The Brown Dwarf Kinematics Project (BDKP). III. Parallaxes for 70 Ultracool Dwarfs

Abstract

We report parallax measurements for 70 ultracool dwarfs (UCDs). Using both literature values and our sample, we report new polynomial relations between spectral type and M${}_{JHK}$. Including resolved L/T transition binaries in the relations, we find no reason to differentiate between a "bright" (unresolved binary) and "faint" (single source) sample across the L/T boundary. Isolating early T dwarfs, we find that the brightening of T0-T4 sources is prominent in M${}_J$ where there is a [1.2 - 1.4] magnitude difference. A similar yet dampened brightening of [0.3 - 0.5] magnitude happens at M${}_H$ and a plateau or dimming of [-0.2 - -0.3] magnitude is seen in M${}_K$. Comparing with evolutionary models that vary gravity, metallicity, and cloud thickness we find that a near constant temperature of 1200 $\pm$100 K along a narrow spectral subtype of T0-T4 is required to account for the brightening and color magnitude diagram of the L-dwarf/T-dwarf transition. Furthermore, there is a significant population of both L and T dwarfs which are red or potentially "ultra-cloudy" compared to the models, many of which are known to be young indicating a correlation between enhanced photospheric dust and youth. For the low surface-gravity or young companion L dwarfs we find that 8 out of 10 are at least [0.2-1.0] magnitude underluminous in M${}_{JH}$ and/or M${}_K$ compared to equivalent spectral type objects. We speculate that this is a consequence of increased dust opacity and conclude that low-surface gravity L dwarfs require a completely new spectral-type/absolute magnitude polynomial for analysis.

65 pages, Accepted for publication to ApJ

References in corpus (12)

• The Evolution of L and T Dwarfs in Color-Magnitude Diagrams
• The Discovery of Y Dwarfs Using Data from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE)
• Clouds and Chemistry in the Atmosphere of Extrasolar Planet HR8799b
• Discovery of Two T Dwarf Companions with the Spitzer Space Telescope
• Spitzer/IRAC Photometry of M, L, and T Dwarfs
• Subtle Signatures of Multiplicity in Late-type Dwarf Spectra: The Unresolved M8.5 + T5 Binary 2MASS J03202839-0446358
• HD 203030B: an Unusually Cool Young Sub-Stellar Companion near the L/T Transition
• Clouds, Gravity and Metallicity in Blue L dwarfs: The Case of 2MASS J11263991-5003550
• Optical Spectroscopy of 2MASS Color-Selected Ultracool Subdwarfs
• Discovery of a T Dwarf Binary with the Largest Known J-Band Flux Reversal
• Parallax and Luminosity Measurements of an L Subdwarf
• Optical and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of the L Subdwarf SDSS J125637.13-022452.4

Cited by in corpus (182)

• Neglected Clouds in T and Y Dwarf Atmospheres
• Fundamental Parameters and Spectral Energy Distributions of Young and Field Age Objects with Masses Spanning the Stellar to Planetary Regime
• A Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Study of Young Field Ultracool Dwarfs
• Bayesian analysis to identify new star candidates in nearby young stellar kinematic groups
• BANYAN. II. Very Low Mass and Substellar Candidate Members to Nearby, Young Kinematic Groups With Previously Known Signs of Youth
• Population Properties of Brown Dwarf Analogs to Exoplanets
• Fingering convection and cloudless models for cool brown dwarf atmospheres
• The Hawaii Infrared Parallax Program. II. Young Ultracool Field Dwarfs
• The Formation and Early Evolution of Low-mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs
• Distances, Luminosities, and Temperatures of the Coldest Known Substellar Objects
• "TNOs are Cool": A survey of the trans-Neptunian region X. Analysis of classical Kuiper belt objects from Herschel and Spitzer observations
• Global Climate and Atmospheric Composition of the Ultra-Hot Jupiter WASP-103b from HST and Spitzer Phase Curve Observations
• BANYAN. VII. A New Population of Young Substellar Candidate Members of Nearby Moving Groups from the BASS Survey
• Strong Brightness Variations Signal Cloudy-to-Clear Transition of Brown Dwarfs
• The Solar Neighborhood XLV. The Stellar Multiplicity Rate of M Dwarfs Within 25 pc
• Individual Dynamical Masses of Ultracool Dwarfs
• Cloudless atmospheres for L/T dwarfs and extra-solar giant planets
• Discovery of a young planetary mass companion to the nearby M dwarf VHS J125601.92-125723.9
• The Field Substellar Mass Function Based on the Full-sky 20-pc Census of 525 L, T, and Y Dwarfs
• Spectral and atmospheric characterization of 51 Eridani b using VLT/SPHERE
• 2MASSJ035523.51+113337.4: A Young, Dusty, Nearby, Isolated Brown Dwarf Resembling A Giant Exoplanet
• Constraining the initial entropy of directly-detected exoplanets
• The Solar Neighborhood XXXV: Distances to 1404 M Dwarf Systems Within 25 pc in the Southern Sky
• The Solar Neighborhood XXXII. The Hydrogen Burning Limit
• Vertical Atmospheric Structure in a Variable Brown Dwarf: Pressure-dependent Phase Shifts in Simultaneous Hubble Space Telescope-Spitzer Light Curves
• Retrieval of atmospheric properties of cloudy L dwarfs
• Brown Dwarf Photospheres are Patchy: A Hubble Space Telescope Near-infrared Spectroscopic Survey Finds Frequent Low-level Variability
• The 10 parsec sample in the Gaia era
• Preliminary Trigonometric Parallaxes of 184 Late-T and Y Dwarfs and an Analysis of the Field Substellar Mass Function into the "Planetary" Mass Regime
• SpeX Spectroscopy of Unresolved Very Low Mass Binaries. II. Identification of Fourteen Candidate Binaries with Late-M/Early-L and T Dwarf Components
• Photometry and Proper Motions of M, L, and T Dwarfs from the Pan-STARRS1 3$\pi$ Survey
• The Solar Neighborhood. XXXIII. Parallax Results from the CTIOPI 0.9m Program: Trigonometric Parallaxes of Nearby Low-Mass Active and Young Systems
• The near-infrared spectral energy distribution of β Pictoris b
• Uniform Atmospheric Retrieval Analysis of Ultracool Dwarfs II: Properties of 11 T-dwarfs
• The Solar Neighborhood XLIV: RECONS Discoveries within 10 Parsecs
• First light of the VLT planet finder SPHERE. I. Detection and characterization of the sub-stellar companion GJ 758 B
• BANYAN. V. A Systematic All-Sky Survey for New Very Late-Type Low-Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs in Nearby Young Moving Groups
• A Volume-Limited Sample of Ultracool Dwarfs. I. Construction, Space Density, and a Gap in the L/T Transition
• Discovery of the Young L Dwarf WISE J1741102.78-464225.5
• The Viewing Geometry of Brown Dwarfs Influences Their Observed Colours and Variability Properties
• LACEwING: A New Moving Group Analysis Code
• Trigonometric Parallaxes for 1,507 Nearby Mid-to-Late M-dwarfs
• The GALEX Nearby Young-Star Survey
• A large spectroscopic sample of L and T dwarfs from UKIDSS LAS: peculiar objects, binaries, and space density
• Discovery of an Unusually Red L-type Brown Dwarf
• Let the Great World Spin: Revealing the Stormy, Turbulent Nature of Young Giant Exoplanet Analogs with the Spitzer Space Telescope
• Constraining the multiplicity statistics of the coolest brown dwarfs: binary fraction continues to decrease with spectral type
• Spectroscopic characterization of HD 95086 b with the Gemini Planet Imager
• A Comparison of Near-Infrared Photometry and Spectra for Y Dwarfs with a New Generation of Cool Cloudy Models
• The Seven Sisters DANCe. I. Empirical isochrones, Luminosity and Mass Functions of the Pleiades cluster
• Nearby M, L, and T Dwarfs Discovered by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE)
• An independent analysis of the brown dwarf atmosphere monitoring (BAM) data: large-amplitude variability is rare outside the L/T transition
• The Brown dwarf Atmosphere Monitoring (BAM) Project I: The largest near-IR monitoring survey of L- & T-dwarfs
• The GJ 504 system revisited. Combining interferometric, radial velocity, and high contrast imaging data
• Detection and Bulk Properties of the HR 8799 Planets with High Resolution Spectroscopy
• Primeval very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs. I. Six new L subdwarfs, classification and atmospheric properties
• The Brown Dwarf Kinematics Project (BDKP). IV. Radial Velocities of 85 Late-M and L dwarfs with MagE
• SDSS J111010.01+011613.1: A New Planetary-Mass T Dwarf Member of the AB Doradus Moving Group
• The Luminosities of the Coldest Brown Dwarfs
• The Hawaii Infrared Parallax Program. IV. A Comprehensive Parallax Survey of L0-T8 dwarfs with UKIRT
• SIMP J013656.5+093347 is Likely a Planetary-Mass Object in the Carina-Near Moving Group
• A Survey for H-alpha Emission from Late L dwarfs and T dwarfs
• Discovery of a Substellar Companion to the Nearby Debris Disk Host HR 2562
• WISEP J004701.06+680352.1: An intermediate surface gravity, dusty brown dwarf in the AB Dor Moving Group
• Magellan Adaptive Optics first-light observations of the exoplanet $\beta$ Pic b. I. Direct imaging in the far-red optical with MagAO+VisAO and in the near-IR with NICI
• In-depth study of moderately young but extremely red, very dusty substellar companion HD206893B
• WISE J163940.83-684738.6: A Y Dwarf identified by Methane Imaging
• Thermo-compositional diabatic convection in the atmospheres of brown dwarfs and in Earth's atmosphere and oceans
• Search for free-floating planetary-mass objects in the Pleiades
• Parallaxes of Southern Extremely Cool objects (PARSEC) II: Spectroscopic Follow-up and Parallaxes of 52 Targets
• The Kappa Andromedae System: New Constraints on the Companion Mass, System Age & Further Multiplicity
• Direct Imaging Discovery and Dynamical Mass of a Substellar Companion Orbiting an Accelerating Hyades Sun-like Star with SCExAO/CHARIS
• Astrometric orbit of a low-mass companion to an ultracool dwarf
• The extremely red L dwarf ULAS J222711$-$004547 - dominated by dust
• GJ 1214b revised. Improved trigonometric parallax, stellar parameters, orbital solution, and bulk properties for the super-Earth GJ 1214b
• A Proper Motion Survey Using the First Sky Pass of NEOWISE-Reactivation Data
• Signatures of Cloud, Temperature, and Gravity From Spectra of the Closest Brown Dwarfs
• NPARSEC: NTT Parallaxes of Southern Extremely Cool objects. Goals, targets, procedures and first results
• A Search for Variability in Exoplanet Analogues and Low-Gravity Brown Dwarfs
• The Ultracool SpeXtroscopic Survey. I. Volume-Limited Spectroscopic Sample and Luminosity Function of M7$-$L5 Ultracool Dwarfs
• Trigonometric parallaxes of young field L dwarfs
• A Targeted Search for Peculiarly Red L and T Dwarfs in SDSS, 2MASS, and WISE: Discovery of a Possible L7 Member of the TW Hydrae Association
• Cloudless atmospheres for young low-gravity substellar objects
• Self-consistent Models of Y Dwarf Atmospheres with Water Clouds and Disequilibrium Chemistry
• Photometric brown-dwarf classification. II. A homogeneous sample of 1361 L and T dwarfs brighter than J = 17.5 with accurate spectral types
• Characterization of High Proper Motion Objects from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer
• A 2MASS/AllWISE Search for Extremely Red L Dwarfs -- The Discovery of Several Likely L Type Members of $\beta$ Pic, AB Dor, Tuc-Hor, Argus, and the Hyades
• A Monitoring Campaign for Luhman 16AB. I. Detection of Resolved Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Variability
• WISE J072003.20-084651.2: An Old and Active M9.5 + T5 Spectral Binary 6 pc from the Sun
• Parallax measurements of cool brown dwarfs
• The Gaia Ultra-Cool Dwarf Sample -- II: Structure at the end of the main sequence
• Spectral and orbital characterisation of the directly imaged giant planet HIP 65426 b
• Photometric brown-dwarf classification. I. A method to identify and accurately classify large samples of brown dwarfs without spectroscopy
• Reaching the boundary between stellar kinematic groups and very wide binaries. III. Sixteen new stars and eight new wide systems in the beta Pictoris moving group
• Primeval very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs - VI. Population properties of metal-poor degenerate brown dwarfs
• Parallaxes and Proper Motions of Ultracool Brown Dwarfs of Spectral Types Y and Late T
• Trigonometric Parallaxes and Proper Motions of 134 Southern Late M, L, and T Dwarfs from the Carnegie Astrometric Planet Search Program
• Indications of Water Clouds in the Coldest Known Brown Dwarf
• The Coolest Isolated Brown Dwarf Candidate Member of TWA
• New constraints on the formation and settling of dust in the atmospheres of young M and L dwarfs
• Retrieval of SDSS J1416+1348AB
• COol Companions ON Ultrawide orbiTS (COCONUTS). I. A High-Gravity T4 Benchmark around an Old White Dwarf and A Re-Examination of the Surface-Gravity Dependence of the L/T Transition
• Brown dwarf census with the Dark Energy Survey year 3 data and the thin disk scale height of early L types
• The Volume-Complete Sample of M Dwarfs with Masses 0.1 <= M/M_sol <= 0.3 within 15 Parsecs
• JWST/NIRSpec Observations of the Planetary Mass Companion TWA 27B
• Dancing in the Dark: New Brown Dwarf Binaries from Kernel Phase Interferometry
• The Hawaii Infrared Parallax Program. III. 2MASS J0249-0557 c: A Wide Planetary-mass Companion to a Low-mass Binary in the beta Pic Moving Group
• Gaia Data Release 3: A Golden Sample of Astrophysical Parameters
• Retrieval Study of Brown Dwarfs Across the L-T Sequence
• Uniform Forward-Modeling Analysis of Ultracool Dwarfs. II. Atmospheric Properties of 55 Late-T Dwarfs
• Cloud Atlas: Hubble Space Telescope Near-Infrared Spectral Library of Brown Dwarfs, Planetary-mass companions, and hot Jupiters
• First T dwarfs in the VISTA Hemisphere Survey
• CCD Parallaxes for 309 Late-type Dwarfs and Subdwarfs
• Discovery of a brown dwarf companion to the star HIP 64892
• The Second Arecibo Search for 5 GHz Radio Flares from Ultracool Dwarfs
• A spectroscopic and proper motion search of Sloan digital Sky Survey: red subdwarfs in binary systems
• Two new ultra-cool benchmark systems from WISE+2MASS
• BANYAN. VIII. New Low-Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs with Candidate Circumstellar Disks
• High Resolution Imaging of Very Low Mass Spectral Binaries: Three Resolved Systems and Detection of Orbital Motion in an L/T Transition Binary
• WISEA J083011.95+283716.0: A Missing Link Planetary-Mass Object
• Discovery of a Visual T-Dwarf Triple System and Binarity at the L/T Transition
• Optical and Near-Infrared Spectra of sigma Orionis Isolated Planetary-mass Objects
• WISE2150-7520AB: A very low mass, wide co-moving brown dwarf system discovered through the citizen science project Backyard Worlds: Planet 9
• A Reanalysis of the Fundamental Parameters and Age of TRAPPIST-1
• Detection of new strongly variable brown dwarfs in the L/T transition
• A New Parallax Measurement for the Coldest Known Brown Dwarf
• Characterization of the Very Low Mass Secondary in the GJ 660.1AB System
• A Statistical Survey of Peculiar L and T Dwarfs in SDSS, 2MASS, and WISE
• Orbital and spectral characterization of the benchmark T-type brown dwarf HD 19467B
• Constraints on the binary Properties of mid to late T dwarfs from Hubble Space Telescope WFC3 Observations
• The seven sisters DANCe IV. Bayesian hierarchical model
• Determining the mass of the planetary candidate HD 114762 b using Gaia
• Discovery of a brown dwarf companion to the A3V star β Circini
• A dusty benchmark brown dwarf near the ice line of HD 72946
• Discovery of Two Very Wide Binaries with Ultracool Companions and a New Brown Dwarf at the L/T Transition
• High Proper Motion Objects from the UKIDSS Galactic Plane Survey
• MagAO Imaging of Long-period Objects (MILO). I. A Benchmark M Dwarf Companion Exciting a Massive Planet around the Sun-like Star HD 7449
• The First Brown Dwarf/Planetary-Mass Object in the 32 Orionis Group
• PSYM-WIDE: a survey for large-separation planetary-mass companions to late spectral type members of young moving groups
• A Wide Planetary Mass Companion Discovered Through the Citizen Science Project Backyard Worlds: Planet 9
• Physical properties and trigonometric distance of the peculiar dwarf WISE J181005.5$-$101002.3
• Parallaxes of southern extremely cool objects III: 118 L \& T dwarfs
• Orbiting a binary: SPHERE characterisation of the HD 284149 system
• Optical and near-infrared linear polarization of low and intermediate-gravity ultra-cool dwarfs
• Parallaxes of Cool Objects with WISE: Filling in for Gaia
• Understanding Fundamental Properties and Atmospheric Features of Subdwarfs via a Case Study of SDSS J125637.13-022452.4
• On the Correlation between L Dwarf Optical and Infrared Variability and Radio Aurorae
• Near-infrared photometry of WISE J085510.74$-$071442.5
• Hunting for brown dwarf binaries and testing atmospheric models with X-Shooter
• GJ 229B: Solving the Puzzle of the First Known T-Dwarf with the APOLLO Retrieval Code
• Detection of lithium in nearby young late-M dwarfs
• Deep search for companions to probable young brown dwarfs
• The first spectroscopically identified L dwarf in Praesepe
• Extending Gaia DR2 with HST narrow-field astrometry. II. Refining the method on WISE J163940.83-684738.6
• The Occurrence Rate of Quiescent Radio Emission for Ultracool Dwarfs using a Generalized Semi-Analytical Bayesian Framework
• The Solar Neighborhood XLII. Parallax Results from the CTIOPI 0.9-m Program --- Identifying New Nearby Subdwarfs Using Tangential Velocities and Locations on the H-R Diagram
• Radio Emission from Binary Ultracool Dwarf Systems
• Low-mass members of nearby young stellar moving groups from Gaia EDR3
• Low-frequency GMRT observations of ultra-cool dwarfs
• A Comparative L-dwarf Sample Exploring the Interplay Between Atmospheric Assumptions and Data Properties
• Ultracool dwarfs candidates based on six years of the Dark Energy Survey data
• First discovery of an ultra-cool white dwarf benchmark in common proper motion with an M dwarf
• Radial Velocities, Space Motions, and Nearby Young Moving Group Memberships of Eleven Candidate Young Brown Dwarfs
• Latest news on the Physics of Brown dwarfs
• The magnetic system SMSS J1606-1000 as a period bouncer
• Collisions of Terrestrial Worlds: The Occurrence of Extreme Mid-Infrared Excesses around Low-Mass Field Stars
• A new L-dwarf member of the moderately metal-poor triple system HD 221356
• Spectral characterization of young LT dwarfs
• X-SHYNE: X-Shooter spectra of young exoplanet analogs II. Presentation and analysis of the full library
• NICMOS Kernel-Phase Interferometry I: Catalogue of Brown Dwarfs Observed in F110W and F170M
• Testing the existence of optical linear polarization in young brown dwarfs
• Distinct Rotational Evolution of Giant Planets and Brown Dwarf Companions
• Informed systematic method to identify variable mid and late-T dwarfs
• Planetary system architectures with low-mass inner planets: Direct imaging exploration of mature systems beyond 1 au
• $L$-band Spectra of Young Brown Dwarfs
• Atmospheric retrieval of Subaru/IRD high-resolution spectrum of the archetype T-type brown dwarf Gl 229 B
• The L dwarf/T dwarf transition: multiplicity, magnetic activity and mineral meteorology across the hydrogen burning limit
• The Brown Dwarf Kinematics Project (BDKP). V. Radial and Rotational Velocities of T Dwarfs from Keck/NIRSPEC High-Resolution Spectroscopy
• The Gaia Ultracool Dwarf Sample -- IV. GTC/OSIRIS optical spectra of Gaia late-M and L dwarfs
• Using Old and New Approaches: Determining Physical Properties of Brown Dwarfs with Empirical Relations and Machine Learning Models
• A Uniform Retrieval Analysis of Ultra-cool Dwarfs. IV. A Statistical Census from 50 Late-T Dwarfs
• The kinematics of very low mass dwarfs: splinter session summary