Imaging Extrasolar Giant Planets

Abstract

High-contrast adaptive optics imaging is a powerful technique to probe the architectures of planetary systems from the outside-in and survey the atmospheres of self-luminous giant planets. Direct imaging has rapidly matured over the past decade and especially the last few years with the advent of high-order adaptive optics systems, dedicated planet-finding instruments with specialized coronagraphs, and innovative observing and post-processing strategies to suppress speckle noise. This review summarizes recent progress in high-contrast imaging with particular emphasis on observational results, discoveries near and below the deuterium-burning limit, and a practical overview of large-scale surveys and dedicated instruments. I conclude with a statistical meta-analysis of deep imaging surveys in the literature. Based on observations of 384 unique and single young ($\approx$5--300~Myr) stars spanning stellar masses between 0.1--3.0~\Msun, the overall occurrence rate of 5--13~\Mjup \ companions at orbital distances of 30--300~AU is 0.6${}_{-0.5}^{+0.7}$\% assuming hot-start evolutionary models. The most massive giant planets regularly accessible to direct imaging are about as rare as hot Jupiters are around Sun-like stars. Dividing this sample into individual stellar mass bins does not reveal any statistically-significant trend in planet frequency with host mass: giant planets are found around 2.8${}_{-2.3}^{+3.7}$\% of BA stars, $<$4.1\% of FGK stars, and $<$3.9\% of M dwarfs. Looking forward, extreme adaptive optics systems and the next generation of ground- and space-based telescopes with smaller inner working angles and deeper detection limits will increase the pace of discovery to ultimately map the demographics, composition, evolution, and origin of planets spanning a broad range of masses and ages.

PASP invited review, accepted

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• Large Adaptive Optics Survey for Substellar Objects (LASSO) Around Young, Nearby, Low-mass Stars with Robo-AO
• KELT-22Ab: A Massive Hot Jupiter Transiting a Near Solar Twin
• Moderate-Resolution $K$-Band Spectroscopy of the Substellar Companion VHS 1256 b
• Apodized vortex coronagraph designs for segmented aperture telescopes
• JWST-TST High Contrast: JWST/NIRCam observations of the young giant planet $\beta$ Pic b
• RSM detection map for direct exoplanet detection in ADI sequences
• Evidence for Variable Accretion onto PDS 70 c and Implications for Protoplanet Detections
• How to Characterize the Atmosphere of a Transiting Exoplanet
• Robust asteroseismic properties of the bright planet host HD 38529
• Leaning Sideways: VHS 1256-1257 b is a Super-Jupiter with a Uranus-like Obliquity
• Fresh view of the hot brown dwarf HD 984 B through high-resolution spectroscopy
• Combining Gaia and GRAVITY: Characterising five new Directly Detected Substellar Companions
• Direct imaging of exoplanets: Legacy and prospects
• Prospects for Directly Imaging Young Giant Planets at Optical Wavelengths
• One-third of Sun-like stars are born with misaligned planet-forming disks
• Restrictions on the Growth of Gas Giant Cores via Pebble Accretion
• VLTI/GRAVITY Observations and Characterization of the Brown Dwarf Companion HD 72946 B
• Measuring the variability of directly imaged exoplanets using vector Apodizing Phase Plates combined with ground-based differential spectrophotometry
• A faint companion around CrA-9: protoplanet or obscured binary?
• High signal-to-noise spectral characterization of the planetary-mass object HD 106906 b
• First Images of the Protoplanetary Disk Around PDS 201
• The Giant Accreting Protoplanet Survey (GAPlanetS): Optimization Techniques for Robust Detections of Protoplanets
• Colour-magnitude diagrams of transiting Exoplanets -- III. A public code, nine strange planets, and the role of Phosphine
• Debris Disks in Multi-Planet Systems: Are Our Inferences Compromised by Unseen Planets?
• Stellar Flybys Interrupting Planet-Planet Scattering Generates Oort Planets
• Gas-Assisted Growth of Protoplanets in a Turbulent Medium
• Implementing focal-plane phase masks optimized for real telescope apertures with SLM-based digital adaptive coronagraphy
• Feasibility of detecting and characterizing embedded low-mass giant planets in gaps in the VIS/NIR wavelength range
• The Demographics of Wide-Separation Planets
• Trade-offs in high-contrast integral field spectroscopy for exoplanet detection and characterisation: Young gas giants in emission
• Observable Predictions from Perturber-coupled High-eccentricity Tidal Migration of Warm Jupiters
• Detecting Exoplanets Closer to Stars with Moderate Spectral Resolution Integral-Field Spectroscopy
• The SOPHIE search for northern extrasolar planets. XVIII: Six new cold Jupiters, including one of the most eccentric exoplanet orbits
• The COBREX archival survey: improved constraints on the occurrence rate of wide-orbit substellar companions. I. A uniform re-analysis of 400 stars from the GPIES survey
• Debris Disks: Probing Planet Formation
• Vortex fiber nulling for exoplanet observations: conceptual design, theoretical performance, and initial scientific yield predictions
• The Scorpion Planet Survey: Wide-Orbit Giant Planets Around Young A-type Stars
• Direct Imaging Discovery of a Young Brown Dwarf Companion to an A2V Star
• Connecting Planetary Composition with Formation
• The Feasibility of Directly Imaging Nearby Cold Jovian Planets with MIRI/JWST
• Combining high contrast imaging and radial velocities to constrain the planetary architecture of nearby stars
• Differentiating Formation Models with New Dynamical Masses for the PDS 70 Protoplanets
• BANYAN. X. Discovery of a wide, low-gravity L-type companion to a fast-rotating M3 dwarf
• Mid-infrared characterization of the planetary-mass companion ROXs 42B b
• A High-Resolution Spectroscopic Survey of Directly Imaged Companion Hosts: I. Determination of diagnostic stellar abundances for planet formation and composition
• A low-mass companion desert among intermediate-mass visual binaries: The scaled-up counterpart to the brown dwarf desert
• Formation of Giant Planets
• NaCo polarimetric observations of Sz 91 transitional disk: a remarkable case of dust filtering
• Pushing the Limits of Exoplanet Discovery via Direct Imaging with Deep Learning
• The infrared colors of 51 Eridani b: micrometereoid dust or chemical disequilibrium?
• ISPY - the NaCo Imaging Survey for Planets around Young stars: A young companion candidate embedded in the R CrA cloud
• PDS 70b Shows Stellar-like Carbon-to-oxygen Ratio
• Giant planets population around B stars from the first part of the BEAST survey
• Gap Formation in Planetesimal Disks Via Divergently Migrating Planets
• Millimeter Dust Emission and Planetary Dynamics in the HD 106906 System
• Atmospheric Characterization and Further Orbital Modeling of $\kappa$ And b
• JWST/MIRI observations of the young TWA 27 system: hydrocarbon disk chemistry, silicate clouds, evidence for a CPD
• From exo-Earths to exo-Venuses -- Flux and Polarization Signatures of Reflected Light
• Effects of Mirror Seeing on High-Contrast Adaptive Optics Instruments
• TOI-858 B b: A hot Jupiter on a polar orbit in a loose binary
• Combining Transit and RV: A Synthesized Population Model
• A Wide Orbit Exoplanet OGLE-2012-BLG-0838Lb
• The ExoGRAVITY survey: A K-band spectral library of giant exoplanet and brown dwarf companions
• SPHERE RefPlanets: Search for epsilon Eridani b and warm dust
• On the survivability of a population of gas giant planets on wide orbits
• Dust Dynamics in Transitional Disks: Clumping and Disk Recession
• High contrast imaging with Fizeau interferometry: The case of Altair
• Detecting planetary mass companions near the water frost-line using JWST interferometry
• Searching for Wide Companions and Identifying Circum(sub)stellar Disks through PSF-Fitting of Spitzer/IRAC Archival Images
• Very-wide-orbit planets from dynamical instabilities during the stellar birth cluster phase
• VLT/SPHERE survey for exoplanets around young, early-type stars including systems with multi-belt architectures
• Kozai-Lidov oscillations triggered by a tilt instability of detached circumplanetary discs
• Model of the Search For Extraterrestrial Intelligence with Coronagraphic Imaging
• An optimised survey strategy for the ERIS/NIX imager: searching for young giant exoplanets and very low mass brown dwarfs using the K-peak custom photometric filter
• GTC/CanariCam deep mid-infrared imaging survey of northern stars within 5 pc
• Distinct Rotational Evolution of Giant Planets and Brown Dwarf Companions
• ISPY -- NaCo Imaging Survey for Planets around Young stars. CenteR: the impact of centering and frame selection
• New Mid-Infrared Imaging Constraints on Companions and Protoplanetary Disks around six Young Stars
• Disk dissipation, giant planet formation and star-formation-rate fluctuations in the past three-million-year history of Gould's Belt
• Exoplanets Sciences with Nulling Interferometers and a Single-Mode Fiber-Fed Spectrograph
• 2MASS J04435686+3723033 B: A Young Companion at the Substellar Boundary with Potential Membership in the $\beta$ Pictoris Moving Group
• Lost Sisters Found: TESS and Gaia Reveal a Dissolving Pleiades Complex
• Early evidence for isotropic planetary obliquities in young super-Jupiter systems
• Active focal-plane coronagraphy with liquid-crystal spatial-light modulators: Broadband contrast performance in the visible
• Precise Masses and Orbits for Nine Radial Velocity Exoplanets
• Occurrence rates of accreting companions from a new method for computing emission-line survey sensitivity: application to the H-alpha Giant Accreting Protoplanet Survey
• Obliquity Constraints on the Planetary-mass Companion HD 106906 b
• An Alternating Minimization Algorithm with Trajectory for Direct Exoplanet Detection -- The AMAT Algorithm
• Twinkle Twinkle Little Star, Roman Sees Where You Are: Predicting Exoplanet Transit Yields in the Rosette Nebula with the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
• Stellar Light Scattering as a Probe for a Braneworld-Induced Baryogenesis Scenario
• Special cases : moons, rings, comets, trojans
• Keck Observations in the INfrared of Taurus and $\rho$ Oph Exoplanets And Ultracool dwarfs (KOINTREAU) II: Two Young Bound Companions to Ophiuchus Stars
• Optimising reference library selection for reference-star differential imaging of discs with SPHERE/IRDIS
• The Effects of Binary Reference Stars on JWST NIRCam Coronagraphy