk
• Exploring the conditions for forming planetesimals by the streaming instability and planetary systems by pebble accretion
• Dust-void evolution driven by turbulent dust flux can induce runaway migration of Earth-mass planets
• Architecture of planetary systems predicted from protoplanetary disks observed with ALMA II: evolution outcomes and dynamical stability
• Wavelength-dependent far-infrared polarization of HL Tau observed with SOFIA/HAWC+
• The physical and chemical properties of planet forming disks
• Dust in the wind of outbursting young stars
• Enhanced Pebble Drift Across Planet-Opened Gaps in Windy Protoplanetary Disks
• How stellar mass and disc size shape the formation and migration of super-Earths
• Episodic accretion in high-mass star formation: An analysis of thermal instability for axially symmetric disks
• Timescales diagnostics for saving viscous and MHD-driven dusty discs from external photoevaporation
• Zooming into the water snowline: high resolution water observations of the HL Tau disk
• Observability of the Vertical Shear Instability in protoplanetary disk CO kinematics
• Interpreting the atmospheric composition of exoplanets: sensitivity to planet formation assumptions
• Gravito-turbulent bi-fluid protoplanetary discs: 1. An analytical perspective to stratification
• Constraining protoplanetary disc mass using the GI wiggle
• Applying a Particle-only Model to the HL Tau Disk
• On the dynamics of pebbles in protoplanetary disks with magnetically-driven winds
• Influence of inhomogeneous stochasticity on the falsifiability of mean-field theories and examples from accretion disc modeling
• A break in planet occurrence near the pebble isolation mass should be observable by the Roman microlensing survey
• MHD disc winds can reproduce fast disc dispersal and the correlation between accretion rate and disc mass in Lupus
• Drifters on the edge of town: $\lambda$ Boötis stars in clusters
• Linking Outer Disk Pebble Dynamics and Gaps to Inner Disk Water Enrichment
• Dust-driven vortex cascades originating at water snow regions: A pathway to planetesimal formation
• Direct Imaging of Irregular Satellite Disks in Scattered Light
• Self-gravity in thin protoplanetary discs: 1. The smoothing-length approximation versus the exact self-gravity kernel