Fundamental Parameters and Spectral Energy Distributions of Young and Field Age Objects with Masses Spanning the Stellar to Planetary Regime

Abstract

We combine optical, near-infrared and mid-infrared spectra and photometry to construct expanded spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for 145 field age (\textgreater 500 Myr) and 53 young (lower age estimate \textless 500 Myr) ultracool dwarfs (M6-T9). This range of spectral types includes very low mass stars, brown dwarfs, and planetary mass objects, providing fundamental parameters across both the hydrogen and deuterium burning minimum masses for the largest sample assembled to date. A subsample of 29 objects have well constrained ages as probable members of a nearby young moving group (NYMG). We use 182 parallaxes and 16 kinematic distances to determine precise bolometric luminosities ($L_{\text{bol}}$) and radius estimates from evolutionary models give semi-empirical effective temperatures ($T_{\text{eff}}$) for the full range of young and field age late-M, L and T dwarfs. We construct age-sensitive relationships of luminosity, temperature and absolute magnitude as functions of spectral type and absolute magnitude to disentangle the effects of degenerate physical parameters such as $T_{\text{eff}}$, surface gravity, and clouds on spectral morphology. We report bolometric corrections in $J$ for both field age and young objects and find differences of up to a magnitude for late-L dwarfs. Our correction in $Ks$ shows a larger dispersion but not necessarily a different relationship for young and field age sequences. We also characterize the NIR-MIR reddening of low gravity L dwarfs and identify a systematically cooler $T_{\text{eff}}$ of up to 300K from field age objects of the same spectral type and 400K cooler from field age objects of the same $M_H$ magnitude.

43 pages, 16 figures, 10 tables

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• Near-infrared spectroscopic characterisation of Gaia ultra-cool dwarf candidates; Spectral types and peculiarities
• Diversity of Cold Worlds: A Near Complete Spectral Energy Distribution for 2MASS J04151954-0935066 using JWST
• Where to find over-massive brown dwarfs: new benchmark systems for binary evolution
• Near-infrared spectra of the inflated post-common envelope brown dwarf NLTT 5306B
• A review on substellar objects beyond the deuterium burning mass limit: planets, brown dwarfs or what?
• Spectral analysis of two directly imaged benchmark L dwarf companions at the stellar-substellar boundary
• A 1.48-2.48 $\mu$m R=28000 spectroscopic atlas of the L7.5 and T0.5 components of the nearest pair of brown dwarfs: Luhman 16AB
• SDSS J100711.74+193056.2: A Candidate Common Motion Substellar Companion to the Nearest B-Type Star Regulus
• On The Unusual Variability of 2MASS J06195260-2903592: A Long-Lived Disk around a Young Ultracool Dwarf
• The Gaia Ultracool Dwarf Sample -- IV. GTC/OSIRIS optical spectra of Gaia late-M and L dwarfs
• The Brown Dwarf Kinematics Project (BDKP). V. Radial and Rotational Velocities of T Dwarfs from Keck/NIRSPEC High-Resolution Spectroscopy
• Optical Variability, Rotation Period and Inclination Angle of the M9.5 dwarf BRI 0021-0214
• Ross 19B: An Extremely Cold Companion Discovered via the Backyard Worlds: Planet 9 Citizen Science Project
• Substellar Hyades Candidates from the UKIRT Hemisphere Survey
• Panchromatic View of the Frigid Jovian Exoplanet COCONUTS-2 b
• Using Old and New Approaches: Determining Physical Properties of Brown Dwarfs with Empirical Relations and Machine Learning Models
• The M-dwarf Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Sample I. Determining Stellar Parameters for Field Stars
• Disentangling auroral, cloud and magnetic spot driven variability in three early L-dwarfs with HST/WFC3
• Inversion of Hydrogen-rich Atmosphere and Water Content for GJ 486b
• Two close binaries across the hydrogen-burning limit in the Praesepe open cluster
• Silicate Clouds, SiO, and Molecular Trends across the L-T Sequence: A JWST/MIRI LRS Spectral Library of Brown Dwarfs
• Disentangling the Signatures of Blended-Light Atmospheres in L/T Transition Brown Dwarfs
• JWST high-contrast spectroscopy with speckle modelling: Atmospheric retrievals of the T dwarf companion HD 19467 B