The Ophiuchus DIsc Survey Employing ALMA (ODISEA)-III: the evolution of substructures in massive discs at 3-5 au resolution

Abstract

We present 1.3 mm continuum ALMA long-baseline observations at 3-5 au resolution of 10 of the brightest discs from the Ophiuchus DIsc Survey Employing ALMA (ODISEA) project. We identify a total of 26 narrow rings and gaps distributed in 8 sources and 3 discs with small dust cavities (r $<$10 au). We find that two discs around embedded protostars lack the clear gaps and rings that are ubiquitous in more evolved sources with Class II SEDs. Our sample includes 5 objects with previously known large dust cavities (r $>$20 au). We find that the 1.3 mm radial profiles of these objects are in good agreement with those produced by numerical simulations of dust evolution and planet-disc interactions, which predict the accumulation of mm-sized grains at the edges of planet-induced cavities. Our long-baseline observations resulted in the largest sample of discs observed at $\sim$3-5 au resolution in any given star-forming region (15 objects when combined with Ophiuchus objects in the DSHARP Large Program) and allow for a demographic study of the brightest $\sim 5\%$ of the discs in Ophiuchus (i.e. the most likely formation sites of giant planets in the cloud). We use this unique sample to propose an evolutionary sequence and discuss a scenario in which the substructures observed in massive protoplanetary discs are mainly the result of planet formation and dust evolution. If this scenario is correct, the detailed study of disc substructures might provide a window to investigate a population of planets that remains mostly undetectable by other techniques.

arXiv comment21 pages, 10 figures. Appendix with 3 additional figures. Version 2, identical to previous one, but now accepted for publication (in MNRAS)

References in corpus (139)

• Gaia Data Release 2. Summary of the contents and survey properties
• The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE): Mission Description and Initial On-orbit Performance
• Correcting for the Effects of Interstellar Extinction
• Intrinsic Colors, Temperatures, and Bolometric Corrections of Pre-Main Sequence Stars
• The Spitzer c2d Legacy Results: Star Formation Rates and Efficiencies; Evolution and Lifetimes
• Protoplanetary Disks and Their Evolution
• First Results from High Angular Resolution ALMA Observations Toward the HL Tau Region
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): I. Motivation, Sample, Calibration, and Overview
• Planetary Candidates Observed by Kepler, III: Analysis of the First 16 Months of Data
• Models of Stars, Brown Dwarfs and Exoplanets
• The Occurrence and Architecture of Exoplanetary Systems
• The Wavelength Dependence of Interstellar Extinction from 1.25 to 8.0 microns Using GLIMPSE Data
• Discovery of a planetary-mass companion within the gap of the transition disk around PDS 70
• Evolutionary models for low-mass stars and brown dwarfs: uncertainties and limits at very young ages
• On the width and shape of gaps in protoplanetary disks
• Ringed Substructure and a Gap at 1 AU in the Nearest Protoplanetary Disk
• Gaps and Rings in an ALMA Survey of Disks in the Taurus Star-forming Region
• On the Luminosity of Young Jupiters
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): II. Characteristics of Annular Substructures
• Two accreting protoplanets around the young star PDS 70
• Observations of IC348: The Disk Population at 2-3 Million Years
• A Steeper than Linear Disk Mass-Stellar Mass Scaling Relation
• A comparative study of disc-planet interaction
• Dust and Gas in the disc of HL Tauri: Surface density, dust settling, and dust-to-gas ratio
• Ring shaped dust accumulation in transition disks
• Disk Accretion Onto High-Mass Planets
• Observations of Protoplanetary Disk Structures
• Properties of the Youngest Protostars in Perseus, Serpens, and Ophiuchus
• Dust Filtration by Planet-Induced Gap Edges: Implications for Transitional Disks
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): VII. The Planet-Disk Interactions Interpretation
• Gaps, Rings, and Non-Axisymmetric Structures in Protoplanetary Disks - From Simulations to ALMA Observations
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): V. Interpreting ALMA maps of protoplanetary disks in terms of a dust model
• Accretion in the Rho-Oph pre-main sequence stars
• Evidence of fast pebble growth near condensation fronts in the HL Tau protoplanetary disk
• A Kinematical Detection of Two Embedded Jupiter Mass Planets in HD 163296
• Dust filtration at gap edges: Implications for the spectral energy distributions of discs with embedded planets
• Sintering-induced Dust Ring Formation in Protoplanetary Disks: Application to the HL Tau Disk
• Kinematic evidence for an embedded protoplanet in a circumstellar disc
• Observational Signatures of Planets in Protoplanetary Disks I: Gaps Opened by Single and Multiple Young Planets in Disks
• The Role of Multiplicity in Disk Evolution and Planet Formation
• On planet formation in HL Tau
• Water in star-forming regions with Herschel (WISH): II. Evolution of 557 GHz 110-101 emission in low-mass protostars
• Gas Flow Across Gaps in Protoplanetary Disks
• Dust grain growth in rho-Ophiuchi protoplanetary disks
• Molecular Gas Clumps from the Destruction of Icy Bodies in the $\beta$ Pictoris Debris Disk
• Imaging the water-snow line during a protostellar outburst
• Resolved gas cavities in transitional disks inferred from CO isotopologues with ALMA
• The Ophiuchus DIsc Survey Employing ALMA (ODISEA) - I : project description and continuum images at 28 au resolution
• Demographics of Transition Objects
• The Disk Around CoKu Tau/4: Circumbinary, not Transitional
• The Spitzer c2d Survey of Weak-line T Tauri Stars II: New Constraints on the Timescale for Planet Building
• They are Small Worlds After All: Revised Properties of Kepler M Dwarf Stars and their Planets
• Multiple Disk Gaps and Rings Generated by a Single Super-Earth
• The minimum mass of detectable planets in protoplanetary discs and the derivation of planetary masses from high resolution observations
• On the Formation of Planetesimals via Secular Gravitational Instabilities with Turbulent Stirring
• Submillimeter emission associated with candidate protoplanets
• Four annular structures in a protostellar disk less than 500,000 years old
• Kinematic detection of a planet carving a gap in a protoplanetary disc
• Circumbinary, not transitional: On the spiral arms, cavity, shadows, fast radial flows, streamers and horseshoe in the HD142527 disc
• Dust depleted inner disks in a large sample of transition disks through long-baseline ALMA observations
• Gap Opening by Extremely Low Mass Planets in a Viscous Disk
• Two-Component Secular Gravitational Instability in a Protoplanetary Disk: A Possible Mechanism for Creating Ring-Like Structures
• The Last Gasp of Gas Giant Planet Formation: A Spitzer Study of the 5 Myr-old Cluster NGC 2362
• A Spitzer Census of Transitional Protoplanetary Disks with AU-Scale Inner Holes
• On the gas content of transitional disks: a VLT/X-Shooter study of accretion and winds
• Planetesimal formation by the streaming instability in a photoevaporating disk
• Nine localised deviations from Keplerian rotation in the DSHARP circumstellar disks: Kinematic evidence for protoplanets carving the gaps
• An Inner Hole in the Disk around TW Hydrae Resolved in 7 Millimeter Dust Emission
• Exocometary gas in the HD 181327 debris ring
• The Nature of Transition Circumstellar Disks I. The Ophiuchus Molecular Cloud
• The newborn planet population emerging from ring-like structures in discs
• Survival of the mm-cm size grain population observed in protoplanetary disks
• Determining protoplanetary disk gas masses from CO isotopologues line observations
• Primordial Circumstellar Disks in Binary Systems: Evidence for Reduced Lifetimes
• Planet formation signposts: observability of circumplanetary disks via gas kinematics
• The formation of rings and gaps in magnetically coupled disk-wind systems: ambipolar diffusion and reconnection
• The Physical Natures of Class I and Flat-Spectrum Protostellar Photospheres: A Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Study
• What is the Mass of a Gap-Opening Planet?
• New insights into the nature of transition disks from a complete disk survey of the Lupus star forming region
• Multiple Gaps in the Disk of the Class I Protostar GY 91
• Multiple Disk Gaps and Rings Generated by a Single Super-Earth: II. Spacings, Depths, and Number of Gaps, with Application to Real Systems
• Millimeter Emission Structure in the first ALMA Image of the AU Mic Debris Disk
• Homogeneous Analysis of the Dust Morphology of Transition Disks Observed with ALMA: Investigating dust trapping and the origin of the cavities
• Dust unveils the formation of a mini-Neptune planet in a protoplanetary ring
• The Spitzer c2d Survey of Weak-Line T Tauri Stars. III. The Transition from Primordial Disks to Debris Disks
• Protoplanetary Disks in $\rho$ Ophiuchus as Seen From ALMA
• An inner warp in the DoAr 44 T Tauri transition disk
• The Ophiuchus DIsk Survey Employing ALMA (ODISEA): Disk Dust Mass Distributions across Protostellar Evolutionary Classes
• An M-dwarf star in the transition disk of Herbig HD 142527; Physical parameters and orbital elements
• Gas and dust structures in protoplanetary disks hosting multiple planets
• An opening criterion for dust gaps in protoplanetary discs
• The Spitzer c2d Survey of Large, Nearby, Interstellar Clouds: VII. Ophiuchus Observed with MIPS
• Frankenstein: Protoplanetary disc brightness profile reconstruction at sub-beam resolution with a rapid Gaussian process
• A gap in the planetesimal disc around HD 107146 and asymmetric warm dust emission revealed by ALMA
• The DSHARP Rings: Evidence of Ongoing Planetesimal Formation?
• Centimeter-wave continuum radiation from the rho Ophiuchi molecular cloud
• An Empirical Planetesimal Belt Radius - Stellar Luminosity Relation
• Two populations of transition discs?
• Direct Imaging of Bridged Twin Protoplanetary Disks in a Young Multiple Star
• Kinematic detections of protoplanets: a Doppler-flip in the disk of HD100546
• 3D MHD Simulations of Planet Migration in Turbulent Stratified Disks
• ALMA images of discs: are all gaps carved by planets?
• Two mechanisms for dust gap opening in protoplanetary discs
• Turbulence in weakly-ionized proto-planetary disks
• Solution to the debris disc mass problem: planetesimals are born small?
• Ring formation and dust dynamics in wind-driven protoplanetary discs: global simulations
• Dust-driven viscous ring-instability in protoplanetary disks
• A tunnel and a traffic jam: How transition disks maintain a detectable warm dust component despite the presence of a large planet-carved gap
• Spontaneous ring formation in wind-emitting accretion discs
• The Masses of Transition Circumstellar Disks: Observational Support for Photoevaporation Models
• Far-infrared to millimeter data of protoplanetary disks: dust growth in the Taurus, Ophiuchus, and Chamaeleon I star-forming regions
• The formation of rings and gaps in wind-launching non-ideal MHD disks: three-dimensional simulations
• The widest H$\alpha$ survey of accreting protoplanets around nearby transition disks
• A gap in HD 92945's broad planetesimal disc revealed by ALMA
• The Mass of Stirring Bodies in the AU Mic Debris Disk Inferred from Resolved Vertical Structure
• Rings and gaps produced by variable magnetic disk winds and avalanche accretion streams: I. Axisymmetric resistive MHD simulations
• Signatures of an eccentric disc cavity: Dust and gas in IRS 48
• Toroidal vortices and the conglomeration of dust into rings in protoplanetary discs
• Probing the Final Stages of Protoplanetary Disk Evolution with ALMA
• A census of $\rho$ Oph candidate members from Gaia DR2
• Insights into the planetary dynamics of HD 206893 with ALMA
• The Ophiuchus DIsc Survey Employing ALMA (ODISEA). II. The effect of stellar multiplicity on disc properties
• A Multi-Wavelength Analysis of Dust and Gas in the SR 24S Transition Disk
• Submillimeter Array Observations of Disks in the SR 24 Multiple Star System
• Investigating the early evolution of planetary systems with ALMA and the Next Generation Very Large Array
• Multiple Rings of Millimeter Dust Emission in the HD 15115 Debris Disk
• ALMA observations of Elias 2-24: a protoplanetary disk with multiple gaps in the Ophiuchus Molecular Cloud
• Are the spiral arms in the MWC 758 protoplanetary disc driven by a companion inside the cavity?
• Accretion in rho-Ophiuchi brown dwarfs: infrared hydrogen line ratios
• Are the observed gaps in protoplanetary discs caused by growing planets?
• The Frequency Of Binary Star Interlopers Amongst Transitional Discs
• Interplay between chemistry and dynamics in embedded protostellar disks
• Submillimeter Array Observations of the RX J1633.9-2442 Transition Disk: Evidence for Multiple Planets in the Making
• Binary-induced spiral arms inside the disc cavity of AB Aurigae
• Infrared study of transitional disks in Ophiuchus with Herschel
• An Inner Disk in the Large Gap of the Transition Disk SR 24S
• Super-Earths in the TW Hya disc
• Is the gap in the DS Tau disc hiding a planet?
• A Tale of Two Transition Disks: ALMA long-baseline observations of ISO-Oph 2 reveal two closely packed non-axisymmetric rings and a $\sim$2 au cavity

Cited by in corpus (72)

• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) I: Program Overview and Highlights
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) V: CO gas distributions
• Early Planet Formation in Embedded Disks (eDisk). I. Overview of the Program and First Results
• Thresholds for Particle Clumping by the Streaming Instability
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) XIV: Revealing disk substructures in multi-wavelength continuum emission
• Bridging the gap between protoplanetary and debris disks: separate evolution of millimeter and micrometer-sized dust
• Efficient planet formation by pebble accretion in ALMA rings
• A population of transition disks around evolved stars: Fingerprints of planets? Catalog of disks surrounding Galactic post-AGB binaries
• Rapid Formation of Massive Planetary Cores in a Pressure Bump
• A dusty filament and turbulent CO spirals in HD135344B-SAO206462
• Limits on Millimeter Continuum Emission from Circumplanetary Material in the DSHARP Disks
• The mass and size of Herbig disks as seen by ALMA
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) XIII: HCO${}^{+}$ and disk ionization structure
• Transition disks: the observational revolution from SEDs to imaging
• SO and SiS Emission Tracing an Embedded Planet and Compact ${}^{12}$CO and ${}^{13}$CO Counterparts in the HD 169142 Disk
• Mapping Protoplanetary Disk Vertical Structure with CO Isotopologue Line Emission
• Super-resolution trends in the ALMA Taurus survey: Structured inner discs and compact discs
• The ALMA Survey of Gas Evolution of PROtoplanetary Disks (AGE-PRO): I. Program Overview and Summary of First Results
• On the underestimation of dust mass in protoplanetary disks: Effects of disk structure and dust properties
• Mind the gap: Distinguishing disc substructures and their impact on the inner disc composition
• Substructures in Compact Disks of the Taurus Star-forming Region
• A high-resolution survey of protoplanetary disks in Lupus and the nature of compact disks
• The impact of dynamic pressure bumps on the observational properties of protoplanetary disks
• Sequential giant planet formation initiated by disc substructure
• The SPHERE view of three interacting twin disc systems in polarised light
• Gravitoviscous protoplanetary disks with a dust component. V. The dynamic model for freeze-out and sublimation of volatiles
• The formation of wide exoKuiper belts from migrating dust traps
• ALMA Super-resolution Imaging of T Tau: r = 12 au Gap in the Compact Dust Disk around T Tau N
• The ALMA survey to Resolve exoKuiper belt Substructures (ARKS) I: Motivation, sample, data reduction, and results overview
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS). Complex Kinematics in the AS 209 Disk Induced by a Forming Planet and Disk Winds
• ALMA high-resolution observations unveil planet formation shaping molecular emission in the PDS 70 disk
• Early Planet Formation in Embedded Disks (eDisk) IX: High-resolution ALMA Observations of the Class 0 Protostar R CrA IRS5N and its surrounding
• An asymmetric dust ring around a very low mass star ZZ Tau IRS
• Gap-opening Planets Make Dust Rings Wider
• High-resolution ALMA observations of compact discs in the wide-binary system Sz 65 and Sz 66
• DBNets: A publicly available deep learning tool to measure the masses of young planets in dusty protoplanetary discs
• PGNets: Planet mass prediction using convolutional neural networks for radio continuum observations of protoplanetary disks
• FAUST. XVIII. Evidence for annular substructure in a very young Class 0 disk
• The Formation of Protoplanetary Disks through Pre-Main Sequence Bondi-Hoyle Accretion
• Can the giant planets of the Solar System form via pebble accretion in a smooth protoplanetary disc?
• CO isotopolog line fluxes of viscously evolving disks: cold CO conversion insufficient to explain observed low fluxes
• Early Planet Formation in Embedded Disks (eDisk) XVI: An asymmetric dust disk driving a multi-component molecular outflow in the young Class 0 protostar GSS30 IRS3
• Origin and Evolution of Angular Momentum of Class II Disks
• Millimeter emission in photoevaporating disks is determined by early substructures
• There is no disk mass budget problem of planet formation
• CAMPOS II. The onset of protostellar disk substructures and planet formation
• Magnetic Spirals in Accretion Flows Originated from Misaligned Magnetic Field
• The Ophiuchus DIsk Survey Employing ALMA (ODISEA): A Unified Evolutionary Sequence of Planet-Driven Substructures Explaining the Diversity of Disk Morphologies
• The likelihood of not detecting cavity-carving companions in transition discs -- A statistical approach
• Accretion bursts in young intermediate-mass stars make planet formation challenging
• Gas distribution in ODISEA sources from ALMA long-baseline observations in ${}^{12}$CO(2-1)
• On the origin of transition disk cavities: Pebble-accreting protoplanets vs Super-Jupiters
• Hidden under a warm blanket: If planets existed in protostellar disks, they would hardly produce observable substructures
• Dust Rings and Cavities in the Protoplanetary Disks around HD 163296 and DoAr 44
• A Large Double-ring Disk around the Taurus M Dwarf J04124068+2438157
• Investigating the Future Potential of an Upgraded ALMA to Image Planet Forming Disks at Sub-au Scales
• FAUST. XXVIII. High-Resolution ALMA Observations of Class 0/I Disks: Structure, Optical Depths, and Temperatures
• Astrometric view of companions in the inner dust cavities of protoplanetary disks
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) III: Characteristics of Radial Chemical Substructures
• A multiwavelength analysis of the spiral arms in the protoplanetary disk around WaOph 6
• Probing dust and grain growth in the optically thick circumbinary ring of V892 Tau
• Gaps and Rings: A Near-Universal Trait of Extended Protoplanetary Discs
• A tension between dust and gas radii: the role of substructures and external photoevaporation in protoplanetary disks
• A SPHERE survey of self-shadowed planet-forming disks
• Linking Outer Disk Pebble Dynamics and Gaps to Inner Disk Water Enrichment
• Identification and spectroscopic characterization of 128 new Herbig stars
• Characterization of the dust content in the ring around Sz 91: indications for planetesimal formation?
• A VLA View of the Flared, Asymmetric Disk Around the Class 0 Protostar L1527 IRS
• The Substructures in Disks undergoing Vertical Shear Instability: II. Observational Predictions for the Dust Continuum
• Constraining the properties of the potential embedded planets in the disk around HD 100546
• Searching for Embedded Protoplanets with the Keck/NIRC2 Vortex Coronagraph: Confirmation of a Core-accretion Planet in the Narrow Gap of the Elias 2-24 Disk
• Multi-scale radiative-transfer model of the protoplanetary disc DoAr 44