Spectroscopic characterization of HD 95086 b with the Gemini Planet Imager

Abstract

We present new $H$ (1.5-1.8 $\mu$m) photometric and $K_1$ (1.9-2.2 $\mu$m) spectroscopic observations of the young exoplanet HD 95086 b obtained with the Gemini Planet Imager. The $H$-band magnitude has been significantly improved relative to previous measurements, whereas the low resolution $K_1$ ($\lambda /\delta \lambda \approx 66$) spectrum is featureless within the measurement uncertainties, and presents a monotonically increasing pseudo-continuum consistent with a cloudy atmosphere. By combining these new measurements with literature $L^{\prime }$ photometry, we compare the spectral energy distribution of the planet to other young planetary-mass companions, field brown dwarfs, and to the predictions of grids of model atmospheres. HD 95086 b is over a magnitude redder in $K_1-L^{\prime }$ color than 2MASS J12073346-3932539 b and HR 8799 c and d, despite having a similar $L^{\prime }$ magnitude. Considering only the near-infrared measurements, HD 95086 b is most analogous to the brown dwarfs 2MASS J2244316+204343 and 2MASS J21481633+4003594, both of which are thought to have dusty atmospheres. Morphologically, the spectral energy distribution of HD 95086 b is best fit by low temperature ($T_{\mathrm{eff}}=$ 800-1300 K), low surface gravity spectra from models which simulate high photospheric dust content. This range of effective temperatures is consistent with field L/T transition objects, but the spectral type of HD 95086 b is poorly constrained between early L and late T due to its unusual position the color-magnitude diagram, demonstrating the difficulty in spectral typing young, low surface gravity substellar objects. As one of the reddest such objects, HD 95086 b represents an important empirical benchmark against which our current understanding of the atmospheric properties of young extrasolar planets can be tested.

arXiv comment20 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

References in corpus (118)

• emcee: The MCMC Hammer
• The chemical composition of the Sun
• The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE): Mission Description and Initial On-orbit Performance
• Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction
• Direct Imaging of Multiple Planets Orbiting the Star HR 8799
• The Dartmouth Stellar Evolution Database
• Evolutionary models for cool brown dwarfs and extrasolar giant planets. The case of HD 20945
• A Non-Gray Theory of Extrasolar Giant Planets and Brown Dwarfs
• A Hipparcos census of the nearby OB associations
• Evolutionary models for very-low-mass stars and brown dwarfs with dusty atmospheres
• The Limiting Effects of Dust in Brown Dwarf Model Atmospheres
• The effects of snowlines on C/O in planetary atmospheres
• Angular Differential Imaging: a Powerful High-Contrast Imaging Technique
• Images of a fourth planet orbiting HR 8799
• Models of Stars, Brown Dwarfs and Exoplanets
• A giant planet imaged in the disk of the young star Beta Pictoris
• Solar Chemical Abundances Determined with a CO5BOLD 3D Model Atmosphere
• Detection and Characterization of Exoplanets and Disks using Projections on Karhunen-Loeve Eigenimages
• Spectral Irradiance Calibration in the Infrared. XIV: the Absolute Calibration of 2MASS
• The Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF) Spectral Library: Cool Stars
• The Gemini Planet Imager: First Light
• A high accuracy computed water line list
• A Giant Planet Candidate near a Young Brown Dwarf
• An Infrared Spectroscopic Sequence of M, L and T Dwarfs
• Astrometry and Photometry for Cool Dwarfs and Brown Dwarfs
• A probable giant planet imaged in the Beta Pictoris disk
• The Hawaii Infrared Parallax Program. I. Ultracool Binaries and the L/T Transition
• A Revised Age for Upper Scorpius and The Star-Formation History Among the F-Type Members of the Scorpius-Centaurus OB Association
• Discovery and spectroscopy of the young Jovian planet 51 Eri b with the Gemini Planet Imager
• Infrared Transmission Spectroscopy of the Exoplanets HD209458b and XO-1b Using the Wide Field Camera-3 on the Hubble Space Telescope
• On the Luminosity of Young Jupiters
• L' and M' Photometry of Ultracool Dwarfs
• A new algorithm for point spread function subtraction in high-contrast imaging: a demonstration with angular differential imaging
• A Possible Bifurcation in Atmospheres of Strongly Irradiated Stars and Planets
• The 3.6-8.0 Micron Broadband Emission Spectrum of HD 209458b: Evidence for an Atmospheric Temperature Inversion
• Hubble Space Telescope Transmission Spectroscopy of the Exoplanet HD 189733b: High-altitude atmospheric haze in the optical and near-UV with STIS
• The Mauna Kea Observatories Near-Infrared Filter Set. II. Specifications for a New JHKL'M' Filter Set for Infrared Astronomy
• Detection of Carbon Monoxide and Water Absorption Lines in an Exoplanet Atmosphere
• L and T Dwarf Models and the L to T Transition
• The 0.8-14.5 micron Spectra of Mid-L to Mid-T Dwarfs: Diagnostics of Effective Temperature, Grain Sedimentation, Gas Transport, and Surface Gravity
• Fundamental Parameters and Spectral Energy Distributions of Young and Field Age Objects with Masses Spanning the Stellar to Planetary Regime
• Clouds and Chemistry: Ultracool Dwarf Atmospheric Properties from Optical and Infrared Colors
• Clouds and Chemistry in the Atmosphere of Extrasolar Planet HR8799b
• A Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Study of Young Field Ultracool Dwarfs
• The NIRSPEC Brown Dwarf Spectroscopic Survey. I. Low-Resolution Near-Infrared Spectra
• Post-T Tauri Stars in the Nearest OB Association
• An atmospheric radiation model for Cerro Paranal. I. The optical spectral range
• Young L Dwarfs Identified in the Field: A Preliminary Low-Gravity, Optical Spectral Sequence from L0 to L5
• Masses, Radii, and Cloud Properties of the HR 8799 Planets
• The Brown Dwarf Kinematics Project (BDKP). III. Parallaxes for 70 Ultracool Dwarfs
• Characterization of exoplanets from their formation II: The planetary mass-radius relationship
• Fundamental parameters and infrared excesses of Hipparcos stars
• Direct Imaging and Spectroscopy of a Planetary Mass Candidate Companion to a Young Solar Analog
• The Extremely Red, Young L Dwarf PSO J318-22: A Free-Floating Planetary-Mass Analog to Directly Imaged Young Gas-Giant Planets
• Methane, Carbon Monoxide, and Ammonia in Brown Dwarfs and Self-Luminous Giant Planets
• Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of the Extrasolar Planet HR 8799 b
• Spectrophotometric Libraries, Revised Photonic Passbands and Zero-points for UBVRI, Hipparcos and Tycho Photometry
• Discovery of a probable 4-5 Jupiter-mass exoplanet to HD 95086 by direct-imaging
• The Mauna Kea Observatories Near-Infrared Filter Set. III. Isophotal Wavelengths and Absolute Calibration
• An advanced scattered moonlight model for Cerro Paranal
• Mid-Infrared Photometry of Cold Brown Dwarfs: Diversity in Age, Mass and Metallicity
• The Planetary Mass Companion 2MASS1207-3932 B: Temperature, Mass and Evidence for an Edge-On Disk
• Model atmospheres for massive gas giants with thick clouds: Application to the HR 8799 planets and predictions for future detections
• Two Wide Planetary-Mass Companions to Solar-Type Stars in Upper Scorpius
• Discovery of a young planetary mass companion to the nearby M dwarf VHS J125601.92-125723.9
• HD 106906 b: A planetary-mass companion outside a massive debris disk
• Discovery of Two Nearby, Peculiar L Dwarfs from the 2MASS Proper Motion Survey: Young or Metal-Rich?
• Molecular Abundances in the Atmosphere of the T Dwarf Gl 229B
• SearchCal: a Virtual Observatory tool for searching calibrators in optical long baseline interferometry. I: The bright object case
• A library of near-infrared integral field spectra of young M-L dwarfs
• 2MASSJ035523.51+113337.4: A Young, Dusty, Nearby, Isolated Brown Dwarf Resembling A Giant Exoplanet
• A Systematic Study of Departures from Chemical Equilibrium in the Atmospheres of Substellar Mass Objects
• Consistent simulations of substellar atmospheres and non-equilibrium dust-cloud formation
• The Directly Imaged Planet around the Young Solar Analog 1RXS J160929.1-210524: Confirmation of Common Proper Motion, Temperature and Mass
• First Light LBT AO Images of HR 8799 bcde at 1.65 and 3.3 Microns: New Discrepancies between Young Planets and Old Brown Dwarfs
• Directly Imaged L-T Transition Exoplanets in the Mid-Infrared
• Three Wide Planetary-Mass Companions to FW Tau, ROXs 12, and ROXs 42B
• The Young Planet-mass Object 2M1207b: a cool, cloudy, and methane-poor atmosphere
• Discovery of a wide planetary-mass companion to the young M3 star GU Psc
• Spatially resolved spectroscopy of the exoplanet HR 8799 c
• Confirmation of the planet around HD 95086 by direct imaging
• Direct imaging discovery of 12-14 Jupiter mass object orbiting a young binary system of very low-mass stars
• Astrometric radial velocities III. Hipparcos measurements of nearby star clusters and associations
• Multi-Dimensional Bayesian Membership Analysis of the Sco OB2 moving Group
• A Combined VLT and Gemini Study of the Atmosphere of the Directly-Imaged Planet, beta Pictoris b
• Accretion onto Planetary Mass Companions of Low-Mass Young Stars
• A Disk Around the Planetary-Mass Companion GSC 06214-00210 b: Clues About the Formation of Gas Giants on Wide Orbits
• New Members of the Scorpius Centaurus Complex and Ages of its sub-regions
• Interpreting the photometry and spectroscopy of directly imaged planets: a new atmospheric model applied to beta Pictoris b and SPHERE observations
• Discovery of a Highly Unequal-Mass Binary T Dwarf with Keck Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics: A Coevality Test of Substellar Theoretical Models and Effective Temperatures
• Luminosity of young Jupiters revisited. Massive cores make hot planets
• Gemini Planet Imager Spectroscopy of the HR 8799 planets c and d
• 3.6-7.9 um Photometry of L and T Dwarfs and the Prevalence of Vertical Mixing in their Atmospheres
• Thermal Infrared MMTAO Observations of the HR 8799 Planetary System
• Spectroscopic Confirmation of Young Planetary-Mass Companions on Wide Orbits
• Discovery of a ~23 Mjup Brown Dwarf Orbiting ~700 AU from the Massive Star HIP 78530 in Upper Scorpius
• L' and M' Standard Stars for the Mauna Kea Observatories Near-Infrared System
• WISE Circumstellar Disks in the Young Sco-Cen Association
• Ground-Based Transit Spectroscopy of the Hot-Jupiter WASP-19b in the Near-Infrared
• SDSS J111010.01+011613.1: A New Planetary-Mass T Dwarf Member of the AB Doradus Moving Group
• Spectroscopy across the brown dwarf/planetary mass boundary - I. Near-infrared JHK spectra
• LBT observations of the HR 8799 planetary system: First detection of HR8799e in H band
• Gemini Planet Imager Observational Calibrations I: Overview of the GPI Data Reduction Pipeline
• Debris Distribution in HD 95086 - A Young Analog of HR 8799
• A Spitzer MIPS Study of 2.5-2.0 M\odot Stars in Scorpius-Centaurus
• Physical and orbital properties of Beta Pictoris b
• Gemini Planet Imager Observational Calibrations V: Astrometry and Distortion
• A Targeted Search for Peculiarly Red L and T Dwarfs in SDSS, 2MASS, and WISE: Discovery of a Possible L7 Member of the TW Hydrae Association
• Near-Infrared Detection and Characterization of the Exoplanet HD 95086 b with the Gemini Planet Imager
• Characterization of Low-mass, Wide-separation Substellar Companions to Stars in Upper Scorpius: Near-infrared Photometry and Spectroscopy
• A resolved debris disk around the candidate planet-hosting star HD95086
• Pre-Discovery 2007 Image of the HR 8799 Planetary System
• Further Evidence of the Planetary Nature of HD 95086 b from Gemini/NICI H-band Data
• Astrophysical false positives in direct imaging for exoplanets: a white dwarf close to a rejuvenated star
• Constraints on the architecture of the HD 95086 planetary system with the Gemini Planet Imager
• A Thermal Infrared Imaging Study of Very Low-Mass, Wide Separation Brown Dwarf Companions to Upper Scorpius Stars: Constraining Circumstellar Environments
• Gemini Planet Imager Observational Calibrations IV: Wavelength Calibration and Flexure Correction for the Integral Field Spectrograph
• L-Band Photometry of L and T Dwarfs

Cited by in corpus (54)

• The Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey: Giant Planet and Brown Dwarf Demographics From 10-100 AU
• Imaging Extrasolar Giant Planets
• The SPHERE infrared survey for exoplanets (SHINE). III. The demographics of young giant exoplanets below 300 au with SPHERE
• VIP: Vortex Image Processing package for high-contrast direct imaging
• MIRACLES: atmospheric characterization of directly imaged planets and substellar companions at 4-5 $\mu$m. I. Photometric analysis of $\beta$ Pic b, HIP 65426 b, PZ Tel B and HD 206893 B
• Characterizing 51 Eri b from 1-5 $\mu$m: a partly-cloudy exoplanet
• Characterization of exoplanets from their formation III: The statistics of planetary luminosities
• Keck/NIRC2 $L$'-Band Imaging of Jovian-Mass Accreting Protoplanets around PDS 70
• The GJ 504 system revisited. Combining interferometric, radial velocity, and high contrast imaging data
• Simultaneous, Multi-Wavelength Variability Characterization of the Free-Floating Planetary Mass Object PSO J318.5-22
• A Clear View of a Cloudy Brown Dwarf Companion from High-Resolution Spectroscopy
• The SPHERE infrared survey for exoplanets (SHINE) -- II. Observations, Data reduction and analysis Detection performances and early-results
• In-depth study of moderately young but extremely red, very dusty substellar companion HD206893B
• Direct Imaging Discovery and Dynamical Mass of a Substellar Companion Orbiting an Accelerating Hyades Sun-like Star with SCExAO/CHARIS
• GPI spectra of HR 8799 c, d, and e from 1.5 to 2.4$\mu$m with KLIP Forward Modeling
• A medium-resolution spectrum of the exoplanet HIP 65426 b
• The SPHERE infrared survey for exoplanets (SHINE)- I Sample definition and target characterization
• Polarized scattered light from self-luminous exoplanets. Three-dimensional scattering radiative transfer with ARTES
• Mass constraints for 15 protoplanetary disks from HD 1-0
• The JWST Early Release Science Program for the Direct Imaging & Spectroscopy of Exoplanetary Systems
• ALMA 1.3 Millimeter Map of the HD 95086 System
• Roaring Storms in the Planetary-Mass Companion VHS 1256-1257 b: Hubble Space Telescope Multi-epoch Monitoring Reveals Vigorous Evolution in an Ultra-cool Atmosphere
• Evidence that the Directly-Imaged Planet HD 131399 Ab is a Background Star
• Multi-epoch Direct Imaging and Time-Variable Scattered Light Morphology of the HD 163296 Protoplanetary Disk
• Direct characterization of young giant exoplanets at high spectral resolution by coupling SPHERE and CRIRES+
• Molecular mapping of the PDS70 system: No molecular absorption signatures from the forming planet PDS70 b
• TESS Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets (THYME) IX: a 27 Myr extended population of Lower-Centaurus Crux with a transiting two-planet system
• Direct emission spectroscopy of exoplanets with the medium resolution imaging spectrometer on board JWST MIRI: I. Molecular mapping and sensitivity to instrumental effects
• Direct Imaging of the HD 35841 Debris Disk: A Polarized Dust Ring from Gemini Planet Imager and an Outer Halo from HST/STIS
• A High-Contrast Search for Variability in HR 8799bc with VLT-SPHERE
• CO Detected in CI Tau b: Hot Start Implied by Planet Mass and M${}_K$
• The Age of the Carina Young Association and Potential Membership of HD 95086
• Jet Streams and Tracer Mixing in the Atmospheres of Brown Dwarfs and Isolated Young Giant Planets
• Gemini Planet Imager Spectroscopy of the Dusty Substellar Companion HD 206893 B
• Atmospheric Monitoring and Precise Spectroscopy of the HR 8799 Planets with SCExAO/CHARIS
• Chemical analysis of early-type stars with planets
• SCExAO/MEC and CHARIS Discovery of a Low Mass, 6 AU-Separation Companion to HIP 109427 using Stochastic Speckle Discrimination and High-Contrast Spectroscopy
• The Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph for the James Webb Space Telescope -- IV. Aperture Masking Interferometry
• VLT/SPHERE Multi-Wavelength High-Contrast Imaging of the HD 115600 Debris Disk: New Constraints on the Dust Geometry and the Presence of Young Giant Planets
• Integral Field Spectroscopy of the Low-Mass Companion HD984B with the Gemini Planet Imager
• Direct-imaging Discovery of a Substellar Companion Orbiting the Accelerating Variable Star, HIP 39017
• JWST-TST High Contrast: JWST/NIRCam observations of the young giant planet $\beta$ Pic b
• New spectro-photometric characterization of the substellar object HR 2562 B using SPHERE
• Prospects for Directly Imaging Young Giant Planets at Optical Wavelengths
• Discovery of a White Dwarf Companion to HD 159062
• In-depth direct imaging and spectroscopic characterization of the young Solar System analog HD 95086
• Scientific Goals of the Kunlun Infrared Sky Survey (KISS)
• The Scorpion Planet Survey: Wide-Orbit Giant Planets Around Young A-type Stars
• Spectral unmixing for exoplanet direct detection in hyperspectral data
• Atmospheric Characterization and Further Orbital Modeling of $\kappa$ And b
• Exoplanet Atmosphere Measurements from Direct Imaging
• K-Stacker, an algorithm to hack the orbital parameters of planets hidden in high-contrast imaging. First applications to VLT SPHERE multi-epoch observations
• From Exoplanets to Quasars: Adventures in Angular Differential Imaging
• Two decades of Exoplanetary Science with Adaptive Optics