Dust settling in local simulations of turbulent protoplanetary disks

Abstract

In this paper, we study the effect of MHD turbulence on the dynamics of dust particles in protoplanetary disks. We vary the size of the particles and relate the dust evolution to the turbulent velocity fluctuations. We performed numerical simulations using two Eulerian MHD codes, both based on finite difference techniques: ZEUS--3D and NIRVANA. These were local shearing box simulations incorporating vertical stratification. Both ideal and non ideal MHD simulations with midplane dead zones were carried out. The codes were extended to incorporate different models for the dust as an additional fluid component. Good agreement between results obtained using the different approaches was obtained. The simulations show that a thin layer of very small dust particles is diffusively spread over the full vertical extent of the disk. We show that a simple description obtained using the diffusion equation with a diffusion coefficient simply expressed in terms of the velocity correlations accurately matches the results. Dust settling starts to become apparent for particle sizes of the order of 1 to 10 centimeters for which the gas begins to decouple in a standard solar nebula model at 5.2 AU. However, for particles which are 10 centimeters in size, complete settling toward a very thin midplane layer is prevented by turbulent motions within the disk, even in the presence of a midplane dead zone of significant size. These results indicate that, when present, MHD turbulence affects dust dynamics in protoplanetary disks. We find that the evolution and settling of the dust can be accurately modelled using an advection diffusion equation that incorporates vertical settling. The value of the diffusion coefficient can be calculated from the turbulent velocity field when that is known for a time of several local orbits.

arXiv comment15 pages, 16 figures, accepted in Astronomy & Astrophysics

References in corpus (16)

• Dust coagulation in protoplanetary disks: a rapid depletion of small grains
• Accretion Disks Around Young Objects. III. Grain Growth
• The effect of dust settling on the appearance of protoplanetary disks
• Magnetorotational Instability in Protoplanetary Disks. II. Ionization State and Unstable Regions
• Local Magnetohydrodynamical Models of Layered Accretion Disks
• The ionization fraction in alpha-models of protoplanetary disks
• Dust diffusion in protoplanetary discs by magnetorotational turbulence
• On the Ionisation Fraction in Protoplanetary Disks I: Comparing Different Reaction Networks
• Simulations of dust-trapping vortices in protoplanetary discs
• On the accumulation of solid bodies in global turbulent protoplanetary disc models
• Eddy diffusivities in scalar transport
• Dust distribution in protoplanetary disks - Vertical settling and radial migration
• Individual and collective behavior of dust particles in a protoplanetary nebula
• The effect of the Coriolis force on Kelvin-Helmholtz-driven mixing in protoplanetary disks
• Diffusion coefficient of a passive contaminant in a local MHD model of a turbulent accretion disc
• Turbulent Mixing in the Outer Solar Nebula

Cited by in corpus (131)

• Particle Stirring in Turbulent Gas Disks: Including Orbital Oscillations
• Dynamics of Protoplanetary Disks
• Protoplanetary Disk Turbulence Driven by the Streaming Instability: Non-Linear Saturation and Particle Concentration
• Dust and Gas in the disc of HL Tauri: Surface density, dust settling, and dust-to-gas ratio
• Dust Evolution and the Formation of Planetesimals
• A Three-Dimensional View of Turbulence: Constraints on Turbulent Motions in the HD 163296 Protoplanetary Disk using DCO${}^{+}$
• MHD simulations of the magnetorotational instability in a shearing box with zero net flux. II. The effect of transport coefficients
• Magnetic fields in protoplanetary disks
• Dust dynamics during protoplanetary disc clearing
• Turbulent Mixing and the Dead Zone in Protostellar Disks
• Probing dust grain evolution in IM Lupi's circumstellar disc. Multi-wavelength observations and modelling of the dust disc
• Magnetorotational Instability Driven Accretion in Protoplanetary Disks
• On the water delivery to terrestrial embryos by ice pebble accretion
• Observations of edge-on protoplanetary disks with ALMA I. Results from continuum data
• The subcritical baroclinic instability in local accretion disc models
• On the migration of protogiant solid cores
• Standing on the shoulders of giants: Trojan Earths and vortex trapping in low mass self-gravitating protoplanetary disks of gas and solids
• Different dust and gas radial extents in protoplanetary disks: consistent models of grain growth and CO emission
• Chemical Processes in Protoplanetary Disks II. On the importance of photochemistry and X-ray ionization
• Global MHD simulations of stratified and turbulent protoplanetary discs. I. Model properties
• Modeling Magnetorotational Turbulence in Protoplanetary Disks with Dead Zones
• Grain sedimentation inside giant planet embryos
• Reprocessing of Ices in Turbulent Protoplanetary Disks: Carbon and Nitrogen Chemistry
• Towards a Population Synthesis Model of Objects formed by Self-Gravitating Disc Fragmentation and Tidal Downsizing
• Global MHD simulations of stratified and turbulent protoplanetary discs. II. Dust settling
• On the Stability of Elliptical Vortices in Accretion Discs
• The influence of turbulence during magnetized core collapse and its consequences on low-mass star formation
• Asymptotically stable numerical method for multispecies momentum transfer: gas and multifluid-dust test suite and implementation in FARGO3D
• Dusty gas with SPH - I. Algorithm and test suite
• Zombie Vortex Instability I: A Purely Hydrodynamic Instability to Resurrect the Dead Zones of Protoplanetary Disks
• Hall diffusion and the magnetorotational instability in protoplanetary discs
• The Turbulent Magnetic Prandtl Number of MHD Turbulence in Disks
• Resistivity-driven State Changes in Vertically Stratified Accretion Disks
• Dust Transport in Protostellar Disks Through Turbulence and Settling
• Turbulent resistivity driven by the magnetorotational instability
• Protoplanetary migration in turbulent isothermal disks
• Diffusion and Concentration of Solids in the Dead Zone of a Protoplanetary Disk
• Gas and dust dynamics in starlight-heated protoplanetary disks
• Water in Protoplanetary Disks: Deuteration and Turbulent Mixing
• The outcome of protoplanetary dust growth: pebbles, boulders, or planetesimals? III. Sedimentation driven coagulation inside the snow-line
• Midplane sedimentation of large solid bodies in turbulent protoplanetary discs
• The Inner Rim of YSO Disks: Effects of dust grain evolution
• Dust settling and rings in the outer regions of protoplanetary discs subject to ambipolar diffusion
• Streaming Instability in Turbulent Protoplanetary Disks
• Estimate on dust scale height from ALMA dust continuum image of the HD 163296 protoplanetary disk
• Residence Times of Particles in Diffusive Protoplanetary Disk Environments I. Vertical Motions
• On the dynamics of planetesimals embedded in turbulent protoplanetary discs
• Ring formation and dust dynamics in wind-driven protoplanetary discs: global simulations
• How efficient is the streaming instability in viscous protoplanetary disks?
• Dust Transport in MRI Turbulent Disks: Ideal and Non-ideal MHD with Ambipolar Diffusion
• Turbulent transport and its effect on the dead zone in protoplanetary discs
• Dust settling against hydrodynamic turbulence in protoplanetary discs
• The radial structure of protostellar accretion disks: influence of jets
• The effect of a planet on the dust distribution in a 3D protoplanetary disk
• Electrostatic Barrier against Dust Growth in Protoplanetary Disks. II. Measuring the Size of the "Frozen" Zone
• Formation of terrestrial planet cores inside giant planet embryos
• Spatial segregation of dust grains in transition disks. SPHERE observations of 2MASS J16083070-3828268 and RXJ1852.3-3700
• Radial Transport of Large-Scale Magnetic Fields in Accretion Disks. I. Steady Solutions and an Upper Limit on the Vertical Field Strength
• On the aerodynamic redistribution of chondrite components in protoplanetary disks
• On the coexistence of the streaming instability and the vertical shear instability in protoplanetary disks
• Planetesimal Formation in Magnetorotationally Dead Zones: Critical Dependence on the Net Vertical Magnetic Flux
• Residence Times of Particles in Diffusive Protoplanetary Disk Environments II. Radial Motions and Applications to Dust Annealing
• "Ash-fall" induced by molecular outflow in protostar evolution
• Time evolution of snow regions and planet traps in an evolving protoplanetary disk
• DUSTYBOX and DUSTYWAVE: Two test problems for numerical simulations of two fluid astrophysical dust-gas mixtures
• Protostellar collapse: the conditions to form dust rich protoplanetary disks
• Steady-state accretion in magnetized protoplanetary disks
• Origin of Weak Turbulence in the Outer Regions of Protoplanetary Disks
• 3D Lagrangian turbulent diffusion of dust grains in a protoplanetary disk: method and first applications
• Tidal Downsizing model. I. Numerical methods: saving giant planets from tidal disruptions
• On Hydrodynamic Motions in Dead Zones
• Herbig Stars' Near-Infrared Excess: An Origin in the Protostellar Disk's Magnetically-Supported Atmosphere
• Vertical settling and radial segregation of large dust grains in the circumstellar disk of the Butterfly Star
• Dust Settling in Magnetorotationally-Driven Turbulent Discs I: Numerical Methods and Evidence for a Vigorous Streaming Instability
• MHD simulations of the magnetorotational instability in a shearing box with zero net flux: the case Pm=4
• Impacts of dust feedback on a dust ring induced by a planet in a protoplanetary disk
• The circumstellar disk of HH 30. Searching for signs of disk evolution with multi-wavelength modeling
• Puffed up Edges of Planet-opened Gaps in Protoplanetary Disks. I. hydrodynamic simulations
• Dust Settling and Clumping in MRI Turbulent Outer Protoplanetary Disks
• Growing dust grains in protoplanetary discs - II. The Radial drift barrier problem
• The Fate of Planetesimals in Turbulent Disks with Dead Zones. I. The Turbulent Stirring Recipe
• The Saturation Limit of the Magnetorotational Instability
• Self-Destructing Spiral Waves: Global Simulations of a Spiral Wave Instability in Accretion Disks
• Thermodynamics of the dead-zone inner edge in protoplanetary disks
• Planetesimal formation in self-gravitating discs: the effects of particle self-gravity and back-reaction
• Support for fragile porous dust in a gravitationally self-regulated disk around IM Lup
• Diversity in the outcome of dust radial drift in protoplanetary discs
• The Spiral Wave Instability Induced by a Giant Planet: I. Particle Stirring in the Inner Regions of Protoplanetary Disks
• Trapping planets in an evolving protoplanetary disk: preferred time, locations and planet mass
• Induced Turbulence and the Density Structure of the Dust Layer in a Protoplanetary Disk
• Do we need non-ideal magnetohydrodynamics to model protostellar discs?
• The Validity of the Super-Particle Approximation during Planetesimal Formation
• Global Structure of Magnetorotationally Turbulent Protoplanetary Discs
• Dust growth, fragmentation and self-induced dust traps in PHANTOM
• The Nonlinear Ohm's Law: Plasma Heating by Strong Electric Fields and its Effects on the Ionization Balance in Protoplanetary Disks
• Dust delivery and entrainment in photoevaporative winds
• On the dynamics of resonant super-Earths in disks with turbulence driven by stochastic forcing
• Growth of calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions by coagulation and fragmentation in a turbulent protoplanetary disk: observations and modelisation
• Vertical evolution of exocometary gas: I. How vertical diffusion shortens the CO lifetime
• Electron Heating in the Magnetorotational Instability: Implications for Turbulence Strength in Outer Regions of Protoplanetary Disks
• FU Orionis outbursts, preferential recondensation of water ice, and the formation of giant planets
• Time evolution of a viscous protoplanetary disk with a free geometry: toward a more self-consistent picture
• Dust Settling in Magnetorotationally-Driven Turbulent Discs II: The Pervasiveness of the Streaming Instability and its Consequences
• Dust dynamics and vertical settling in gravitoturbulent protoplanetary discs
• Radiatively heated, protoplanetary discs with dead zones. I. Dust settling and thermal structure of discs around M stars
• Dust Concentration at the Boundary Between Steady Super/Sub-Keplerian Flow Created by Inhomogeneous Growth of MRI
• Vertical settling of pebbles in turbulent circumbinary discs and the in situ formation of circumbinary planets
• Planetesimal formation around the snow line: I. Monte Carlo simulations of silicate dust pile-up in a turbulent disk
• Two saturated states of the vertical shear instability in protoplanetary disks with vertically varying cooling times
• Streaming instabilities in accreting and magnetized laminar protoplanetary disks
• Characterisation of global flow and local fluctuations in 3D SPH simulations of protoplanetary discs
• Turbulent Thermal Diffusion: A Way to Concentrate Dust in Protoplanetary Discs
• Accretion of dust by chondrules in a MHD-turbulent solar nebula
• Time Dependent Models of Magnetospheric Accretion onto Young Stars
• On the settling of small grains in dusty discs: analysis and formulas
• Forming Chondrites in a Solar Nebula with Magnetically Induced Turbulence
• MRI-driven angular momentum transport in protoplanetary disks
• Disk evolution and the fate of water
• Electron Heating and Saturation of Self-regulating Magnetorotational Instability in Protoplanetary Disks
• Amplitude Modulation of Short-Timescale Hot Spot Variability
• On the pressure of collisionless particle fluids. The case of solids settling in disks
• Semarkona: Lessons for chondrule and chondrite formation
• The resonant drag instability of dust streaming in turbulent protoplanetary disc
• On the growth and orbital evolution of giant planets in layered protoplanetary disks
• Clustering of passive impurities in MHD turbulence
• Size-selective accretion of dust onto CPDs: Low CPD masses and filtration of larger grains
• Developing a Non-Newtonian Fluid Model for Dust, for Application to Astrophysical Flows
• Observability of the Vertical Shear Instability in protoplanetary disk CO kinematics
• Hydrodynamical simulations of the vertical shear instability with dynamic dust and cooling rates in protoplanetary disks
• Gas dynamics around dust asymmetries in turbulent disks
• Dust Dynamics in Hall-effected Protoplanetary Disks. I. Background Drift Hall Instability