Dispersal of protoplanetary disks by the combination of magnetically driven and photoevaporative winds

Abstract

We investigate the roles of magnetically driven disk wind (MDW) and thermally driven photoevaporative wind (PEW) in the long-time evolution of protoplanetary disks. We start simulations from the early phase in which the disk mass is $0.118{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$ around a $1{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$ star and track the evolution until the disk is completely dispersed. We incorporate the mass loss by PEW and the mass loss and magnetic braking (wind torque) by MDW, in addition to the viscous accretion, viscous heating, and stellar irradiation. We find that MDW and PEW respectively have different roles: magnetically driven wind ejects materials from an inner disk in the early phase, whereas photoevaporation has a dominant role in the late phase in the outer ($\gtrsim 1$au) disk. The disk lifetime, which depends on the combination of MDW, PEW, and viscous accretion, shows a large variation of $\sim 1$-$20$Myr; the gas is dispersed mainly by the MDW and the PEW in the cases with a low viscosity and the lifetime is sensitive to the mass-loss rate and torque of the MDW, whereas the lifetime is insensitive to these parameters when the viscosity is high. Even in disks with very weak turbulence, the cooperation of MDW and PEW enables the disk dispersal within a few Myr.

arXiv comment11 pages, 6 figures; corrected Table 2 and Equations (17) and (29); see Erratum at https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab2748

References in corpus (73)

• The NumPy array: a structure for efficient numerical computation
• Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA)
• On the Absorption of X-rays in the Interstellar Medium
• Disk Frequencies and Lifetimes in Young Clusters
• Using FU Orionis Outbursts to Constrain Self-Regulated Protostellar Disk Models
• The stellar activity-rotation relationship and the evolution of stellar dynamos
• Circumstellar Dust Disks in Taurus-Auriga: The Submillimeter Perspective
• The Origin of T Tauri X-ray Emission: New Insights from the Chandra Orion Ultradeep Project
• Wind-driven Accretion in Protoplanetary Disks. I: Suppression of the Magnetorotational Instability and Launching of the Magnetocentrifugal Wind
• Spitzer Space Telescope study of disks in the young $\sigma$ Orionis cluster
• Photoevaporation of protoplanetary discs II: evolutionary models and observable properties
• Photoevaporation of Circumstellar Disks due to External FUV Radiation in Stellar Aggregates
• Linear and nonlinear evolution of the vertical shear instability in accretion discs
• Dust and Gas in the disc of HL Tauri: Surface density, dust settling, and dust-to-gas ratio
• Protoplanetary Disk Structures in Ophiuchus II: Extension to Fainter Sources
• Timescale of Mass Accretion in Pre-Main-Sequence Stars
• Photoevaporation of Circumstellar Disks by FUV, EUV and X-ray Radiation from the Central Star
• Radiation-Hydrodynamic Models of X-Ray & EUV Photoevaporating Protoplanetary Discs
• On the theory of disc photoevaporation
• Angular Momentum Transport by MHD Turbulence in Accretion Disks: Gas Pressure Dependence of the Saturation Level of the Magnetorotational Instability
• Photoevaporation of protoplanetary discs I: hydrodynamic models
• A Three-Dimensional View of Turbulence: Constraints on Turbulent Motions in the HD 163296 Protoplanetary Disk using DCO${}^{+}$
• Initial Conditions of Planet Formation: Lifetimes of Primordial Disks
• Time-Evolution of Viscous Circumstellar Disks due to Photoevaporation by FUV, EUV and X-ray Radiation from the Central Star
• Protoplanetary disc evolution and dispersal: the implications of X-ray photoevaportion
• Disk Winds Driven by Magnetorotational Instability and Dispersal of Proto-Planetary Disks
• Local Study of Accretion Disks with a Strong Vertical Magnetic Field: Magnetorotational Instability and Disk Outflow
• Non-steady Accretion in Protostars
• Photoevaporation of Circumstellar Disks around Young Stars
• Dust dynamics during protoplanetary disc clearing
• Evolution of Protoplanetary Discs with Magnetically Driven Disc Winds
• X-ray irradiated protoplanetary disk atmospheres I: Predicted emission line spectrum and photoevaporation
• Giant planet migration, disk evolution, and the origin of transitional disks
• Protoplanetary Disk Winds by Magnetorotational Instability : Formation of an Inner Hole and a Crucial Assist for Planet Formation
• Magnetically driven accretion in protoplanetary discs
• The Impact of Dust Evolution and Photoevaporation on Disk Dispersal
• X-ray Emission from T Tauri Stars and the Role of Accretion: Inferences from the XMM-Newton Extended Survey of the Taurus Molecular Cloud
• Jupiter's composition: sign of a (relatively) late formation in a chemically evolved protosolar disk
• Local outflows from turbulent accretion disks
• Chandra X-ray Observation of the Orion Nebula Cluster. II Relationship between X-ray activity indicators and stellar parameters
• Wind-driven Accretion in Protoplanetary Disks --- II: Radial Dependence and Global Picture
• Planet Engulfment by ~1.5-3 Solar-Mass Red Giants
• The Dispersal of Protoplanetary Disks
• The magnetorotational instability as a jet launching mechanism
• Global Simulations of Protoplanetary Disk Outflows with Coupled Non-ideal Magnetohydrodynamics and Consistent Thermochemistry
• Transport and Accretion in Planet-Forming Disks
• The Differential Lifetimes of Protostellar Gas and Dust Disks
• Constraints on the ionizing flux emitted by T Tauri stars
• Temperature Structure in the Inner Regions of Protoplanetary Disks: Inefficient Accretion Heating Controlled by Nonideal Magnetohydrodynamics
• The origin and evolution of transition discs: successes, problems and open questions
• Radiation hydrodynamics simulations of photoevaporation of protoplanetary disks II: Metallicity dependence of UV and X-ray photoevaporation
• Hydrodynamic Photoevaporation of Protoplanetary Disks with Consistent Thermochemistry
• The Impact of Feedback During Massive Star Formation by Core Accretion
• Short Lifetime of Protoplanetary Disks in Low-metallicity Environments
• Radiation Hydrodynamics Simulations of Photoevaporation of Protoplanetary Disks by Ultra Violet Radiation: Metallicity Dependence
• Radial Transport of Large-Scale Magnetic Fields in Accretion Disks. I. Steady Solutions and an Upper Limit on the Vertical Field Strength
• Global evolution of the magnetic field in a thin disc and its consequences for protoplanetary systems
• From Birth to Death of Protoplanetary Disks: Modeling Their Formation, Evolution, and Dispersal
• Disk Dispersal: Theoretical Understanding and Observational Constraints
• A Three-dimensional Simulation of a Magnetized Accretion Disk: Fast Funnel Accretion onto a Weakly Magnetized Star
• A Semi-Analytical Description for the Formation and Gravitational Evolution of Protoplanetary Disks
• Halting planet migration by photoevaporation from the central source
• Rapid Evolution of the Innermost Dust Disk of Protoplanetary Disks Surrounding Intermediate-mass Stars
• Photoevaporation of Circumstellar Disks Revisited: The Dust-Free Case
• Magnetically Induced Disk Winds and Transport in the HL Tau Disk
• Formation of terrestrial planets in disks evolving via disk winds and implications for the origin of the solar system's terrestrial planets
• Radial Transport of Large-Scale Magnetic Fields in Accretion Disks. II. Relaxation to Steady States
• Gap opening beyond dead zones by photoevaporation
• Long-term Evolution of Photoevaporating Protoplanetary Disks
• Electron Heating in the Magnetorotational Instability: Implications for Turbulence Strength in Outer Regions of Protoplanetary Disks
• Conditions for Gravitational Instability in Protoplanetary Disks
• From Planetesimal to Planet in Turbulent Disks. II. Formation of Gas Giant Planets
• Disk Dissipation Timescale of Pre-main Sequence Stars in Taurus

Cited by in corpus (38)

• The dispersal of protoplanetary discs. II: Photoevaporation models with observationally derived irradiating spectra
• Scanning disk rings and winds in CO at 0.01-10 au: a high-resolution $M$-band spectroscopy survey with IRTF-iSHELL
• The interpretation of protoplanetary disc wind diagnostic lines from X-ray photoevaporation and analytical MHD models
• Photoevaporative Dispersal of Protoplanetary Disks around Evolving Intermediate-mass Stars
• Radiation hydrodynamics simulations of protoplanetary disks: Stellar mass dependence of the disk photoevaporation rate
• Population study on MHD wind-driven disc evolution -- Confronting theory and observation
• Photoevaporation of Grain-Depleted Protoplanetary Disks around Intermediate-Mass Stars: Investigating Possibility of Gas-Rich Debris Disks as Protoplanetary Remnants
• Photoevaporation of protoplanetary discs with PLUTO+PRIZMO I. Lower X-ray-driven mass-loss rates due to enhanced cooling
• Unified simulations of planetary formation and atmospheric evolution: Effects of pebble accretion, giant impacts, and stellar irradiations on super-Earth formation
• Towards a population synthesis of discs and planets. II. Confronting disc models and observations at the population level
• Imprint of planet formation in the deep interior of the Sun
• Evidence of a signature of planet formation processes from solar neutrino fluxes
• Peter Pan Discs: finding Neverland's parameters
• Unified simulations of planetary formation and atmospheric evolution II: Rapid disk clearing by photoevaporation yields low-mass super-Earth atmospheres
• Formation of giant planets with large metal masses and metal fractions via giant impacts in a rapidly dissipating disk
• The importance of X-ray frequency in driving photoevaporative winds
• New growth mechanism of dust grains in protoplanetary disks with magnetically driven disk winds
• Modeling JWST MIRI-MRS Observations of T Cha: Mid-IR Noble Gas Emission Tracing a Dense Disk Wind
• Gap opening by planets in discs with magnetised winds
• Cosmic-ray ionization rate in protoplanetary disks with sheared magnetic fields
• Dust entrainment in photoevaporative winds: Densities and imaging
• Magnetic disk winds in protoplanetary disks: Description of the model and impact on global disk evolution
• The influence of metallicity on a combined stellar and disk evolution
• Depletion of Moderately Volatile Elements by Open-System loss in the Early Solar Nebula
• Rapid-then-slow migration reproduces mass distribution of TRAPPIST-1 system
• Dust entrainment in photoevaporative winds: Synthetic observations of transition disks
• Modelling thermochemical processes in protoplanetary disks I: numerical methods
• Time-dependent long-term hydrodynamic simulations of the inner protoplanetary disk III: The influence of photoevaporation
• Photoevaporation Can Reproduce Extended ${\mathrm{H}}_2$ Emission from Protoplanetary Disks Imaged by JWST MIRI
• Stellar Obliquity Excitation via Disk Dispersal-Driven Resonances in Binaries
• The effect of stellar evolution on dispersal of protoplanetary disks: Disk fraction in star-forming regions
• Accretion and Outflows in Young Stars with CUBES
• Close-in compact super-Earth systems emerging from resonant chains: slow destabilization by unseen remnants of formation
• Long-term evolution of the temperature structure in magnetized protoplanetary disks and its implication for the dichotomy of planetary composition
• Second-generation planet formation after tidal disruption from common envelope evolution
• Dispersal of protoplanetary discs: How stellar properties and the local environment determine the pathway of evolution
• Early Initiation of Inner Solar System Formation at Dead-Zone Inner Edge
• Rapid and Predictive Planet Population Synthesis Model (RAPPS) I. Upgraded model and resulting synthetic populations