Ring formation and dust dynamics in wind-driven protoplanetary discs: global simulations

Abstract

Large-scale vertical magnetic fields are believed to play a key role in the evolution of protoplanetary discs. Associated with non-ideal effects, such as ambipolar diffusion, they are known to launch a wind that could drive accretion in the outer part of the disc ($R>1$ AU). They also potentially lead to self-organisation of the disc into large-scale axisymmetric structures, similar to the rings recently imaged by sub-millimetre or near-infrared instruments (ALMA and SPHERE). The aim of this paper is to investigate the mechanism behind the formation of these gaseous rings, but also to understand the dust dynamics and its emission in discs threaded by a large-scale magnetic field. To this end, we performed global magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) axisymmetric simulations with ambipolar diffusion using a modified version of the PLUTO code. We explored different magnetisations with the midplane $\beta$ parameter ranging from $10^5$ to $10^3$ and included dust grains -- treated in the fluid approximation -- ranging from $100\mu$m to 1 cm in size. We first show that the gaseous rings (associated with zonal flows) are tightly linked to the existence of MHD winds. Secondly, we find that millimetre-size dust is highly sedimented, with a typical scale height of 1 AU at $R=100$ AU for $\beta =10^4$, compatible with recent ALMA observations. We also show that these grains concentrate into pressure maxima associated with zonal flows, leading to the formation of dusty rings. Using the radiative transfer code MCFOST, we computed the dust emission and make predictions on the ring-gap contrast and the spectral index that one might observe with interferometers like ALMA.

17 pages, accepted in A&A

References in corpus (72)

• PLUTO: a Numerical Code for Computational Astrophysics
• First Results from High Angular Resolution ALMA Observations Toward the HL Tau Region
• Rapid growth of gas-giant cores by pebble accretion
• The effect of gas drag on the growth of protoplanets -- Analytical expressions for the accretion of small bodies in laminar disks
• Rossby Wave Instability of Keplerian Accretion Disks
• Ringed Substructure and a Gap at 1 AU in the Nearest Protoplanetary Disk
• A High Order Godunov Scheme with Constrained Transport and Adaptive Mesh Refinement for Astrophysical MHD
• The effect of dust settling on the appearance of protoplanetary disks
• Dust and Gas in the disc of HL Tauri: Surface density, dust settling, and dust-to-gas ratio
• Monte Carlo radiative transfer in protoplanetary disks
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): VII. The Planet-Disk Interactions Interpretation
• Zonal Flows and Long-Lived Axisymmetric Pressure Bumps in Magnetorotational Turbulence
• Gaps, Rings, and Non-Axisymmetric Structures in Protoplanetary Disks - From Simulations to ALMA Observations
• Trapping dust particles in the outer regions of protoplanetary disks
• Sintering-induced Dust Ring Formation in Protoplanetary Disks: Application to the HL Tau Disk
• Observational Signatures of Planets in Protoplanetary Disks I: Gaps Opened by Single and Multiple Young Planets in Disks
• Weak Turbulence in the HD 163296 Protoplanetary Disk Revealed by ALMA CO Observations
• A Three-Dimensional View of Turbulence: Constraints on Turbulent Motions in the HD 163296 Protoplanetary Disk using DCO${}^{+}$
• Thanatology in Protoplanetary Discs: the combined influence of Ohmic, Hall, and ambipolar diffusion on dead zones
• On planet formation in HL Tau
• Global simulations of protoplanetary disks with net magnetic flux: I. Non-ideal MHD case
• Local Study of Accretion Disks with a Strong Vertical Magnetic Field: Magnetorotational Instability and Disk Outflow
• The Effect of Resistivity on the Nonlinear Stage of the Magnetorotational Instability in Accretion Disks
• Magnetic fields in protoplanetary disks
• Meridional flows in the disk around a young star
• Ambipolar diffusion in low-mass star formation. I. General comparison with the ideal MHD case
• Hall-effect Controlled Gas Dynamics in Protoplanetary Disks: II. Full 3D Simulations toward the Outer Disk
• Dust settling in local simulations of turbulent protoplanetary disks
• The gas temperature in the surface layers of protoplanetary disks
• The Effect of the Hall Term on the Nonlinear Evolution of the Magnetorotational Instability: II. Saturation Level and Critical Magnetic Reynolds Number
• Global Simulations of the Inner Regions of Protoplanetary Disks with Comprehensive Disk Microphysics
• Two-Component Secular Gravitational Instability in a Protoplanetary Disk: A Possible Mechanism for Creating Ring-Like Structures
• Magnetically driven accretion in protoplanetary discs
• Resolved images of a protostellar outflow launched by an extended disk wind
• Stellar irradiated discs and implications on migration of embedded planets I: equilibrium discs
• Global Evolution of an Accretion Disk with Net Vertical Field: Coronal Accretion, Flux Transport, and Disk Winds
• Hall-effect Controlled Gas Dynamics in Protoplanetary Disks: I. Wind Solutions at the Inner Disk
• Turbulence and Steady Flows in 3D Global Stratified MHD Simulations of Accretion Disks
• Mapping accretion and its variability in the young open cluster NGC 2264: a study based on u-band photometry
• Magnetic self-organisation in Hall-dominated magnetorotational turbulence
• Disk-Driven Rotating Bipolar Outflow in Orion Source I
• Vertical shear instability in accretion disc models with radiation transport
• Wind-driven Accretion in Protoplanetary Disks --- II: Radial Dependence and Global Picture
• Magnetic Flux Concentration and Zonal Flows in Magnetorotational Instability Turbulence
• The formation of rings and gaps in magnetically coupled disk-wind systems: ambipolar diffusion and reconnection
• On the Stability of Elliptical Vortices in Accretion Discs
• Radiation Hydrodynamical Turbulence In Protoplanetary Disks: Numerical Models and Observational Constraints
• ALMA discovery of a rotating SO/SO${}_2$ flow in HH212. A possible MHD disk wind?
• Hall diffusion and the magnetorotational instability in protoplanetary discs
• The HH30 edge-on T Tauri star A rotating and precessing monopolar outflow scrutinized by ALMA
• Evolution of protoplanetary disks from their taxonomy in scattered light: spirals, rings, cavities, and shadows
• Ambipolar Diffusion in the Magnetorotational Instability
• Particle dynamics in discs with turbulence generated by the vertical shear instability
• Rotating molecular outflows: the young T Tauri star in CB26
• Dust settling and rings in the outer regions of protoplanetary discs subject to ambipolar diffusion
• Radiation Magnetohydrodynamics In Global Simulations Of Protoplanetary Disks
• Transport of magnetic flux and the vertical structure of accretion discs: II. Vertical profile of the diffusion coefficients
• Turbulent diffusion in protoplanetary discs: the effect of an imposed magnetic field
• Dust Transport in MRI Turbulent Disks: Ideal and Non-ideal MHD with Ambipolar Diffusion
• Dust-driven viscous ring-instability in protoplanetary disks
• Spontaneous ring formation in wind-emitting accretion discs
• Characterizing the mean-field dynamo in turbulent accretion disks
• The formation of rings and gaps in wind-launching non-ideal MHD disks: three-dimensional simulations
• Efficiency of Particle Trapping in the Outer Regions of Protoplanetary Disks
• Resolving Protoplanetary Disks at Millimeter Wavelengths by CARMA
• Global Simulations of the Vertical Shear Instability with Non-ideal Magnetohydrodynamical Effects
• Measuring protoplanetary disk gas surface density profiles with ALMA
• Radiation thermo-chemical models of protoplanetary disks. Grain and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon charging
• Pebble Accretion in Turbulent Protoplanetary Disks
• 2-D models of layered protoplanetary discs: I. The ring instability
• Nonaxisymmetric Rossby Vortex Instability with Toroidal Magnetic Fields in Radially Structured Disks
• SMA Submillimeter Observations of HL Tau: Revealing a compact molecular outflow

Cited by in corpus (50)

• The Ophiuchus DIsc Survey Employing ALMA (ODISEA)-III: the evolution of substructures in massive discs at 3-5 au resolution
• Characterizing the dust content of disk substructures in TW Hya
• ALMA chemical survey of disk-outflow sources in Taurus (ALMA-DOT) VI: Accretion shocks in the disk of DG Tau and HL Tau
• Perturbers: SPHERE detection limits to planetary-mass companions in protoplanetary disks
• Global Three-Dimensional Simulations of Outer Protoplanetary Disks with Ambipolar Diffusion
• Distribution of solids in the rings of the HD 163296 disk: a multiwavelength study
• Giant planet formation at the pressure maxima of protoplanetary disks II. A hybrid accretion scenario
• Observational Signatures of Tightly Wound Spirals Driven by Buoyancy Resonances in Protoplanetary Disks
• A Multi-Fluid Dust Module in Athena++: Algorithms and Numerical Tests
• Three-dimensional Global Simulations of Type-II Planet-disk Interaction with a Magnetized Disk Wind: I. Magnetic Flux Concentration and Gap Properties
• First Detection of Interaction between a Magnetic Disk Wind and an Episodic Jet in a Protostellar System
• Interpreting high spatial resolution line observations of planet-forming disks with gaps and rings -- The case of HD 163296
• Modeling the CO outflow in DG Tau B: Swept-up shells versus perturbed MHD disk wind
• Thermal Wave Instability as an Origin of Gap and Ring Structures in Protoplanetary Disks
• Turbulence in outer protoplanetary disks: MRI or VSI?
• The Irradiation Instability of Protoplanetary Disks
• Formation of Dust Rings and Gaps in Non-ideal MHD Disks Through Meridional Gas Flows
• Which planets trigger longer-lived vortices: low-mass or high-mass?
• The impact of dynamic pressure bumps on the observational properties of protoplanetary disks
• Do we need non-ideal magnetohydrodynamics to model protostellar discs?
• Magnetised Winds in Transition Discs I: 2.5D Global Simulations
• Turbulent Dust-trapping Rings as Efficient Sites for Planetesimal Formation
• Resilience of Planetesimal Formation in Weakly-Reinforced Pressure Bumps
• An inflationary disk phase to explain extended protoplanetary dust disks
• Launching the asymmetric bipolar jet of DO Tau
• Streaming instabilities in accreting and magnetized laminar protoplanetary disks
• Gravitoviscous Protoplanetary Discs with a Dust Component. IV. Disc Outer Edges, Spectral Indices, and Opacity Gaps
• In-situ enrichment in heavy elements of hot Jupiters
• Atomic line radiative transfer with MCFOST I. Code description and benchmarking
• Ring Formation in Protoplanetary Disks Driven by an Eccentric Instability
• Gone with the wind: the outward migration of eccentric giant planets in windy disks
• ALMA chemical survey of disk-outflow sources in Taurus (ALMA-DOT) VII: the layered molecular outflow from HL Tau and its relationship with the ringed disk
• Nonlinear evolution of streaming instabilities in accreting protoplanetary disks
• Dust dynamics in current sheets within protoplanetary disks. I. Isothermal models including ambipolar diffusion and Ohmic resistivity
• Dynamics of Dusty Vortices II: Stability of 2D dust laden vortices
• Turbulent Transport of Dust Particles in Protostellar Disks: The Effect of Upstream Diffusion
• On the interaction of pebble accreting embryos with the gaseous disc: importance of thermal forces
• Revealing multiple nested molecular outflows with rotating signatures in HH270mms1-A with ALMA
• Radiative Nonideal MHD Simulations of Inner Protoplanetary Disks: Temperature Structures, Asymmetric Winds, and Episodic Surface Accretion
• Gap Opening in Protoplanetary Disks: Gas Dynamics from Global Non-ideal MHD Simulations with Consistent Thermochemistry
• Using planet migration and dust drift to weigh protoplanetary discs
• Primordial dust rings, hidden dust mass, and the first generation of planetesimals in gravitationally unstable protoplanetary disks
• Dynamics of magnetized accretion disks of young stars
• exoALMA XXI: The Morphology and Dynamics of Vertical Flows
• On the formation of multiple dust-trapping rings in the inner Solar system
• Filament formation due to diffusive instabilities in dusty protoplanetary disks
• Global magnetohydrodynamic simulations of the inner regions of protoplanetary discs. II. Vertical-net-flux regime
• Photoevaporation from Inner Protoplanetary Disks Confronted with Observations
• Timescales diagnostics for saving viscous and MHD-driven dusty discs from external photoevaporation
• Wind-MRI interactions in local models of protoplanetary discs: I. Ohmic resistivity