Limits on Millimeter Continuum Emission from Circumplanetary Material in the DSHARP Disks

Abstract

We present a detailed analysis for a subset of the high resolution (~35 mas, or 5 au) ALMA observations from the Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP) to search for faint 1.3 mm continuum emission associated with dusty circumplanetary material located within the narrow annuli of depleted emission (gaps) in circumstellar disks. This search used the Jennings et al. (2020) $\mathtt{frank}$ modeling methodology to mitigate contamination from the local disk emission, and then deployed a suite of injection-recovery experiments to statistically characterize point-like circumplanetary disks in residual images. While there are a few putative candidates in this sample, they have only marginal local signal-to-noise ratios and would require deeper measurements to confirm. Associating a 50% recovery fraction with an upper limit, we find these data are sensitive to circumplanetary disks with flux densities $\gtrsim 50-70$ $\mu$Jy in most cases. There are a few examples where those limits are inflated ($\gtrsim 110$ $\mu$Jy) due to lingering non-axisymmetric structures in their host circumstellar disks, most notably for a newly identified faint spiral in the HD 143006 disk. For standard assumptions, this analysis suggests that these data should be sensitive to circumplanetary disks with dust masses $\gtrsim 0.001-0.2$ M${}_{\oplus }$. While those bounds are comparable to some theoretical expectations for young giant planets, we discuss how plausible system properties (e.g., relatively low host planet masses or the efficient radial drift of solids) could require much deeper observations to achieve robust detections.

ApJ, in press; 30 pages, 15 figures (one is a 4-part figure set)

References in corpus (42)

• Array Programming with NumPy
• The Gaia mission
• The Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey: Giant Planet and Brown Dwarf Demographics From 10-100 AU
• Two accreting protoplanets around the young star PDS 70
• A Steeper than Linear Disk Mass-Stellar Mass Scaling Relation
• Ring shaped dust accumulation in transition disks
• One Solution to the Mass Budget Problem for Planet Formation: Optically Thick Disks with Dust Scattering
• Submillimeter emission associated with candidate protoplanets
• Accreting Circumplanetary Disks: Observational Signatures
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): III. Spiral Structures in the Millimeter Continuum of the Elias 27, IM Lup, and WaOph 6 Disks
• The Radial Distribution of Dust Particles in the HL Tau Disk from ALMA and VLA Observations
• Highly structured disk around the planet host PDS 70 revealed by high-angular resolution observations with ALMA
• Nine localised deviations from Keplerian rotation in the DSHARP circumstellar disks: Kinematic evidence for protoplanets carving the gaps
• CO and dust properties in the TW Hya disk from high-resolution ALMA observations
• Formation of a disc gap induced by a planet: Effect of the deviation from Keplerian disc rotation
• Protoplanetary disk rings and gaps across ages and luminosities
• The newborn planet population emerging from ring-like structures in discs
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): IV. Characterizing substructures and interactions in disks around multiple star systems
• On the formation of multiple concentric rings and gaps in protoplanetary disks
• Constraining the Nature of the PDS 70 Protoplanets with VLTI/GRAVITY
• Gas accretion onto planetary cores: three-dimensional self-gravitating radiation hydrodynamical calculations
• The Ophiuchus DIsc Survey Employing ALMA (ODISEA)-III: the evolution of substructures in massive discs at 3-5 au resolution
• Characterizing the dust content of disk substructures in TW Hya
• The Ophiuchus DIsk Survey Employing ALMA (ODISEA): Disk Dust Mass Distributions across Protostellar Evolutionary Classes
• Searching for circumplanetary disks around LkCa 15
• Gas and dust structures in protoplanetary disks hosting multiple planets
• Frankenstein: Protoplanetary disc brightness profile reconstruction at sub-beam resolution with a rapid Gaussian process
• Formation of Giant Planet Satellites
• The properties of discs around planets and brown dwarfs as evidence for disc fragmentation
• Observability of Forming Planets and their Circumplanetary Disks II. -- SEDs and Near-Infrared Fluxes
• The widest H$\alpha$ survey of accreting protoplanets around nearby transition disks
• ALMA Measurements of Circumstellar Material in the GQ Lup System
• An analytical model of radial dust trapping in protoplanetary disks
• Dual-Wavelength ALMA Observations of Dust Rings in Protoplanetary Disks
• Spectral Energy Distributions of Accreting Protoplanets
• An ALMA Constraint on the GSC 6214-210 B Circum-Substellar Accretion Disk Mass
• First millimeter detection of the disk around a young, isolated, planetary-mass object
• HD 143006: circumbinary planet or misaligned disc?
• ALMA Observations of the Young Substellar Binary System 2M1207
• Upper limits on protolunar disc masses using ALMA observations of directly-imaged exoplanets
• Satellitesimal Formation via Collisional Dust Growth in Steady Circumplanetary Disks
• A search for companions via direct imaging in the DSHARP planet-forming disks

Cited by in corpus (9)

• Distribution of solids in the rings of the HD 163296 disk: a multiwavelength study
• Efficient planet formation by pebble accretion in ALMA rings
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS). A Circumplanetary Disk Candidate in Molecular Line Emission in the AS 209 Disk
• ALMA Detection of Dust Trapping around Lagrangian Points in the LkCa 15 Disk
• Constraining turbulence in protoplanetary discs using the gap contrast: an application to the DSHARP sample
• ALMA Discovery of a Disk around the Planetary-mass Companion SR 12 c
• Kinematic and thermal signatures of the directly imaged protoplanet candidate around Elias 2-24
• A millimeter-multiwavelength continuum study of VLA 1623 West
• Testing velocity kinks as a planet-detection method: Do velocity kinks in surface gas emission trace planetary spiral wakes in the midplane continuum?